加拿大的可持续水管理改革及其对我国构建“资源水利”体系的借鉴意义

198 7年后 ,加拿大的水利工作进入了可持续水管理的新阶段 .其特点是 :以构筑支撑社会可持续发展的水系统为水管理目标 ,以确保当代人和下代人用水权的平等为水管理道德理念 ,以水不仅是可供人类消费的物质资源 ,而且是生态系统的重要组成部分为水管理准则 ;通过将原来分布于政府诸多机构的水管理权集中于一个或少数几个机构的方式重组水管理机构 ;水管理机构普遍把生态系统方法作为可持续水管理的一种基本方法 ,将水与生态环境、社会经济等联在一起 ,将水管理与土地、森林等环境资源的管理联在一起 .中国今天的水管理工作不仅要为当代人服务 ,也要为后代人服务 .为实现我国水资源的可持续利用 ,在构建“资源水利”体系过程中 ,应通过重组水管理机构适当集中水政管理权 ;要重视将水资源的管理与其它资源的管理联系在一起 ,在规划和配置水资源时 ,多考虑生态环境和社会经济因素     

以水资源的可持续利用支持经济的可持续发展

水资源的可持续利用与社会经济可持续发展关系密切.对水资源可持续利用的含义和管理目标作了初步的概括和介绍.土耳其东南部的GAP工程取得了显著的效益,体现了区域可持续发展应考虑的问题,工程不仅对土耳其作出了重大的贡献,更重要的是它向世界指明了要利用开发水作为区域开发的"进入点".长江流域"以水的可持续利用支持社会经济的可持续发展"应在水利建设上建立2个保障体系,完成4项主要任务.根据可持续发展以环境为保障,以系统工程为原理的原则,制定了长江流域可持续发展的战略框架.     

Conjunctive Use of Surface and Underground Water in the Istra Peninsula,Yugoslavia

ABSTRACT

Based on an analysis of jive types of water issues in China, this article presents a picture of the present condition of water problems in China, which are worsening with social and economic development. From the viewpoint of water resources, four important concepts about water issues have been formulated and a policy for coordinating water issues and sustainable social and economic development has been proposed.     

Challenges and prospects of sustainable groundwater management in an agricultural plain along the Silk Road Economic Belt,north-west China

Abstract

As a major challenge in building a new and sustainable Silk Road Economic Belt, threats induced by poor groundwater management have raised stress on the groundwater resources in the Yinchuan Plain, north-west China. In the present article, an overview of groundwater development in the plain, along with the associated negative effects, is provided. A fragmented management framework is found responsible for the poor groundwater management. Efficient and effective groundwater management will require proper attention of the local authorities to the inherent interaction among various water systems. Only with enhanced cooperation, an integrated monitoring network, strengthened scientific support and active public participation can the sustainability of groundwater management of the plain be achieved.     

现代水事立法的发展趋势

随着社会的发展和人类文明的进步，水资源在国民经济和社会生活中的地位越来越重要，而水资源的供需矛盾却越来越突出，在分析产生此问题的原因时，发现缺乏必要的法律制度在一定程度上加剧了该矛盾，为了解决这一矛盾，充分利用有取的水资源，实现国民经济和社会的可持续发展，必须加强对水资源的管理，依靠有效的法律制度来解决水资源管理中出现的问题，于是，世界上大多数国家在水资源的立法内容上出现了一种趋势，即水事立法规范内容相同或相近尤其是在水资源的权属规定、水资源的流域统一管理，水资源的节约与保护、社会公众参与机制等方面表现比较明显。     

试论水利科技的创新问题

水利科技具有很强的社会公 性，在很多专业领域要为政府在水资源管理宏观决策方面提供科技支撑，为适应水利行业发展思路的调整，必须加大水利科技创新的力度，需要探索新理论、新、新模型，开发新技术、新工艺、新材料，探索水利科技新的增长点，应把握以下原则：（１）坚持可持续发展的方针；（２）坚持学科的交叉、综合、渗透，鼓励跨行业、跨领域联合科技攻关；（３）坚持 新技术对水利行业进行技术改造；（４）加快成果转化，     

Ecological Values of Potential Polder Areas

ABSTRACT

Tank irrigation systems contribute nearly one third of the total irrigated area in south India and hence their management is an important practical need. This article examines some major considerations related to tank irrigation systems in south India. A comprehensive view of the problems affecting the sustainability of these systems is presented. The major deficiencies that influence the sustainability are inadequate maintenance. reduction in storage capacity, heavy seepage losses in the delivery system, and poor water management techniques. There is a pressing need to evolve and implement appropriate strategies that must be sound on technical, social, economical, institutional, and economical dimensions for sustainable development and management of tank systems. Important practical solutions are discussed for urgent action in the context of sustainable development and management of these irrigation systems.     

