闸墩绕流影响因素及其作用规律分析

为探究某水利工程渡槽附近不平稳水面的形成原因并为制定消除措施提供参考,使用COMSOL Multiphysics软件对高雷诺数( Re =5×106)条件下,不同宽度的顺直流道、收缩渐变段和弯曲流道下游的圆柱绕流和不同形态的闸墩绕流进行了数值模拟研究,分析了流道布局和闸墩形状尺寸等因素对绕流流场和结构受力特性的影响。圆柱绕流分析结果表明:在计算参数范围内,随着顺直流道宽度的减小,圆柱的升阻力系数均逐渐增大;流道渐变段的截面收缩对圆柱绕流产生的影响不大;流道弯曲导致的来流偏流系数越大,圆柱受力的非对称性越明显,升阻力系数均值越大。闸墩绕流计算结果表明:无墩尾闸墩的绕流流场和受力特性与圆柱绕流类似,随着墩身长度增加,闸墩的平均阻力系数减小;带墩尾的闸墩呈流线型,其升阻力系数与尺寸相当的圆柱和无墩尾闸墩相比均显著减小;给闸墩设置合适的墩尾是解决闸墩绕流脱涡的有效措施。     

Stability of a tumblehome hull under the dead ship condition

Some methods for direct stability assessment under the dead ship condition were currently developed by the international maritime organization(IMO)under the Second Generation Intact Stability Criteria.Model tests and simulations are carried out to validate the numerical methods used in assessing the stability under the dead ship condition.This is done in three stages.Firstly,the uncoupled roll mathematical model(1 DOF)is adopted to calculate the roll motion based on the irregular beam waves and the steady wind.Secondly,a drift free experiment is conducted to measure the roll motion under irregular beam waves with zero speed,and then two restrained experiments with counter weights and four springs are performed under the same condition.Finally,the effects of the drift and sway motions on stability under the dead ship condition are then verified by experimental results,and the results of the numerical methods are compared to the results of the model experiments.It is concluded that more accurate numerical methods could be developed for assessing the direct stability under the dead ship condition.     

Hydraulic effects of aquatic weeds in U.K. rivers

The effects of large aquatic plants (aquatic macrophytes) have been given limited attention in literature dealing with open channel flow. This is despite a large number of river channels in the U.K. being affected by profuse growths of these plants. This paper contributes to three major areas in relation to aquatic macrophytes and river channels. First, a literature review examines four areas of vegetated channel research. Early work on vegetated channels concentrated upon grass-lined farm drainage channels in the U.S.A. This was complemented by flume studies of predominantly artificial vegetative roughness elements. The review discusses research into large aquatic plants in stream channels, and the discussion draws together a number of disparate areas of research into vegetated channels including theoretical considerations. Secondly, the paper discusses results obtained from laboratory flume experiments, using real plants, and field monitoring on the River Ebble, Wiltshire, U.K. The relationship between discharge and Manning's roughness coefficient (n) is examined. Field monitoring results are presented as generalizations in the relationship between Manning's n when the monitoring sites were vegetated and unvegetated. The relationship between plant cover in the channel and Manning's n is also examined. Two measurements of plant cover are employed: the percentage cross-sectional area of channel vegetated, and biomass per unit area. The field data for Manning's n and discharge are then discussed in detail in a case study of one site on the River Ebble. Finally, the results obtained from field monitoring are compared to previous research. In the light of these comparisons and detailed examination of the field and flume data, a conceptual model of the effects of aquatic plant growth on channel roughness, mean flow depth, and flow stage is represented. Using this model, an estimate can be made of the likely effect of changing plant cover and discharge on flow stage in an open channel.     

