Array processing in correlated noise fields based on instrumentalvariables and subspace fitting

Accurate signal parameter estimation from sensor array data is a problem which has received much attention in the last decade. A number of parametric estimation techniques have been proposed in the literature. In general, these methods require knowledge of the sensor-to-sensor correlation of the noise, which constitutes a significant drawback. This difficulty can be overcome only by introducing alternative assumptions that enable separating the signals from the noise. In some applications, the raw sensor outputs can be preprocessed so that the emitter signals are temporally correlated with correlation length longer than that of the noise. An instrumental variable (IV) approach can then be used for estimating the signal parameters without knowledge of the spatial color of the noise. A computationally simple IV approach has recently been proposed by the authors. Herein, a refined technique that can give significantly better performance is derived. A statistical analysis of the parameter estimates is performed, enabling optimal selection of certain user-specified quantities. A lower bound on the attainable error variance is also presented. The proposed optimal IV method is shown to attain the bound if the signals have a quasideterministic character     

基于内插阵列变换的非圆信号MUSIC算法

针对非圆信号的波达方向(DOA)估计问题,提出一种基于内插阵列变换的非圆信号MUSIC算法(VIA-NC-MUSIC算法)。利用真实阵列流型与虚拟阵列流型之间的变换矩阵,将真实协方差矩阵变换为虚拟协方差矩阵,再对虚拟协方差矩阵进行奇异值分解(SVD),利用信号子空间与噪声子空间的正交性,得出算法的空间谱函数。仿真实验表明:存在阵元位置误差的情况下,新算法通过对阵元位置校准数据进行内插阵列变换(VIA),取得与阵元位置校准的非圆信号MUSIC算法(NC-MUSIC算法)相当的估计性能,保持了高估计精度、阵列扩展能力等优点。     

Volumetric array prewhitening

Direction finders such as MUSIC experience loss of resolution and increased bias in the presence of nonwhite noise. This paper presents two versions of a steepest descent gradient algorithm that prewhiten the signal received by an arbitrarily oriented volumetric sensor array, minimizing these undesirable effects. The algorithms optimize a whiteness functional over a surface with desirable properties including low dimensionality, unimodality, and concavity. Two ambient noise models facilitate algorithm development through succinct parameterization. The first, which is a novel linear matricial ambient noise model based on a spherical harmonic expansion, places no constraints on array geometry. The second model requires a spatially uniformly sampled sensor array and reduces problem dimensionality associated with exact multidimensional autoregressive modeling. The algorithms estimate a stacked vector arrangement of the model parameters. Application with MUSIC demonstrates enhanced performance in terms of angular resolution and detection of low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) sources     

互质阵中基于降维求根的波达角估计算法

该文提出互质阵中基于降维求根的波达角(DOA)估计算法。互质阵包含两个稀疏均匀线性子阵,拥有互质的阵元间距和阵元数目。该算法基于子阵间的互协方差,利用较长子阵中的旋转不变性扩展较短子阵的虚拟孔径。然后通过矩阵分块构造噪声子空间,并将来自两个子阵的2维参数估计问题降维为1维求根问题,获得自动配对的2维模糊参数估计。最后由这2维模糊参数可恢复出两组参数,根据互质性从两组参数估计的交集中可以获得无模糊的高分辨率DOA估计。相比互质阵中的联合多重信号分类(MUSIC)算法和联合旋转不变技术(ESPRIT)算法,该算法无需特征分解,复杂度低,但可获得更精确的DOA估计,处理更多的信源,并且对色噪声有更强的鲁棒性。多个仿真结果均验证了所提算法的有效性。     

An interference-tolerant algorithm for localization ofcyclostationary-signal sources

A method for detecting the number of cyclostationary signals radiated by remote sources and for estimating their directions of arrival by a linear and uniform array is presented. Whereas the traditional techniques exploit the spatial coherent properties, the new method locates the signal sources using the spectral coherence properties as well. This approach eliminates the need to know the characteristics of the noise and the interference, regardless of the extent of their spectral overlap. Moreover, the method applied equally well to environments containing more interferers than sensors. The conditions of applicability of the method are the existence and the knowledge of a cycle frequency at which all the signal sources exhibit spectral correlation but the noise and interference signals do not, and the existence and the knowledge of a value of the lag parameter such that the cyclic cross-correlation matrix of the desired signals has full rank     