黄河流域水环境现状与水资源可持续利用

以水资源的可持续利用支持经济社会的可持续发展，是当今的治水思路。水资源短缺、水污染严重是黄河水资源管理中面临的主要问题。针对黄河流域水环境状况，根据可持续发展的内涵、基本点以及原则，从保护黄河水资源的角度提出了保证水资源可持续利用的具体措施：①完善黄河水资源管理法规体系；②进行流域水资源统一管理；③加强水量水质统一监测；④建立水量水质联防队伍；⑤实行水资源总量控制；⑥开展洪水资源化研究；⑦开展污染物在汇流面上的运行规律研究；⑧加强清洁生产和节水减污工作；⑨发挥水资源的经济杠杆作用；⑩加强珍惜水资源的宣传工作。     

Potential of Modern Data Types for Future Water Resources Management

Abstract

Presently a change of paradigm in the field of planning and operation of water management schemes can be observed. The introduction of the principle of sustainable development by the United Nations and the principle of integrated river basin management postulated by the European Union play a major role in this context. Introduction of these new principles requires development of new planning tools, which in turn require a much better data basis than available hitherto. This paper deals with new data types already partly available now, partly to be expected to be developed in the medium-range future. The present data situation is discussed, along with the obvious deficits of conventional data. New data types will not be limited to point measurements, but rather must comprise information covering large areas with a higher resolution in time and space than presently available. Remote sensing data will play a more important role in the future. Furthermore, digital maps, digital elevation models, etc. are also of growing importance and will be processed, together with remote sensing and other data, within Geographical Information Systems of future generations also exposing the potential for working with multi-temporal imagery. In the paper it is shown that in the future more accurate data will be available, not only in terms of data quality, but also resolution in time and space. It is shown how the new types of hydrometeorological data postulate new types of hydrological models. Here, distributed system models are of growing importance. Furthermore, it is shown how the combination of remote sensing with other information leads to new data types that allow integrated planning of water resources systems. The potential of real time data is highlighted, particularly in the context of real time operation of water resources systems, especially for flood control. The potential of large-scale data schemes in the context of regional and continental water management schemes is discussed. Global atmospheric models coupled to hydrological models are discussed, and their potential to consider long-distance effects of certain phenomena (e.g., El Niño) are mentioned. For sustainable development of water resources, the potential of long-term data prediction scenarios is evaluated, and an example of this principle for planning future water supply systems is presented. The paper ends with a vision of future developments in planning water management schemes on the basis of new data types     

The Management of Urban Water Conflicts in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo

Abstract

In Latin America, after the democratization process in the 1980s, public pressure imposed new models of management in the water sector. These new models have been extremely successful in making the political class more aware of the water problem, as illustrated by the Brazilian example. Public pressure forced congressmen to propose a new Federal Constitution in 1988 in which environmental and water issues are explicitly considered. This paper discusses the technical, legal, and institutional aspects of integrated water management in the Upper Tiet[etilde] basin in the metropolitan region of São Paulo, with 16.5 million inhabitants and the largest industrial complex in Latin America. Emphasis is placed on the conflicting interests of upstream and downstream groups in the basin. A successful experiment of integrated water resources planning on a watershed basis is described, where modern decision support systems technology is combined with effective public participation.     

Towards Sustainable Management of Scarce Water Resources in Botswana

Abstract

Proper management of scarce water resources has in recent years become necessary to maintain sustainable societies. This article discusses the management of water resources in Botswana. It highlights the amount of water resources available, relating it to the demand, and observes that the current trend of exploiting these resources will not be sustainable in the long run unless the major strategies suggested herein are adopted. It also looks at the administration of water and water resources in Botswana, focusing on the shared water resources. Government policies and strategies towards sustainable management of scarce water resources are also discussed. The author draws particular attention to the water tariff structure, noting that the prevailing water tariff system promotes sustainable management of water resources.     

陕西省水利信息化的发展战略研究

陕西省水利信息化发展缓慢的问题体现在4个方面:信息化系统机构分散;基础设施不足、运行水平低;数据库建设以及决策支持系统不成规模;专业技术人员缺乏和经费短缺。为解决这些问题试提出3步走战略:筛选人才,夯实基础;普及应用,统一管理;创新技术,引领潮流。首先引进人才,制定规划,升级测站,然后建立信息化系统软件平台,最后将3S等技术引进系统。规划了一个全方位的前景,为早日全面实现陕西省水利信息化提供参考。     