水泵水轮机极小开度反水泵工况压力脉动与内流特性分析

混流式水泵水轮机普遍存在S特性区,水轮机工况启动时机组常不能由空载直接带负载,容易进入反水泵区,导致机组并网困难。本文以模型水泵水轮机为对象,对极小导叶开度下的多个反水泵工况点进行了整体流道三维流动计算,探讨极小导叶开度下反水泵区机组的非定常流动特性。数值计算采用SAS SST-CC湍流模型,5个定常工况点计算的外特性曲线与模型试验数据吻合较好。对流量较小的工况进行非定常计算,旋转转轮9个叶道各8个测点的压力脉动结果显示,相似位置测点间的压力脉动混频幅值和频率均存在明显差异,峰峰值的差异最大达到4.2%,说明此时转轮内的流态分布很不均匀。测点离导叶越近,低频脉动的主频从0.19 fn逐渐增加到1.07 fn;动静干涉引起的20 fn脉动幅度会逐渐增强,但转轮出口位于出流与入流过渡区的测点趋势则不同。结果显示在反水泵工况区运行,转轮各叶道间的流态分布极不对称,充满了严重的流动分离和漩涡。     

An experimental study of stranding of juvenile salmonids on gravel bars and in sidechannels during rapid flow decreases

Juvenile salmonids can become stranded over gravel bars or trapped in off-channel habitat during rapid flow decreases that often occur in regulated rivers. In a stream channel experiment that simulated stranding over a gravel bar, more juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshwytscha) were stranded when the water was 6°C compared with 12°C. The rate of flow decrease was not a significant factor in the incidence of stranding. In contrast, the number of chinook and coho (O. kisutch) salmon juveniles that became trapped in side channels built in the stream channel increased with increasing rate of dewatering, and for coho salmon, more fish were trapped at night compared with the day. Even at the slowest rate of flow decrease some fish remained in the side channels after the channels became disconnected from the main flow. My results suggest that mortality as a result of trapping in side channels or pot-holes will be decreased, but may not be eliminated, by flow ramping, although this result needs to be corroborated with field studies. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Numerical prediction of 3-D periodic flow unsteadiness in a centrifugal pump under part-load condition

Numerical simulation and 3-D periodic flow unsteadiness analysis for a centrifugal pump with volute are carried out in whole flow passage, including the impeller with twisted blades, the volute and the side chamber channels under a part-load condition. The pressure fluctuation intensity coefficient （PFIC） based on the standard deviation method, the time-averaged velocity unsteadiness intensity coefficient （VUIC） and the time-averaged turbulence intensity coefficient （TIC） are defined by averaging the results at each grid node for an entire impeller revolution period. Therefore, the strength distributions of the periodic flow unsteadiness based on the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes （URANS） equations can be analyzed directly and in detail. It is shown that under the 0.6Qd~. condition, the pressure fluctuation intensity is larger near the blade pressure side than near the suction side, and a high fluctuation intensity can be observed at the beginning section of the spiral of the volute. The flow velocity unsteadiness intensity is larger near the blade suction side than near the pressure side. A strong turbulence intensity can be found near the blade suction side, the impeller shroud side as well as in the side chamber. The leakage flow has a significant effect on the inflow of the impeller, and can increase both the flow velocity unsteadiness intensity and the turbulence intensity near the wall. The accumulative flow unstea- diness results of an impeller revolution can be an important aspect to be considered in the centrifugal pump optimum design for obtaining a more stable inner flow of the pump and reducing the flow-induced vibration and noise in certain components.     

波浪周期对系泊船舶运动影响试验研究

系泊船舶泊稳是港口设计和营运过程中的重要问题,系泊船舶泊稳标准从实质上讲就是限制系泊船舶的运动量。较长周期波浪作用下的系泊船舶泊稳问题愈来愈受到各方的关注,选取了一艘10万吨级散货船进行横向不规则波作用下的系泊模型试验,在同一波高下变化入射波浪周期,通过系列试验,分析波浪周期对系泊船舶横移、横摇和升沉运动的影响。研究结果表明,系泊船舶横移运动量总体上均随着波浪周期的增大而增大,横移运动对波浪周期的响应敏感程度是变化的;系泊船舶横摇和升沉运动量均随着波浪谱峰周期的增大先增大然后减小,当波谱谱峰周期与相应的船舶固有周期接近时,横摇和升沉运动量均出现了一次峰值。     

