生物柴油对模拟原油污染砾石释放油的影响研究

对生物柴油促进原油污染的砾石释放原油进行了模拟研究,讨论了生物柴油促进砾石上原油释放的可行性以及生物柴油投加量、投加方式对砾石上原油释放的影响.研究结果表明:生物柴油对砾石上原油的释放具有明显的促进作用;生物柴油的投加量越大,对砾石上原油的释放的促进作用越大,原油与生物柴油为2∶1时释放率为74.6%,4∶3时释放率为84.5%;生物柴油采用分批多次投加比一次性投加的效果更好,分三次投加的比一次性投加的在9d后可高出24.6%释放量.     

几种多环芳烃在油污砂砾中的释放及降解研究

对生物柴油促进原油污染砂砾释放油的效果进行了研究,并探讨了原油中3种芳香烃的释放情况,以及在微生物的作用下这3种芳香烃的降解情况.结果表明：生物柴油的促进效果随着投加量的增加而升高,当投加量为原油总质量的1/5时,促进原油总量释放效果不再明显增加,释放量达到80％,并且环数较少的多环芳烃释放量大;该微生物对芳香烃的降解顺序是从低环到高环,并且对4环的芳香烃降解效果不明显.     

石油原油在水中的微生物降解

在54个微生态系统中,比较了化学分散剂、物理分散(机械搅拌)和营养剂投加等试验条件下,微生物对水中原油的降解效果。结果表明,化学分散剂能将原油分散成细小的油滴悬浮在水中,促进原油在水样中的微生物降解。对于原油初始浓度为0. 3 g/L左右的水样,进一步投加营养剂,能促进微生物的生长,将去除率从14%提高到24%。     

原油污染砾石滩联合生物修复的模拟研究

研究了生物柴油-营养盐联合修复原油污染砾石滩的可行性及不同营养配比对联合修复效率的影响.结果表明,生物柴油-营养盐联合修复原油污染的砾石滩是可行的,生物柴油不仅能够促进黏附在砾石上原油的释放,还可以提高水中降解石油微生物的数量与活性,从而促进原油的生物降解;营养盐的添加对生物修复效果的影响较大,在P含量为2.5mg/L,N/P为6∶1和8∶1时原油的降解率、降解菌的数量及活性都较高.其中,N/P为6∶1及8∶1时释放到海水中原油的降解率为84.1%、80.8%,而N/P为4∶1和10∶1时降解率仅为54.3%、69.4%.说明N/P为6∶1至8∶1时生物修复的效果较好.     

NaClO与KMnO4氧化对针杆藻灭活特性研究

以针杆藻（Synedra sp 。）为研究对象，考察了 NaClO 与 KMnO4在不同投量和不同 pH 条件下对针杆藻的灭活特点以及对光合活性的影响。结果表明，在0～5 mg／L 投加范围内，NaClO对针杆藻的灭活效果随剂量的增大而提高，投加量为3 mg／L 是抑制藻活性的最佳投量，并且在酸性条件下 NaClO 能更好的发挥其氧化降解的作用；KMnO4对针杆藻的降解效果不明显，说明投加KMnO4（≤5 mg／L）对针杆藻没有很好的灭活效果。氯化对针杆藻灭活效果好，但是会造成细胞解体，引起藻内有机物的释放，危及饮用水安全。     

臭氧对陶瓷膜污染的控制及深度处理污水的效果

采用规模为20 m~3/d的臭氧/陶瓷膜—生物活性炭组合工艺对污水进行深度处理,考察了除污效果以及膜污染控制方式。在臭氧投加量为5 mg/L、陶瓷膜运行通量为80 L/(m~2·h)的条件下,臭氧/陶瓷膜单元的处理效果最佳。对比臭氧投加量为5和0 mg/L两种试验工况,臭氧直接作用于陶瓷膜表面能够有效减轻膜污染。在22 h运行期间,臭氧投加量为5 mg/L条件下,跨膜压差比较平稳,而投加量为零时,跨膜压差增加了25 k Pa。3种组合工艺的对比结果表明,臭氧/陶瓷膜—生物活性炭工艺出水水质最好,对COD、COD_(Mn)、TOC、DOC、UV_(254)、色度的去除率分别为53%、63%、44%、38%、71%和100%;其次是臭氧—生物活性炭工艺,相应的去除率分别为39%、41%、30%、30%、56%和84%;最后是陶瓷膜—生物活性炭工艺,去除率分别为35%、41%、27%、21%、51%和85%。臭氧/陶瓷膜—生物活性炭组合工艺存在显著的协同作用,能控制膜污染,提高膜通量,改善处理效果。     