谱峰搜索的神经网络实现

本文提出了谱峰搜索的神经网络方法,作为一个线性规划问题,通过构造适当的代价函数把谱峰搜索与Hopfield线性规划网络联系起来。网络中神经元的个数与参数空间搜索的分辨率无关,而与传感器阵列中传感器的个数成线性关系,因此神经元的个数并不要求很多,理论分析和仿真实验证明,该方法实际上与MUSIC方法或RD(实数域波达方向估计)法是等价的。     

利用有效相位模式计算任意阵列MUSIC谱的快速算法

针对任意阵列MUSIC谱的快速计算问题,提出了一种利用模式空间中有效相位模式(EPM)计算MUSIC谱的快速算法。利用空间谱计算时不同方向各阵元的空间相移因子构成一组新的方向向量,由于各方向向量与噪声子空间中特征向量的乘法计算具有循环卷积特性,从而可以利用DFT实现MUSIC谱函数的计算。新的方向向量可以等效为对相应的虚拟连续圆阵采样的结果,根据圆阵能激发的有效相位模式数远小于MUSIC谱的点数的事实,利用DFT计算MUSIC谱时只需要使用有效的相位模式参与计算,从而使计算量大幅度减小。根据方向向量的过采样特性,通过对方向向量进行抽取,利用抽取后的序列计算有效相位模式,进一步较小了计算量。通过仿真实验验证了提出算法的有效性。      

基于MUSIC和ESPRIT的双基地MIMO雷达角度估计算法

该文基于2阶和4阶统计量,提出了空间高斯白噪声和高斯色噪声的背景下联合MUSIC和ESPRIT的双基地MIMO雷达角度估计算法。在接收端,通过单天线的MUSIC算法和双天线的ESPRIT算法分别估计目标的离开方向(Direction Of Departure, DOD)和波达方向(Direction Of Arrival, DOA),且DOD和DOA自动配对。该方法充分利用了MIMO雷达阵列孔径扩展的特征和ESPRIT的子空间旋转不变性,将2维参数估计问题转化为两个1维形式,降低了运算量和系统复杂度。计算机仿真验证了该方法的有效性。     

A performance analysis of subspace-based methods in the presence ofmodel errors. I. The MUSIC algorithm

Application of subspace-based algorithms to narrowband direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation requires that both the array response in all directions of interest and the spatial covariance of the noise must be known. In practice, however, neither of these quantities is known precisely. Depending on the degree to which they deviate from their nominal values, serious performance degradation can result. The performance of the MUSIC algorithm is examined for situations in which the noise covariance and array response are perturbed from their assumed values. Theoretical expressions for the error in the MUSIC DOA estimates are derived and compared with simulations performed for several representative cases, and with the appropriate Cramer-Rao bound. An optimally weighted version of MUSIC is proposed for a particular class of array errors     

Source localization using vector sensor array in a multipath environment

Coherent signals from distinct directions is a natural characterization of the multipath propagation effect. This paper addresses the problem of coherent/fully correlated source localization using vector sensor arrays. The maximum likelihood (ML) and minimum-variance distortionless response (MVDR) estimators for source direction-of-arrival (DOA) and signal polarization parameters are derived. These estimators require no search over the polarization parameters. In addition, a novel method for "decorrelating" the incident signals is presented. This method is based on the polarization smoothing algorithm (PSA) and enables the use of eigenstructure-based techniques, which assume uncorrelated or partially correlated signals. The method is implemented as a preprocessing stage before applying eigenstructure-based techniques, such as MUSIC. Unlike other existing preprocessing techniques, such as spatial smoothing and forward-backward (FB) averaging, this method is not limited to any specific array geometry. The performance of the proposed PSA preprocessing combined with MUSIC is evaluated and compared to the Crame/spl acute/r-Rao Bound (CRB) and the ML and MVDR estimators. Simulation results show that the MVDR and PSA-MUSIC asymptotically achieve the CRB for a scenario with two coherent sources with and without an uncorrelated interference source. A sensitivity study of PSA-MUSIC to source polarization was also conducted via simulations.     

