基于混合粒子群算法的网格任务调度

减少分布式程序的执行时间是网格调度系统需要解决的重要问题。因分布式程序常建模为DAG图,故该问题又称异构DAG调度问题。在研究网格环境下的任务调度的基础上,提出了一种用于解决DAG任务调度问题的通用混合粒子群优化算法(Common Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization),简称为CHPSO。该算法将问题的解(粒子)表示为任务的调度优先权向量,采用混合粒子群优化算法探索解空间。实验结果表明,在求解不含孤立点的单个DAG调度问题时,该算法所得解的调度长度仅为HEFT的90%～92%,求解质量与PSGA相当;在多张DAG图(含孤立节点)并发执行的网格环境中,该算法的调度性能明显优于PSGA及文中列出的其它演化计算方法。     

基于直接后继节点完成时间的异构调度算法

分布式环境下的异构计算系统（HCS）是大数据时代进行数据密集型计算不可或缺的,一个有效的任务调度算法可以提高整个异构计算系统的效率。在对异构环境下的任务调度进行有向无环图（DAG）建模的基础上,提出基于直接后继节点完成时间的异构调度算法（HSFT）。在计算开销和通信开销差异度较大的异构环境中,考虑两者之间的平衡,采用更为合理的以计算均值与标准方差的乘积和通信权值与任务节点出度的比值作为优先权值计算方法,并在考虑最快完成时间（EFT）的基础上,将直接后继节点完成时间（SFT）用于处理器分配策略。实验结果表明,HSFT在不增加算法时间复杂度的情况下,比HEFT、SDBATS、PEFT等算法有更短的调度长度（makespan）、更优的调度长度比和效率。     

一种基于分簇复制的DAG任务图调度算法

并行任务调度是影响机群计算效率的关键因素之一，机群环境DAG(Directed Acyclic Graph)任务图调度是一个NP完全问题，只能寻求启发式算法。已有的研究中，图解重构算法在允许任务复制的条件下，通过对DAG图递归分解与子图重构，初步实现了一个可行的调度方案。该文在此基础上，提出了以调度长度增量为依据的任务复制策略，利用该策略调整受制约节点的同簇前驱，解决了任务簇间的时间制约问题，缩短了调度长度；通过合理地选择任务簇进行合并，增大任务簇的粒度，提高了处理器的利用率。提出的以任务簇扩展-合并为特征、以分簇复制为手段的DAG图调度算法，改进和拓展了图解重构方法。实例分析表明本算法复杂度与TDS (Task Duplication Scheduling)相同，但性能更优。     

一种基于任务全局迁移的静态调度算法

任务调度是分布实时系统中的一个关键问题.TDS等典型算法在优化条件下可得到该问题调度长度上的最优解.但是TDS等算法在节点分配时存在节点选择范围和节点执行时间范围的局限,无法最小化算法所需处理器数目.任务全局迁移调度算法GTT（global task-transferring）在保证调度长度最优的前提下,从全局范围内选择并调度任务节点,有效利用了处理器,可最小化调度所需处理器数目.优化条件下对各种算法的调度实验表明,GTT算法在加速比和效率上比TDS等同类算法有显著提高.GTT算法的时间复杂度是O（d ｜ V｜^ 2）.这里｜V｜是DAG图中的节点数,d是图中各节点入度或出度的最大值.     

基于HEFT和CPOP的相关任务表调度算法

DAG任务调度是当前研究的热点,DAG任务模型中任务的调度顺序一方面会影响用户服务满意质量,另一方面也会影响云服务资源的利用率,高效的任务调度算法能够使多核处理器的资源分配和并行计算能力更强.表调度算法HEFT算法以及CPOP算法在相关任务调度中存在效率较低等问题.本文基于HEFT算法和CPOP算法,提出了一种相关任务调度模型和相关任务调度算法IHEFT算法,对任务排序和任务调度两个方面进行改进.任务排序阶段,以任务的方差以及平均通信代价作为排序的依据;任务调度阶段,对满足任务复制条件的结点进行任务复制.实验证明,IHEFT算法在任务调度跨度、任务调度平均等待时间以及平均Slack值方面均优于HEFT算法和CPOP算法.     

异构计算环境下基于优先队列划分的调度算法

人工智能的飞速发展对高性能计算提出了更高的要求,异构计算环境下任务调度问题一直是高性能计算中的关键问题.本文提出一种基于优先队列划分的调度算法(PQDSA),该算法根据DAG(有向无循环图)任务集的入口节点数量确定优先队列数,通过任务的通信开销和计算开销划分任务队列,进而将关键节点任务分配给合适的队列,以产生效果较佳的任务调度队列,从而提高任务间的并行性,降低任务集的完工时间.与此同时,进一步基于插入策略将任务调度到处理器上,使任务调度更加高效地执行.PQDSA算法可以减少任务间的时间消耗,提高处理器的调度效率.通过与两个经典算法的性能对比,实验结果表明本文提出的PQDSA算法在任务完工时间和调度效率方面都要明显优于对比的算法.     

基于扩展的随机DAG的EST估算与任务调度

针对DAG调度算法中采取多次执行后的平均值估算任务的EST值问题,通过对DAG调度中常用的调度算法ETF算法进行分析提出基于扩展的随机DAG的调度方法SETF,给出扩展的随机DAG中节点的EST计算方法,以标准方差和平均值之和的数学期望表示,并以ETF算法为例进行实验模拟。实验结果表明,SETF算法相对于ETF算法,减少并行任务执行时间,并能更精确地预测任务调度的平均执行时间。     

一种基于任务复制调度算法研究

分布式计算系统中任务调度是NP完全问题，调度算法可以分为任务复制和无任务复制两类．本文在简述了传统TDS算法的缺陷后，提出了一种改进的TDS任务调度算法-MTDS,该算法基于异构计算系统的特点，采用动态DAG图，尽可能的提前每个任务的执行时间，缩短所有任务完成的执行时间；并且避免出现在某一个执行序列中由于某一任务执行时间过长，而影响整个程序的执行时间．     

基于选择性复制前驱任务的DAG调度算法

针对异构环境下相关任务的静态调度问题,以最小化调度长度为主要目标,结合表调度与基于复制的调度思想提出了选择性任务复制调度算法.在任务调度过程中,利用处理器的空闲时间,通过有选择地复制能提前当前任务开始执行时间的父任务来减少任务之间信息传递的通信延迟,有利于后续任务的及时调度,从而缩短整个任务图的并行完成时间.实验结果表明,文中算法在通信量比较大的情况下在时间上优于复杂度相同的HEFT,HNDP及DDS算法,且随着任务图中通信时间/计算时间比值的增加,其优越性也越来越明显.     

一种基于两级DAG模型的MapReduce工作流异构调度算法

MapReduce编程模型被广泛应用于大数据处理平台,而一个有效的任务调度算法对模型的运行效率至关重要。将MapReduce工作流的Map和Reduce阶段分别拆解为若干个有先后序限定关系的作业,每个作业再拆解为多个任务。之后基于计算集群的可用资源和任务异构性,构建面向作业和任务的2级有向无环图(DAG)模型,同时提出基于2级优先级排序的异构调度算法2-MRHS。算法的第1阶段进行优先级排序,即对作业和任务分别进行优先权值计算,再汇总得到任务的调度队列;第2阶段进行任务分配,即基于最快完成时间将每个任务所包含的数据块子任务分配给最适合的计算结点。采用大批量随机生成的DAG模型进行实验,结果表明与其他相关算法相比,本文算法有更短的调度长度(makespan)且更加稳定。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.