地铁出行模式下的城市时空可达性研究

传统的空间可达性不能反映不同OD间可达程度的差异,为此,研究提出了在地铁出行模式下的城市时空可达性表达模型。该模型以地铁站点的服务范围作为研究的基本单元,各服务范围包含了不同种类与数量的兴趣点,模型以兴趣点的可自由活动时间作为时间约束,以可达范围作为空间约束,研究地铁两站点在时间和空间的共同约束下相对于整个区域的时空可达情况。通过对广州市地铁网的实例研究与分析,证明了该模型可以实现面向个人的可达性表达,提高了时空可达性研究的实用价值与应用水平,丰富了城市交通规划的理论依据。     

The relationship between the characteristics of transportation energy consumption and urban form

In this paper, we analyze the relationship between the characteristics of transportation energy consumption and urban form elements that were actively argued along with Environmentally Sound and Sustainable Development (ESSD). This paper can be divided into two parts: an examination of the theories and a practical analysis of domestic, small-, and medium-sized cities. Firstly, in the examination of theories, we surveyed the arguments about the sustainable urban form. Secondly, we made some hypotheses about the relationships between transportation energy consumption, city size, density, and center distribution pattern. Thirdly, we tested those hypotheses and examined the suitability of policies for each alternative for small- and medium-sized cities in Korea. The main themes in this paper are as follows. Firstly, how does the city size, density, etc. affect the transportation energy consumption? Secondly, in an overcrowded Korean situation, which alternative is the more suitable sustainable urban form from the point of transportation energy consumption, i.e., concentration or decentralized concentration? Thirdly, we examined the argument that a densely centralized development can reduce the need for travel, increase the transit use, and decrease automobile use. From the results of the analysis, we found that as the population increases, transportation energy represented by yearly gasoline consumption per automobile and the average yearly energy consumption as a result of surface transportation per 1,000 persons tends to decrease. Further, if the degree of city’s concentration represented by Gini coefficient is high, energy efficiency tends to decrease. Besides, the influential factors on the transportation energy consumption among the indicators of urban form could be road ratio and density. Whereas the road ratio is not related to the transportation energy consumption, road density is. From the analyzed results, we can deduce planning implications concerned with Korean cities. Firstly, Korean cities are already highly centralized so a decentralization policy should be carried out to increase transportation energy efficiency. In any case, in the case of high-density cities, multinuclei cities are better than mononuclear ones. Further, to increase the transportation energy efficiency, policies for high road densities through the construction of new roads in spite of narrow road widths are more effective than those for high road ratio-widening existing roads.     

Applying crowdsourcing techniques in urban planning: A bibliometric analysis of research and practice prospects

Urban planning requires more public involvement and larger group participation to achieve scientific and democratic decision making. Crowdsourcing is a novel approach to gathering information, encouraging innovation and facilitating group decision-making. Unfortunately, although previous research has explored the utility of crowdsourcing applied to urban planning theoretically, there are still rare real practices or empirical studies using practical data. This study aims to identify the prospects for implementing crowdsourcing in urban planning through a bibliometric analysis on current research. First, database and keyword lists based on peer-reviewed journal articles were developed. Second, semantic analysis is applied to quantify co-occurrence frequencies of various terms in the articles based on the keyword lists, and in turn a semantic network is built. Then, cluster analysis was conducted to identify major and correlated research topics, and bursting key terms were analyzed and explained chronologically. Lastly, future research and practical trends were discussed. The major contribution of this study is identifying crowdsourcing as a novel urban planning method, which can strengthen government capacities by involving public participation, i.e., turning governments into task givers. Regarding future patterns, the application of crowdsourcing in urban planning is expected to expand to transportation, public health and environmental issues. It is also indicated that the use of crowdsourcing requires governments to adjust urban planning mechanisms.     

城市交通可持续发展的道路:城市交通发展政策规划──兼析南京城市交通发展状况

城市交通空间拓展及对个体机动化交通工具的依赖,增加了城市交通拥挤、交通污染与能源消耗,降低了城市交通的运输效率。城市交通可持续发展,决非一项政策、一项措施或一次行动就可以实现的。本文明确城市交通可持续发展之路,是城市交通发展政策规划,即通过城审交通发展政策,控制诱导城市交通空间及方式结构发展,在城市有限道路交通资源条件下,实现城市交通的极大化运输,降低出行对个体机动车的依赖程度。     

开发商参与下的多阶段廉租房建设投资决策方法

针对开发商参与下的多阶段廉租房建设成本和合同期决策问题,采用期权博弈思想建立投资决策模型。基于廉租房建设项目所具有的期权博弈特征,提出了针对期权涉及的价值、收益、成本的研究假设;在多阶段二叉树模型决策路径基础上,分别针对政府和开发商构建了效用函数、成本投入模型和合同期决策模型,通过推导得到了建设成本、合同期等相关决策因素对于开发协议的影响,得到的合同期与各影响因素之间的数量关系表明:虽然合同期被缩短,但是开发商利用成长期权仍能保证廉租房的建设质量;通过案例分析验证了模型在廉租房协议制定和投资决策过程中的有效性。     

