煤自燃气体特征及其对瓦斯爆炸下限影响实验研究

现有研究大多从煤自燃单组分气体或部分组分混合气体角度对瓦斯爆炸极限进行分析,而对煤自燃过程中不同阶段产生的混合气体对瓦斯爆炸极限的影响分析不足,对煤自燃与瓦斯爆炸的耦合致灾开展的实验研究较少。针对上述问题,通过模拟煤自燃实验装置研究了煤自燃过程中气体生成特征规律;采用20L球形爆炸装置对瓦斯混合煤自燃各个阶段生成气体进行实验,研究了煤自燃气体对瓦斯爆炸下限的影响。实验结果表明,实验煤样自燃过程中产生的可燃性气体主要为CH_4,CO,C_2H_4,C_2H_6,C_2H_2等,其中CH_4和CO体积分数最高,最高体积分数分别为0.75%和0.37%;煤自燃不同阶段产生的可燃性气体含量随自燃时间的增加和温度的升高均呈现增大趋势,煤自燃加热初期,温度小于80℃主要产生了CH_4,CO可燃性气体,CO可以作为煤自燃缓慢氧化阶段的标志气体;随着自燃时间的持续,温度超过80℃后,开始产生C_2H_4和C_2H_6,随后逐渐产生C_3H_8气体,C_2H_4的出现表明煤氧化进入了加速阶段;煤氧化自燃后期,大约到220℃时出现C_2H_2,此时煤进入激烈氧化阶段;低体积分数的CO能抑制瓦斯爆炸,高体积分数CO能促进瓦斯爆炸,导致爆炸压力变大,爆炸下限降低;煤自燃过程中产生的混合气体增大了瓦斯爆炸压力,爆炸下限最大降低了0.55%,瓦斯爆炸的危险性变大。     

采空区内煤自燃气体特征及产生规律分析

针对目前对在模拟逐渐升温的采空区环境条件下不同变质程度煤自燃现象的研究较少的问题,以采集的4种变质程度的焦瘦煤、气肥煤、无烟煤、肥焦煤为例,利用煤自燃模拟系统进行了煤自燃实验,研究在采空区环境条件下煤的燃烧特征及自燃气体的产生规律。实验结果表明,焦瘦煤、气肥煤、无烟煤、肥焦煤自燃时,温度会呈现"S"型上升趋势,前期温度先缓慢积累,而后开始快速升温,最后在300℃时趋于平衡,而后缓慢上升;不同煤样在自燃过程中均会产生碳氢化合物和碳氧化合物等挥发性气体,且生成速率受温度影响,并出现极大值和极小值2个拐点;无烟煤温度上升曲线近似于直线,气体曲线随温度波动不明显;气肥煤和肥焦煤自燃时会产生大量CO和CH4,气肥煤产生CO的速率最快,CO最大体积分数可达8%,肥焦煤产生CH4的速率最快,CH4最大体积分数可达14%,焦瘦煤和无烟煤产生的CO和CO2的体积分数分别在2%和4%左右。     

同安煤矿4101综放工作面煤氧化自燃的标志性气体研究

煤自然火灾严重威胁着煤炭工业的安全。为了遏制该类火灾的发生,煤自然火灾指标气体的预测预报功能越来越受到人们的重视。本文通过煤氧化反应生产气体的红外光谱实验,分析了同安煤矿4101综放面煤样在升温氧化过程中,在不同温度下煤氧化自燃产生气体的红外光谱图谱,确定了此煤样在氧化自燃过程中在不同温度下出现的标志性气体。建立了标志性气体的预报模型,研究分析了煤样氧化自燃生产的CO、CH_4和C_2H_4气体的浓度与温度的关系。结果表明,4101综放工作面实验煤样氧化自燃生成的气体产物有H_2O、CO_2、CO、CH_4和C_2H_4等5种,CH_4、CO和C_2H_43种气体的浓度随温度的升高有着不同的变化规律。对矿井自燃火灾的预测预报具有重要的指导意义。     

青东煤矿10煤层标志性气体优选及自燃“三带”划分

针对青东煤矿1078工作面自然发火问题,通过实验室研究和现场测试相结合的方法优选确定了自然发火标志性气体的主副指标:CO和C2H4气体可作为10煤层煤氧化自燃的主要标志性气体,烯烷比和链烷比作为10煤层煤氧化自燃标志气体的辅助指标。采用采空区氧气浓度变化规律和温度变化趋势2个指标划分了采空区自燃"三带":距工作面0～31m处为散热带,31～78m处为自燃带,78m以外为窒息带。该研究成果为1078工作面自然发火治理提供了科学依据及理论指导。     