高效微生物絮凝剂用于污泥脱水及其动力学研究

从活性污泥中筛选出一株高效微生物絮凝剂产生菌TJ-1,经16S rDNA相似性分析鉴定为奇异变形杆菌（Proteus mirabilis）。将TJ-1在优化培养条件下所产絮凝剂（MBF）用于污泥脱水,并与PAM、PAC进行了脱水效果对比。正交试验结果表明,该微生物絮凝剂用于污泥脱水的最佳条件是：pH=6.5,1%的CaCl2投加量为4%（体积分数）,MBF的投加量为6%（体积分数）;在此条件下污泥脱水率可达82%,比单独投加PAC和PAM的脱水效果好。同时,还研究了该微生物絮凝剂在最佳条件下的污泥脱水动力学,并得到了脱水动力学经验方程。     

生物脱氮菌剂净化富营养化水源水研究

采用实验室模拟方法,将生物脱氮菌剂直接投加到富营养化原水中,研究了生物菌剂的最佳投加量及其对原水水质的净化效果。结果表明,当菌剂投加量为0.1 mg/L时,生物菌剂对富营养化水源水的脱氮效果最好,增加或降低投加量均会影响生物菌剂的脱氮效果;当菌剂投加量为0.1 mg/L时,运行期间生物投菌系统对硝氮和总氮的最大去除率分别达到61.6%和51.6%,CODMn和TOC的去除率分别为8.71%~32.57%和10.92%~36.80%。生物投菌系统因为投加了脱氮能力较好的高效菌种,使系统内菌群竞争优势发生变化,从而提高了整个系统的脱氮能力。     

优化恒压死端过滤方法筛选抗膜污染药剂

为研究采用恒压死端过滤方法初选MBR中抗膜污染药剂的可靠性,考察了在搅拌或不同曝气时间条件下,投加不同剂量高分子絮凝剂的活性污泥的静态过滤性能,确定了曝气10min为最佳扰动时间;同时表明,投加高分子絮凝剂可使污泥絮体尺寸增加、Zeta电位升高、上清液中的SMP浓度降低。另外,恒压死端过滤得出的絮凝剂最佳投加量为400 mg/L,这对减缓MBR的膜污染有积极的指导作用。在试验条件下,向MBR中投加400 mg/L的高分子絮凝剂,可使膜污染速率降为对照MBR的74.88%。     

预臭氧对不同碱化度聚合氯化铝混凝效果的影响

通过试验研究了预臭氧化对不同碱化度聚合氯化铝混凝效果的影响,在同样臭氧投加量条件下,混凝剂的Alb含量越高,混凝效果越好.在臭氧投加量为1.6mg/L时,臭氧化改善了聚铝的混凝效果,而臭氧剂量的进一步增加阻碍了絮体的形成.不论臭氧投加量的多少,预臭氧对AlCl3都起到了负面的影响.     

雾化湿法与过滤吸附相结合的净化试验研究

为解决餐饮业和家庭厨房产生的油烟问题，在分析已有净化方式的基础上，提出雾化湿法与过滤吸附相结合的方法，并分别对雾化法、吸附法及二者相结合的方法作了试验，结果表明二者相结合的方法油烟去除效率最高，达92％以上，且净化后油烟排放的浓度符合国家标准。     

Comparative study of biodiesel production methods from Yellow Oleander oil and its performance analysis on an agricultural diesel engine

In this present work, biodiesel is produced from Yellow Oleander oil using different methods such as hydrodynamic cavitation (HC), ultrasonic cavitation (UC) and conventional mechanical stirring (MS) methods via trans-esterification under optimised conditions, the oil to methanol molar ratio is 4.5:1 in the presence of .75 wt. % potassium hydroxide (KOH) as the alkali catalyst and 60°C operating temperature. Results showed that yield obtained by HC technique is higher when compared to UC and MS methods. After that, experiments have been carried out to estimate the performance and emission characteristics of a single-cylinder, four-stroke, diesel engine fuelled with Yellow Oleander oil methyl ester and its blends with 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% biodiesel with diesel at different loading conditions. The results of the experiments have been compared and analysed with standard diesel and they confirm considerable improvement in the performance parameters as well as exhaust emissions.     

混凝土的表面处理

混凝土常见的表面杂质有养护液，灰尘、水泥浮浆，脱模剂等，另外表面还常出现毛刺以及内部含有化学杂质等缺陷，处理的方法有化学清理，蒸汽清理，喷砂清理，真空吸尘以及酸蚀法等。清理时应尽量避免锤击等操作。     

Effectiveness of duct cleaning methods on newly installed duct surfaces

Two kinds of air duct cleaning methods, mechanical brushing with different brushes and compressed air cleaning, were compared in the laboratory and in newly built buildings. The ducts were contaminated either with test dust or with dust originated from a construction site. The amount of dust on the duct surface was measured with the vacuum test method and estimated visually before and after the cleaning. In addition, the cleaning times of the different techniques were compared and the amount of residual oil in the ducts was measured in the laboratory test. The brushing methods were more efficient in metal ducts, and compressed air cleaning was more efficient in plastic ducts. After the duct cleaning the mean amount of residual dust on the surface of the ducts was 相似文献   