Longitudinal variations of hydraulic characteristics of overland flow with different roughness简

The evolution of the overland flow velocity along the distance downslope on smooth and granular beds in different cases is investigated by means of the electrolyte tracer via flume experiments.The results demonstrate that a non-uniform flow regime and a uniform flow regime exist in the development process of the overland flow.Owing to the different attributes of beds’roughness,the position of those zones with different flow regimes varies correspondingly:(1)the overland flow on granular beds enters into the uniform regime much sooner,additionally,the roll waves tend to appear because of the presence of the proper flow resistance imparted by the roughness(coarse sands),and large slopes(20o and 25o)which makes the flow velocities and depths to undulate spatially.Furthermore,the flow resistance of the overland flows with different roughness elements,that is the non-sands,the fine sands and the coarse sands,is calculated.A quadratic interpolation method of the third order accuracy is employed in the calculation of the longitudinal flow resistance.The results show that it is rational to use the bed slope to approximate the hydraulic energy slope over a relative small roughness(the present roughness),however on the other hand,if the mean flow velocities and depths rather than the local parameters are used to calculate the flow resistance,a considerable error will be induced within the non-uniform regime of the overland flows,including the acceleration zone and the roll-wave zone.     

Use of Gene-Expression Programming to Estimate Manning’s Roughness Coefficient for High Gradient Streams

Manning’s roughness coefficient (n) has been widely used in the estimation of flood discharges or depths of flow in natural channels. Therefore, the selection of appropriate Manning’s n values is of paramount importance for hydraulic engineers and hydrologists and requires considerable experience, although extensive guidelines are available. Generally, the largest source of error in post-flood estimates (termed indirect measurements) is due to estimates of Manning’s n values, particularly when there has been minimal field verification of flow resistance. This emphasizes the need to improve methods for estimating n values. The objective of this study was to develop a soft computing model in the estimation of the Manning’s n values using 75 discharge measurements on 21 high gradient streams in Colorado, USA. The data are from high gradient (S?>?0.002 m/m), cobble- and boulder-bed streams for within bank flows. This study presents Gene-Expression Programming (GEP), an extension of Genetic Programming (GP), as an improved approach to estimate Manning’s roughness coefficient for high gradient streams. This study uses field data and assessed the potential of gene-expression programming (GEP) to estimate Manning’s n values. GEP is a search technique that automatically simplifies genetic programs during an evolutionary processes (or evolves) to obtain the most robust computer program (e.g., simplify mathematical expressions, decision trees, polynomial constructs, and logical expressions). Field measurements collected by Jarrett (J Hydraulic Eng ASCE 110: 1519–1539, 1984) were used to train the GEP network and evolve programs. The developed network and evolved programs were validated by using observations that were not involved in training. GEP and ANN-RBF (artificial neural network-radial basis function) models were found to be substantially more effective (e.g., R² for testing/validation of GEP and RBF-ANN is 0.745 and 0.65, respectively) than Jarrett’s (J Hydraulic Eng ASCE 110: 1519–1539, 1984) equation (R² for testing/validation equals 0.58) in predicting the Manning’s n.     

长距离分洪隧洞输水模型试验相似性研究

针对长距离输水隧洞小比尺物理模型难以满足阻力相似的问题,依托陕西省某县城分洪隧洞工程,通过对进口闸室段过流能力及隧洞段输水能力进行分别验证,实现了在小比尺物理模型上进行隧洞过流能力的试验研究。基于隧洞段内可以形成均匀流的特点,采用明渠均匀流计算方法对模型实测结果进行了计算验证。结果表明：计算流量与模型实测流量的最小差值为11.71 m³/s,最小相对误差为1.93%;基于进口闸室段距离短、局部水头损失远大于沿程水头损失的特点,控制隧洞桩号0＋099.25 m处水深为隧洞正常水深,可直接验证其过流能力,进口闸室段过流量与实测过流量最大误差不超过1.78%;在30年一遇洪水时,推荐方案闸室和隧洞的过流能力相匹配且与模型实测值基本一致,隧洞的分洪流量达到863 m³/s,较设计分洪流量800 m³/s超泄了63 m³/s,超泄流量占设计过流量的7.88%,完全满足设计要求。     