大采高综采工作面采空区自燃“三带”研究

针对上湾煤矿12401大采高综采工作面采空区煤自燃防治,通过程序升温氧化实验确定CO作为煤自燃预报指标气体,并辅以C2H4来掌握煤自燃情况;在工作面采空区回风侧铺设束管对采空区气体进行监测,根据监测结果划分了采空区自燃"三带":距工作面0～32m处为散热带,32～225m处为自燃带,225m以外为窒息带;依据散热带和自燃带总长度及煤最短自燃发火期,计算出工作面最小安全推进速度约为6.4m/d。该研究结果为工作面防灭火措施制定提供了可靠依据。     

预测煤自燃的复合气体指标优选实验研究

通过煤程序升温氧化实验对比分析了不同干空气流量、氧气浓度下复合气体指标的变化规律,实验结果表明:在不能确定干空气流量的情况下,应选取φ(O_2)/(φ(CO)+φ(CO_2))作为预测煤自燃的气体指标;煤温在100℃以下时,φ(O_2)/(φ(CO)+φ(CO_2))可作为预测煤自燃的气体指标;煤温超过100℃时,φ(C_2H_4)/φ(CH4)和φ(CO)/φ(CO_2)可作为预测煤自燃的气体指标;煤温超过160℃且氧气体积分数为5%左右时,φ(C_2H_4)/φ(CO)也可作为预测煤自燃的气体指标。     

HCO自由基与CH_3OH抽氢反应的理论研究

用双级别方法 HL//B3LYP/6-311G(d,p)研究了HCO自由基与CH3OH的反应机理和动力学性质。该反应包含2个反应通道即HCO自由基分别从-CH3基团(R1)和-OH基团(R2)上抽氢。并用(CVT/SCT)方法计算了各反应通道在(200~3000)K温度范围内的速率常数,HCO从CH3(R1)基团上抽氢在整个温度反应内是主反应通道,且R2在高温段内不可忽略,两者相互竞争。     

8.8m超大采高工作面煤自燃防治经验探讨

超大采高工作面煤自燃监测数据包括气体浓度、温度等,研究方法包括实验、数值模拟、现场观测等。现有研究大多未考虑各指标之间的关系,研究手段及数据分析方法单一。针对该问题,以上湾煤矿采高为8.8m的12401工作面为例,通过煤自燃实验、现场"三带"实测及数值模拟相结合的方式,分析煤自燃火灾过程中气体浓度与温度之间的关联关系,总结采空区内因火灾发火规律和特征。建立地面钻孔注氮模型,反演了采取注氮措施前后O_2浓度场、CO浓度场、温度场和"三带"分布变化规律;针对高温异常区域,根据数值模拟结果选取注氮位置,采用地面与井下一起注氮的方式降低火灾危险性。研究结果表明:CO可作为预测煤自燃的指标气体,CO_2和CH_4不能作为指标气体,C_2H_6,C_2H_4,C_2H_2,H_2可作为辅助指标气体;采取注氮措施后,氧化升温带的宽度大大减小,CO体积分数明显降低,最高点温度迅速下降,惰化效果显著;高温异常区域CO体积分数及温度有逐渐下降的趋势,验证了注氮位置的合理性和注氮措施的有效性。     

不同甲烷气氛下煤自燃指标气体及活化能研究

针对不同氧浓度下煤自燃特性的研究大多只考虑不同氧氮比气氛,而对不同甲烷气氛下煤低温氧化规律研究较少的问题,利用程序升温氧化和热重分析实验,对不同甲烷气氛下煤自燃指标气体和活化能进行了研究。结果表明:随着CH_4体积分数的增大,产生CO和CO_2的初始温度显著升高;在煤氧化初始阶段,不同CH_4气氛下CO和CO_2生成量均随着温度的升高而缓慢增加;在煤加速氧化阶段,CO和CO_2生成量随温度的升高呈指数函数形式增加,且CH_4体积分数越低(O_2体积分数越高),CO和CO_2生成量越大,表明温度越高,CH_4对煤氧化的抑制作用越明显;随着CH_4体积分数的增大,煤低温氧化活化能增大、指前因子降低,说明CH_4体积分数的增大对于煤自燃具有较好的抑制作用。     

基于相关向量机的煤自燃预测方法

在煤自燃程度预测方面,基于径向基(RBF)神经网络的方法结构复杂、易陷入局部最优,基于支持向量机(SVM)方法的核函数受Mercer条件限制而对参数敏感,传统的机器学习方法误差较大。针对上述问题,提出了一种基于相关向量机(RVM)的煤自燃预测方法。以易发生煤自燃现象的亭南煤矿为例,模拟煤样自燃升温过程并采集气体浓度与煤自燃温度数据,建立训练样本和测试样本;由训练样本构建RVM模型,得到模型的最优参数;将测试样本代入已训练的RVM模型中,预测煤自燃温度值。与基于RBF神经网络和SVM的煤自燃预测方法进行比较,结果表明,基于RBF神经网络和SVM的煤自燃预测方法训练误差较小,但测试误差较大,说明这2种方法存在过拟合现象,泛化能力差;基于RVM的煤自燃预测方法的训练误差与测试误差比较接近且预测精度最高。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.