Spatial polarimetric time-frequency distributions for direction-of-arrival estimations

Time-frequency distributions (TFDs) are traditionally applied to a single antenna receiver with a single polarization. Recently, spatial time-frequency distributions (STFDs) have been developed for receivers with multiple single-polarized antennas and successfully applied for direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation of nonstationary signals. In this paper, we consider dual-polarized antenna arrays and extend the STFD to utilize the source polarization properties. The spatial polarimetric time-frequency distributions (SPTFDs) are introduced as a platform for processing polarized nonstationary signals, which are received by an array of dual-polarized double-feed antennas. This paper deals with narrow-band far-field point sources that lie in the plane of the receiver array. The source signals are decomposed into two orthogonal polarization components, such as vertical and horizontal. The ability to incorporate signal polarization empowers the STFDs with an additional degree of freedom, leading to improved signal and noise subspace estimates for direction finding. The polarimetric time-frequency MUSIC (PTF-MUSIC) method for DOA estimation based on the SPTFD platform is developed and shown to outperform the time-frequency, polarimetric, and conventional MUSIC techniques, when applied separately.     

电磁矢量传感器阵列相干信号源波达方向和极化参数的同时估计:空间平滑方法

研究如何利用电磁矢量传感器阵列中隐含的冗余空域信息解决多个相干极化信号源的二维波达方向(DOA)和极化参数的同时估计问题。基于整个阵列中所隐含的多个空域旋转不变结构,将组成阵列的单个或多个电磁矢量传感器单元看作一个无模糊子阵,利用空间平滑方法对阵列数据进行预处理,以恢复信号协方差矩阵的秩特性。在此基础上,利用多信号分类方法(MUSIC)和旋转不变参数估计方法(ESPRIT)完成多个相干极化信号源的二维 DOA 和极化参数的同时估计。文中还讨论了成功进行信号解相干的必要条件,并通过计算机仿真验证和比较了所给方法的有效性及其辨识能力。     

多维延时相关MUSIC方法:一种求解脑电逆问题的新方法

将经典的多信号分类算法(MUSIC)用于研究脑电逆问题时存在两个问题:对有色噪音敏感和不能识别相干源.近年人们提出了利用延时相关、高阶累积量或假设已知噪音协方差来缓解有色噪音对算法的影响.对于相干源,则有人提出了递归的多维MUSIC方法.本文在这些工作的基础上建立了一种基于延时相关阵的、叠代的多维MUSIC算法.仿真数据及实际脑电应用研究表明,该方法能在压制有色噪音的同时识别多个相干源,因而具有明显的意义.     

Estimation of the number of signals in the presence of unknowncorrelated sensor noise

A method for estimating the number of transmitted signals in the presence of spatially correlated sensor noise is proposed. The procedure is developed under the assumption that the unknown noise covariance matrix is a band matrix. In practice, it is quite robust with respect to this finite correlation length assumption. In sensor array processing, this amounts to assuming that the noise field is locally correlated spatially. Since spatial stationarity of the noise is not necessary, it also applies, for instance, to white noise with different power along the array. Simulations indicate that the asymptotic analysis holds for quite small sample sizes     

Direction-of-arrival estimation based on spatial–temporal statistics without knowing the source number

Direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation is a central problem in array processing and has a variety of applications. In this paper, a new algorithm for finding DOAs of multiple temporally correlated signals is devised. The proposed approach is based on the joint diagonalization structure of a set of spatio-temporal correlation matrices. Unlike the subspace-based DOA estimators, it is not necessary to estimate the noise or signal subspace explicitly. Moreover, the proposed method can provide the spatial spectrum and estimate the DOAs even when the number of sources is not known a priori. Interestingly, it is revealed that the well-known MUSIC method is a special case of our algorithm. Simulation results validate that the developed approach is superior to conventional DOA estimators in terms of resolution capability, estimation accuracy, and robustness against array model errors.     