Modelling Temperature,Body Size,Prey Density,and Stream Gradient Impacts on Longitudinal Patterns of Potential Production of Drift‐Feeding Trout

In this study, we modelled idealized stream reaches using empirical hydrodynamic and bioenergetic parameters to predict how rainbow trout production depends on physical and biological variations across a downstream gradient, and we compared these downstream effects in a low and high‐gradient stream reach. We found that longitudinal production potential (i.e. net rate of energetic intake per 100 m of stream length) generally increased with increasing stream size when stream gradient was low. This was not the case, however, for high‐gradient streams, wherein maximum longitudinal production potential was associated with middle or low stream size (Q_MAD = 2.5 to 25 m³ s^?1). Areal production potential (net rate of energetic intake per m² of wetted stream bed) reached a maximum at low stream size (Q_MAD = 2.5 m³ s^?1) with both high and low gradients. We also showed that high stream temperature and low drift density could potentially cause adult rainbow trout to be excluded from stream reaches with high flow. The models presented here have a stronger mechanistic basis for predicting fish production across heterogeneous stream environments and provide more nuanced predictions in response to variation in environmental features than their physical habitat‐based predecessors. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Numerical models and theoretical analysis of supercritical bend flow

The flow pattern of supercritical flow in bend channels is complicated due to the shock wave phenomenon, which creates difficulties with regard to research and design of bend channels. Using the spillway of an actual project as an example, a three-dimensional numerical investigation was conducted to simulate the flow in a steep-slope bend based on the renormalization group(RNG) k-ε turbulence flow model and the volume of fluid(VOF) method. The validity of the numerical simulation was demonstrated by comparison between the results of numerical simulation and physical model tests. An optimal scheme of setting vertical vanes in the bend channel is presented. The results of numerical simulation and physical model tests are in agreement, which demonstrates the effectiveness of optimization of vertical vanes and the validity of the three-dimensional numerical simulation. Water depths along both bend walls were analyzed numerically and theoretically. The formula for calculating supercritical water depth along either bend wall was derived, and the critical condition of flow separation from the inner wall was determined.     

太湖水库弯曲溢洪道水流特征及优化措施研究

为了研究太湖水库弯曲溢洪道内的水流特征,并提出针对性的优化措施,采用数值模拟和物理模型试验相结合的方法,模拟试验了溢洪道的典型下泄方案,从保证水流平稳、横断面流速分布均匀、消减冲击波的角度出发,研究分析了泄槽水流特征优化的措施。结果表明:特征水流边界条件下,原设计方案泄槽内由于弯道的环流特性,水流在弯道内会产生横向冲击波;弯道右侧最大水深为6.23 m,最大水面差为5.91 m,水面差均值为3.05 m;弯道及下游直线段受冲击波的影响流速横向梯度较大。采用优化方案后,相同水流边界条件下泄槽内横向水面差减小,流速分布更加均匀,动水压强的集中情况有所改善。最大水面差下降至2.27 m,泄槽内水面差均值下降至1.31 m;各测量断面流速变异系数最大值由设计方案的58.98%降至3.94%;弯道测量断面最大压强下降48.79%。研究成果可从水力学角度为相关或相似工程的设计和实施提供参考建议。     

3-D NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF FLOW LOSS IN HELICAL CHANNEL

The flow loss of a helical channel Magnetohydrodynamic(MHD) thruster without MHD effect was numerically studied with 3-D simulations,and a flow loss coefficient was defined to quantify the flow loss and its influencing factors were studied.The results show that decreases in a first-order exponential manner with the pitch of a helical wall and the Reynolds number,and it declines slowly when and,a flow guide makes the flow more smooth and uniform,especially in the flow guide and helical wall sub-regions and thus reduces the flow loss greatly,by about 30% with the averaged value of from 0.0385 to 0.027,a rectifier weakens the helical flow and strengthens the axial one in the rectifier and outlet sub-regions,thus reduces the rotational kinetic pressure with the averaged value of declining about 4% from 0.0385 to 0.037,and decreases with a rectifier’s axial length when.     