Performance,emission and combustion characteristics of an Indica diesel engine operated with Yellow Oleander (Thevetia peruviana) oil biodiesel produced through hydrodynamic cavitation method

The present work deals about the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a four-cylinder, direct injection, water-cooled, Indica diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel produced through the hydrodynamic cavitation method from an underutilised and potential feedstock Yellow Oleander (Thevetia peruviana) oil. Engine tests were performed with neat diesel and biodiesel blends of 10%, 20% and 30% from Yellow Oleander oil at different engine speeds. Experimental results showed that biodiesel produced through the hydrodynamic cavitation technique with a 1%?w/w catalyst percentage, 6:1?molar ratio and 35?min reaction time was equal to 97.5%. During engine performance tests, biodiesel blends showed higher brake-specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency (for lower blends up to 20%) and exhaust gas temperature than diesel fuel. Engine emissions showed higher nitrogen oxide, but a decreased amount of smoke opacity, carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbon and favourable p–θ diagram as compared to diesel.     

Behavior of a chemically dispersed oil in a wetland environment

An experiment was conducted at a wetland research facility, investigating the behavior and effects of chemically dispersed oil (CDO) using an oil-spill dispersant. The research site is located on the San Jacinto River near Houston, TX. The replicated treatments included oiled control, "high-dose" CDO (1:10 dispersant-to-oil ratio (DOR)), "low-dose" CDO (1:20 DOR), as well as an unoiled control. Known amounts of oil or dispersed oil were added to the respective plots. Sediment samples were taken over a 99-day period using a 5-cm-diameter coring device. The GC/MS results for both "total target saturate hydrocarbons" and "total target aromatic hydrocarbons" were plotted over time and data were modeled using nonlinear regression. The overall (including abiotic and biotic) petroleum loss rates for the dispersed-oil treatments were not statistically different when compared to the oiled control. However, the initial concentrations for the dispersed-oil treatments were statically lower (95% confidence) than for the oiled control. From this, it can be inferred that the dispersed oil was more prone to flush off the sediments, as was visually observed. Biodegradation rates were also determined for all treatments; it was concluded that there were no differences when comparing each dispersed-oil treatment to the oiled control. The sediments from each plot were also analyzed for microbial population numbers (most-probable-number) and acute toxicity (Microtox 100% Test). Statistical analyses for both sets of data found no significant differences for the dispersed-oil treatments when compared to the oiled control.     

浸没式膜工艺处理滦河水的膜污染清洗技术研究

对浸没式膜工艺处理滦河原水过程中采用的三种膜污染清洗技术进行了中试研究.试验结果表明,对膜定期进行反冲洗是防治膜污染的必要手段.EFM操作是防治膜污染的有效措施.EFM执行时间和清洗剂浓度对清洗效果有一定影响,在该试验工况下,EFM执行时间在45～60 min较为合适,清洗剂选择0.41%NaOH和800 mg/L NaClO为宜.化学清洗可使膜性能得到极大恢复,对于高温高藻期滦河水,碱洗效果要比酸洗效果好.操作优化试验表明,化学清洗前进行3次物理清洗可最大发挥物理清洗的强化作用;化学清洗后进行4次物理清洗可避免清洗残留液对正常过滤的出水水质造成影响.     

强化混凝-沉淀-砂滤工艺去除海水中藻类的试验研究

通过考察强化混凝中混凝剂种类及投加量、氧化性助凝剂种类及投加量、氧化时间、pH以及水力条件等因素对海水中Chl-a、CODMn去除效果的影响,确定了试验参数,并后续加入砂滤工艺考察其除藻效果.结果表明:在调节海水pH值为5～6,选用3 mg/L高锰酸钾预氧化30min后,投加混凝剂聚合氯化铝铁(PAFC)对Chl-a和CODMn均有较佳的去除效果.强化混凝-沉淀-砂滤工艺对Chl-a平均去除率可以达到80%以上,对CODMn去除率在50%左右,对浊度的去除率大干97%.     

Experimental analysis of Deccan hemp oil as a new energy feedstock for compression ignition engine

This study investigates the biodiesel from Deccan hemp oil and its blends for the purpose of fuelling diesel engine. The performance and emission characteristics of Deccan hemp biodiesel are estimated and compared with diesel fuel. The experimental investigations are carried out with different blends of Deccan hemp biodiesel. Results show that brake thermal efficiency is improved significantly by 4.15% with 50 BDH when compared with diesel fuel. The Deccan hemp biodiesel reduces NO_x, HC and CO emission along with a marginal increase in CO₂ and smoke emissions with an increase in the biodiesel proportion in the diesel fuel. The improvement in heat release rates shows an increase in the combustion rate with different percentage blends of Deccan hemp biodiesel. From the engine test results, it has been established that 30–50 BDH of Deccan hemp biodiesel can be substituted for diesel.