Joint development in urban transportation: a practical approach to modern growth management

Accelerated population growth in general and an increasing expanse and intensity of metropolitan development throughout the world have focused attention on urban transportation and growth management. The high cost of urban highways and mass transit systems, coupled with the necessity of guiding private use of land toward acceptable levels of rational development, have resulted in various urban investment strategies. Among these, the concept of joint development of transportation facilities and high activity nodes has emerged as a promising solution to problems of overcrowding and congestion in major cities in Europe, Asia and the Americas. Such integrated public and private investment not only tends to maximize the cost effectiveness of required facilities, but offers opportunities for substantial value capture for the benefit of the public at large and as an incentive for risk capital investment.A comprehensive study was undertaken by the Department of Urban and Regional Planning of Texas A&M University to examine the requisites of effective joint development in selected metropolitan areas, including Toronto and Montreal, Canada; Washington, DC, San Francisco and Atlanta in the USA; and Paris, France. In all instances, it was found that fixed guideway rapid transit had a discernible, positive impact on urban growth and intra-urban transportation, provided opportunities for imaginative growth management and was, indeed, a major inducement for private investment. Conversely, it was confirmed that effective application of this strategy required the pre-existence of economic viability in general, and in the specific transportation corridor selected in particular.Given these requisites, several determinants can be identified that stand out consistently as preconditions to success or failure where they are absent. They include integrated public-private planning and construction; pedestrian flow orientation with respect to station entrances and exists; complete control of land ownership; attractive terms and conditions for lease and related arrangement; zoning stability; availability of infrastructure when needed; trade area conditions; an aesthetically pleasing environment with appropriate architectural and landscape architectural treatment of all facilities and grounds; a cooperative, constructive attitude by all parties. Under these conditions, multi-modal transportation systems and high-intensity land development have an excellent chance to succeed. Conversely, joint development as such will not create economic strength, but channel and focus urban growth.     

关于目前我国城市交通规划的若干思考

本文强调了对目前城市交通规划问题反思的必要性以及未来城市发展带来的种种不确定性对交通规划可能的影响 ,认为城市交通规划已经逐渐演变为一种复杂的城市社会—技术的综合体 ;并针对目前我国交通规划的实际提出并讨论了为谁规划、城市交通规划的地位作用以及相关的技术问题等若干内容。希望针对这些问题的思考能够引起更为深层次的对交通规划的现状和未来发展的关注。     

Home and Workplace Separation in Four Urban Regions

This report discusses an empirical test of some basic hypotheses on home and workplace separation that have served in lieu of a general theory and have been the basis for many planning assumptions, goals, and objectives. These basic hypotheses were tested in four urban regions, two of which used longitudinal data from transportation surveys. Research outcomes point to a declining importance of distance to work and central city commuting and an increasing emphasis on family income as a predictor of residential location.     

“梁陈方案”未获采纳之原因的历史考察——试谈规划决策影响要素的分层现象

本文针对“梁陈方案”究竟为何未能获得政府采纳的问题,结合城市规划老专家的访谈,从规划技术、财政经济、社会文化以及政治和外交等几个方面,对规划决策的一些主要影响因素进行了解析和讨论.各方面因素对规划决策产生影响的程度以及优先次序是截然不同的,呈现出分层现象.在70年前的时代条件下,“梁陈方案”未能获得政府方面采纳的根本原...     

城市群城际干线公路方案布设的影响因素分析

城市群规划中,城际干线公路路线方案受大量不确定因素的影响,且影响关系复杂。现行城际干线公路路线方案选择,主要依赖于规划人员或决策人员的经验进行,缺乏科学系统的分析。本文在城市群规划城际干线公路路线方案选择中,引进影像图决策模型,系统分析了影响决策的各因素,为规划人员和决策人员提供了科学决策的工具。这对于提高规划质量和科学性,具有重要的参考价值。     

城市密度分区研究--以深圳经济特区为例

我国城市的超常规发展对于规划决策的理性化提出更高的要求.本文讨论了城市密度分区的微观经济学理论和国内外的城市密度分区实践,并以深圳经济特区作为案例,提出城市密度分区的方法体系,包括宏观、中观和微观三个层面的策略.在宏观层面上,确定城市开发总量和城市整体密度;在中观层面上,建立城市密度分区的基准模型和修正模型,进行各类主要用地的密度分配;在微观层面上,以街坊作为容量控制单元,制定地块密度细分的原则.     

城市规划管理中环境保护制度的再思考

针对以水污染为代表的环境污染已经严重威胁到城市可持续发展的现状,首先简要分析环境经济学对控制城市环境污染的作为和城市规划管理的经济学实质,然后利用新制度经济学的交易费用理论、产权理论和契约理论对城市规划管理中的环境保护制度进行重新审视,提出了控制污染、改善城市环境的建议.     