Hydrodynamic modelling study of a fish exclusion system for a river diversion

River diversions are often equipped with some device to exclude fish, such as fish screens. Flow pattern changes due to fish screen systems were investigated using a three‐dimensional numerical model solving the Reynolds‐averaged Navier‐Stokes (RANS) equations. A porous media obstacle, which is commonly used for ground water flow modelling, was employed to model a fish screen. Fish screens require a velocity component perpendicular to the screen (approach velocity), allowing for water diversion. Meanwhile, it is imperative that this velocity not result in pinning fish to the screen but allowing for fish to be guided to a different location. Thus the ratio of sweeping velocity to approach velocity (V_R) is an important criterion in fish screen design. 20:1 V_R and 10:1 V_R models were tested under high and low flow rates in this study. Screen head loss coefficients for various wire Reynolds numbers were compared with laboratory model measurements to verify the mathematical results. Two different screen types were simulated: perforated plate and wedged wire. Altering global porosity and local permeability of a porous obstacle results in flow direction changes that effectively simulate different screen materials in the numerical model. Model simulations of head loss coefficients and velocity ratios showed good agreement with the laboratory model measurements. The wedged wire allows for more control of the velocity ratio along the screen system than the perforated plate. Baffles installed behind each fish screen bay promote uniform flow distribution along the screen. The porous media obstacle assumption is shown to effectively simulate the hydraulics of various configurations of fish screens at river diversion channels. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Precipitation Data Requirements for Urban Hydrology

ABSTRACT

Precipitation is the decisive input variable for a large number of dimensioning methods and models in urban hydrology. Due to the small catchment areas and the shorter flow paths, the runoff processes are characterized by a high degree of dynamics. This makes it necessary to lay down correspondingly strict requirements for representative time-and space-related precipitation data. The following defines these requirements in greater detail with regard to ‘sewer dimensioning’, ‘storm-water treatment’, and ‘sewer system management’. The methods used in Germany for supplying precipitation data are described, and reference is also made to alternatives that may be used in cases where the database is insufficient.     

植被排列方式及坡度对坡面流Fr影响的试验研究

为探究植被的排列方式及坡度大小对坡面流弗劳德数Fr的影响,以期揭示坡面流弗劳德数Fr的内在规律。利用人工模拟试验,系统研究了6个坡度、3种植物排列方向与水流方向呈不同走向角的条件下Fr与单位底面积的空间摩阻表面积K值的特征关系。表明在非淹没状态下,Fr与K值的关系为随K值的增大Fr呈现先减小后趋于平稳的趋势;Fr的取值随坡度的增大而增大;在一定的坡度范围内,同一坡度下,当Fr1时,同一K值下,走向角越大对应的Fr值越小,当Fr1时则相反;同一走向角下,在同一K值下,坡度越大对应的Fr就越大。得出在坡度一定的条件下,坡面植被的排列方式不同,弗劳德数Fr的取值也不相同;坡度是影响Fr取值范围的重要因素之一。     

A Versatile Flood Frequency Methodology

ABSTRACT

Many observed annual flood series exhibit reverse curvatures when plotted on lognormal probability paper. The occurrence of these curvatures may be attributed to seasonal variation in flood-producing storm types, relative dominance of within-the-channel or floodplain flow, and variability in antecedent soil moisture and cover conditions. A mixed distribution model is needed to analyze such flood series because of the mixed population of floods. A versatile flood frequency methodology has been developed which considers the probability distribution of an observed flood series as a mixture of the probabilities of two lognormal distributions. Objective detection and modification of any outliers and inliers in an observed flood series in as integral part of the versatile flood frequency methodology. Analyses of about 600 flood series in the USA and other countries in the world show the versatility and superiority of the proposed methodology for satisfactory estimation of design floods for various recurrence intervals.