水的问题与可持续发展——对1998年长江洪灾的一些反思

许多发展中国家正面临各种水的问题，可持续发展不仅提出了新的概念，且已拓广到水的管理的主要准则方面．本文以１９９８年长江特大洪水为例，反思洪水灾害问题，对洪水的自然原因和人类活动影响以及面临的严峻的防洪问题做了分析，并探讨了水的规划与可持续发展的关系．最后对消除长江中下游的洪患提出了几点建议：不断加强洪患意识；科学治水，依法治水；重视分洪工程；提高标准，加固干堤，整治险段，消除隐患．     

Water, People, and Sustainability—A Systems Framework for Analyzing and Assessing Water Governance Regimes

Freshwater resources might become the most limited resource in the future due to rising demands, climate change, and the degradation of aquatic ecosystems. While the urgency of this challenge is uncontested, water governance regimes still struggle to employ suitable responses. They lack of: taking a comprehensive perspective on water systems; focusing on social actors, their actions, needs, intentions, and norms as drivers of water systems; engaging in a discourse on tangible goals to provide direction for governance efforts; and promoting a comprehensive perspective on water sustainability that equally recognizes depletion, justice, and livelihood issues in the long-term. We present an approach that intends to overcome these limitations by putting the focus on what people do with water, and why, along with the impacts of these doings. First, we outline an integrated approach to water governance regimes, and then, we present a holistic set of principles by which to evaluate sustainable water governance. Solution-oriented research applying this approach integrates natural sciences and engineering perspectives on water systems with social science studies on water governance, while also specifying and applying normative principles for water sustainability. The approach we develop herein can be used to reform and innovate existing water governance regimes as well as stimulate transformative governance research.     

Water resources research to support a sustainable China

Abstract

Water resources are the basis for the sustainable development of China. However, the country is currently facing alarming water-related problems associated with its fast economic development and climate change. This editorial introduces briefly the status of its water resources research at the national level and the researcher level. It also introduces the research reported in this thematic issue to highlight its role in addressing flood and water-scarcity issues, improving water management in inland plains and supporting the sustainable development of the country. Finally, some further recommendations for improving water resources research in China are offered.     

GIS and Multi-Criteria Evaluation: Robust Tools for Integrated Water Resources Management

Abstract

Integrated water resources planning and management are considered very complex issues. These issues are usually addressed through the multi-sectoral, interdisciplinary and hierarchal decomposition approaches. In general, integrated resource management indicates the consideration of water, social, socio-economic, economic and environmental issues. The current study aims at merging the GIS and Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) techniques for the integrated water resource management of a cropped area. An area of about 120,000 Hectares located in the Northern Nile River Delta area with a coastal zone on the Mediterranean was selected and GIS was applied to represent the area's different environment, social, economic, and water factors. Different randomization cropping pattern distribution scenarios were proposed. Through the merging of GIS and MCE approaches, three scenarios were run and evaluated at three different levels: farm, canal catchment area and whole area. This merging resulted in a very powerful tool for the evaluation of different plans. The merging of GIS and MCE really facilitated the decision making process for these types of integrated water management problems.     

需求侧水资源配置管理模式

随着经济发展及城市化水平的不断提高,社会对水资源的需求量大幅度增加,供需矛盾日益突出。通过需求侧管理(DSM)模式的全面分析,探讨将需求侧管理模式最小和费用最有效原则和综合资源规划(IRP)引入水资源管理,加强水资源需求侧管理,控制需求增长,将有利于水资源需求和供应相适应,实现水资源的可持续利用。     

黄河流域发展节水型农业的措施探讨

黄河流域水资源供需矛盾已变得十分突出。在分析了黄河不资源状况和流域农田灌溉水资源利用现状的基础上，指出了建立节水型 必要性，并针对目前农田灌溉及管理中存在的问题，提出了黄河了水灌溉应从推广应用新型节水技术，完善灌区管理体制和运行机制，加强水利法律，法规建设等方面入手，才能杜绝农田灌溉水资源浪费的现象，才能使灌区管理运行真正步入可持续发展的良性轨道。     

Proposed Amendment to Kenya's Water Legislation: Some Missing Sustainable Water Resources Management Principles

Kenya's water law is a legacy of colonialism. It falls short of coping with today's water resources management problems. There is currently a proposed amendment to Kenya's Water Act. This article examines that amendment in the light of sustainable water resources management principles and finds it short of incorporating some of these principles. It gives reasons for this omission and suggests ways of improving the Bill. The article's views differs from those of the Attorney General of Kenya regarding the proposed amendment.     

水资源可持续利用的原则与保障条件

水资源作为自然资源的重要组成部分之一，其可持续利用是促进可持续发展的基本资源保证。水资源可持续利用的原则应遵循区域公平原则、代际公平原则、需求管理原则、可持续利用原则。在满足上述原则的基础上实现水资源可持续利用，就应努力创造各种保障条件，以社会、经济、环境可持续目标所需要的水资源可持续利用。