DOA estimation for sparse nested MIMO radar with velocity receive sensor array

Direction of arrival (DOA) estimation for sparse nested MIMO radar with velocity receive sensor array is studied, and an algorithm based on extended unitary root multiple signal classification (MUSIC) is proposed. The nested MIMO radar utilizes sparse transmit array and velocity receive array with nested inter-element distances, which can make the final virtual array to be a long and sparse velocity sensor array. After exploiting unitary transformation to transform the data into real-valued one, an extended root MUSIC based method is developed to decompose the angle estimation into high-resolution but ambiguous and low-resolution but unambiguous DOA estimations, which are automatically paired. Thereafter, the ambiguous estimation is used to recover all possible DOAs, and the unambiguous DOA estimation is used as a reference to resolve the estimation ambiguity problem. Compared to conventional methods, the proposed algorithm requires no peak search, maintains larger aperture and achieves better DOA estimation performance. The simulation results verify the effectiveness of our approach.     

Broadband DOA estimation using “Spatial-Only” modelingof array data

Most of the existing techniques for DOA estimation of broadband sources use both spatial and temporal modeling. This may lead to increased complexity besides a large algorithmic delay. We propose a technique that employs only spatial information in the form of a single spatial array covariance matrix. Assuming the source to have an ideal bandpass power spectral density, we formulate two subspace-based search functions for the estimation of the DOAs of broadband sources. One of these employs a multidimensional search in the parameter space, whereas the other requires a MUSIC like one-dimensional (1-D) search. The multidimensional cost function is shown to be consistent, yields performance close to the Cramer-Rao (CR) bound, and is insensitive to correlation between sources. Both the proposed methods are shown to be robust to deviations from the assumption of ideal bandpass power spectral density used in their formulation     

Point-source localization in blurred images by a frequency-domaineigenvector-based method

We address the problem of resolving and localizing blurred point sources in intensity images. Telescopic star-field images blurred by atmospheric turbulence or optical aberrations are typical examples of this class of images, a new approach to image restoration is introduced, which is a generalization of 2-D sensor array processing techniques originating from the field of direction of arrival estimation (DOA). It is shown that in the frequency domain, blurred point source images can be modeled with a structure analogous to the response of linear sensor arrays to coherent signal sources. Thus, the problem may be cast into the form of DOA estimation, and eigenvector based subspace decomposition algorithms, such as MUSIC, may be adapted to search for these point sources. For deterministic point images the signal subspace is degenerate, with rank one, so rank enhancement techniques are required before MUSIC or related algorithms may be used. The presence of blur prohibits the use of existing rank enhancement methods. A generalized array smoothing method is introduced for rank enhancement in the presence of blur, and to regularize the ill posed nature of the image restoration. The new algorithm achieves inter-pixel super-resolution and is computationally efficient. Examples of star image deblurring using the algorithm are presented.     

基于Screened Ratio原理的冲击噪声环境下DOA估计算法

该文提出了一种冲击噪声环境中DOA估计的算法。算法首先根据Screened ratio原理构造阵列信号的相关矩阵,然后利用MUSIC算法实现DOA估计。与基于分数低阶矩(FLOM)的算法相比,该文算法不需要选择FLOM参数p。计算机仿真表明该文算法在冲击噪声环境下具有更佳的稳定性和估计精度。     

DOA estimation in unknown colored noise using covariance differencing and sparse signal recovery

A direction-of-arrival （DOA） estimation algorithm is presented based on covariance differencing and sparse signal recovery, in which the desired signal is embedded in noise with unknown covariance. The key point of the algorithm is to eliminate the noise component by forming the difference of original and transformed covariance matrix, as well as cast the DOA estimation considered as a sparse signal recovery problem. Concerning accuracy and complexity of estimation, the authors take a vectorization operation on difference matrix, and further enforce sparsity by reweighted l1-norm penalty. We utilize data-validation to select the regularization parameter properly. Meanwhile, a kind of symmetric grid division and refinement strategy is introduced to make the proposed algorithm effective and also to mitigate the effects of limiting estimates to a grid of spatial locations. Compared with the covariance-differencing-based multiple signal classification （MUSIC） method, the proposed is of salient features, including increased resolution, improved robustness to colored noise, distinguishing the false peaks easily, but with no requiring of prior knowledge of the number of sources.