从“树形”到“互动网络”——公交引导下的村镇社区空间发展模式初探

公共交通导向(TOD)的村镇社区空间发展模式,是基于东部沿海平原省份城乡公路与道路网络较为发达的地域特性,通过选择性地建设设置公交站点的"城镇型社区",形成网络化互动连接的城乡公交体系及公共服务设施体系,进而触发城乡要素流动、优化公共服务,改变传统发展动力自上而下的树形结构模式。通过对德州市临邑县村镇体系规划的实践研究,发现TOD村镇社区空间发展模式能够在依托地域需求、服务政府决策、优化规划模式和改善功能结构等方面为我国的新农村规划建设提供参考。     

Factors impacting construction project duration: a comparison between France,Germany and the u.k.

A survey of contractors planning engineers in France, Germany the U.K. indicates significant differences between projected completion times for an identical model building. Completion times are shortest in France, followed by Germany and then the U.K. yielding means of 13, 18 and 22 weeks respectively. Investigations to elicit performance affecting resource utilisation factors provide some significant findings. The productivity rates for formwork operations, particularly those provided for floor slabs, correlated with completion times. This operation apparently provides the key to optimum completion times for high rise in situ construction. Analysis of variance provides evidence to indicate that preferred options for two particular construction methods can drastically impact upon completion times, these being preferred transportation and formwork (to columns) solutions. Shorter completion times were associated with tower crane\skip transportation solutions and, proprietary formwork. In terms of labour utilisation two factors demonstrated a significant relationship with project duration, namely numbers of supervisory personnel and allowance for daily relaxation\rest times. Shorter completion times were a feature of reduced supervisory numbers and longer periods of relaxation. Construction contractors may wish to give consideration to these important aspects, when planning to undertake such projects and earliest completion is paramount.     

苏黎世西部工业区复兴及其启示

苏黎世传统工业区改造复兴项目堪称欧美发达国家城市旧工业地段更新改造的成功典范.该项目具有循序渐进的决策历程、层层深入的规划设计、灵活多样的旧建筑再利用方式.其科学、系统的论证与策划机制,城市建设导则的制定,城市生活复兴的策略,建筑保护与改造方法的多样性都是值得借鉴的经验.     

城市综合体交通组织系统规划探析

大量人流是维持城市综合体社会经济效益的关键,因此,组织城市综合体的内外部交通成为城市综合体规划设计的核心内容之一.对城市综合体进行精细化的交通组织,并形成结构化、体系化的设计方法,对于需要组织大量纷繁复杂人流、以交通为主导的综合体尤为重要.本文通过对城市综合体的交通组织规划研究,从规划、建筑、交通多专业的角度提出“一体化规划设计”的思路,结合交通空间的营造,总结出城市综合体项目内外部交通组织体系的规划原则,力求形成对现代城市综合体较系统的认识,以期对目前的城市建设、建筑设计的实践发挥积极的指导作用.     

Cost economies,urban patterns and population density: The case of public infrastructure for basic utilities

Determination of optimal population densities underlies the economic rationality when planning the provision of basic public infrastructure by local governments. Using econometric techniques based on the translog cost function, we investigate the existence of economies of scale, associated to a larger urban size in terms of population and housing, determine the effect of alternative urban patterns – compact or dispersed – on the cost of provision, and calculate optimal population densities as targets for urban planning. We illustrate the practicality of our model using Spanish municipal data, and unveil latent economies of scale and suboptimal urban densities due to excessive dispersion. Based on these findings we propose specific policy guidelines in terms of desirable urban structures.     

提高公共交通竞争力的措施分析

政府确立的公共交通优先发展战略实质,是想通过政府手段来提高公共交通在交通运输市场中的竞争力.在此基础上,提出了在自由竞争的市场环境中,各种交通方式间竞争关系的基本分析框架.并在该框架内,以出行距离来衡量交通需求,着重分析了公共交通与自行车基于时间成本上的均衡点和公共交通与小汽车基于出行综合成本上的竞争均衡点,并分别推导出相应的判别模型.根据判别模型推论各个影响因素与公共交通竞争力间的函数关系,提出相应的政策措施,并对各个措施进行评述总结.     

Policy and politics behind the public transportation systems of China's medium-sized cities: Evidence from the Huizhou reform

China is currently experiencing accelerated urbanization, with total urban population accounting for 52.6% of the country's total population in 2012. The next 10 years is foreseen to be characterized by the rural-to-urban migration of more than 300 million citizens. The consequent pressure on the environment compels small and medium-sized cities to accommodate the influx of migrants—a situation that inevitably brings new challenges to public utility management in the country. Most of these cities lack systematic management and consistent standards in the formulation of public transportation policy because of a vague decision-making mechanism. We empirically investigate the decision-making process for public transportation policy in China's medium-sized cities, focusing specifically on the ownership reform of the public transportation system in Huizhou, Guangdong. We apply Kingdon's multi-stream model and extensively interview stakeholders who shape public transit policy in the study area. On these bases, we discuss how the three streams—problems, policy, and politics—converge and initiate the reform of public transportation systems. Kingdon's model enables the identification of weak links in the transportation management systems of China's medium-sized cities.