球面近远场和远近场变换算法

天线的远场对于研究天线辐射特性具有重大意义，近场测量技术因其能够避免直接测量远场而得到广泛应用，该技术采用近远场变换获得远场，然而，检验该远场的准确性也是很重要的.为了解决此类问题，文中以球面近场测量为例，提供了一种解决方案.该方案主要探讨了球面波模式展开理论，该理论是实现球面近远场变换算法的关键，其将待测天线在空间建立的场展开成球面波函数之和，天线的加权系数既包含了远场信息也包含了近场信息.因此，不仅能够利用近场测量信息获得远场辐射特性，同样能够利用远场辐射特性反推得到近场处电场，这样就能检验由近远场变换算法得到的远场是否准确.文中首先推算得到了近远场变换公式，随后进一步推算得到远近场变换的公式，最后将本文算法计算结果与FEKO测量结果进行比较，二者吻合良好，从而证实了本文两种算法的有效性.     

基于重加权?1范数惩罚的远近场混合源定位算法

现有信源定位方法大多假定信源是远场源或近场源,而实际定位系统中往往存在远场源和近场源共存的情况。为实现远、近场源分离及高精度信源定位,本文在稀疏信号重构理论框架下提出了一种新的远近场混合源定位算法。该算法利用阵列协方差矩阵反对角线元素和重加权l1范数惩罚获得所有信源的到达角（Direction Of Arrival, DOA）估计。在DOA估计的基础上,根据远场与近场源距离参数位于不同区间的特点利用一维搜索实现远、近场源分离以及近场源距离参数的估计。从理论角度分析了重加权l1范数惩罚算法的重构性能。本文所提算法不仅同时适用于高斯和非高斯信号,而且无需多维搜索和参数配对,也无需信源数的先验信息,同时还可以获得较好的定位精度。计算机仿真结果验证了所提算法的有效性。     

Far-field errors due to random noise in cylindrical near-fieldmeasurements

A full characterization of the far-field noise obtained from cylindrical near-field to far-field transformation, for a white Gaussian, space stationary, near-field noise is derived. A possible source for such noise is the receiver additive noise. The noise characterization is done by obtaining the autocorrelation of the far-field noise, which is shown to be easily computed during the transformation process. Even for this simple case, the far-field noise has complex behavior dependent on the measurement probe. Once the statistical properties of the far-field noise are determined, it is possible to compute upper and lower bounds for the antenna radiation pattern for a given probability. These bounds define a strip within the radiation pattern with the desired probability. This may be used as part of a complete near-field error analysis of a particular cylindrical near-field facility     

近场散射与远场RCS的链条关系式

与远场RCS比较,近场散射问题更复杂、更普遍,且有重要意义。近场散射与远场RCS之间的关系是近场散射研究中的前沿课题之一。本文首先引用三天线概念,其次利用天线耦合公式及电磁场的互易定理导出简洁的链条关系式。最后利用线性系统理论中的基本概念对链条关系式作物理意义的解释。链条关系式在目标特性研究、远场和近场散射测量等方面有重要意义。     

Far-field pattern determination from the near-field amplitude ontwo surfaces

The possibility of determining the far field of radiating systems by measuring only the near-field amplitude is investigated. The main difficulties of the problem are examined in some detail and a new near-field/far-field transformation technique is developed, based on the measurement of the near-field amplitude over two surfaces surrounding the antenna under test. The accuracy of the far-field reconstruction results are related both to the distance between such surfaces and to some a priori information concerning the near-field phase and/or the radiating system. The information on the radiating system allows relaxation of the need for any information on the near-field phase provided that the distance between the measurement surfaces is high enough. Conversely, the knowledge of a more or less corrupted near-field phase allows reduction of such distances without affecting the accuracy of the far-field reconstruction. Numerical examples validating the effectiveness of the developed algorithm are provided for the planar scanning case     

一种自适应稀疏度的混合场信道估计算法

针对6G超大规模多输入多输出(Extremely Large-scale Multiple-Input Multiple-Output,XL-MIMO)系统信道特性变化造成现有的近场和远场信道估计方案不能准确估计XL-MIMO混合场信道的问题,同时考虑到实际系统中稀疏度难以获取,提出了一种基于分段弱正交匹配追踪的混合场信道估计(Hybrid-field Stagewise Weak Orthogonal Matching Pursuit,HF-SWOMP)算法。该算法利用XL-MIMO混合场中近场和远场区域不同的信道特性,分别对近场和远场信道分量进行估计,从而得到混合场信道。仿真结果表明,所提XL-MIMO混合场信道估计算法性能相对于仅考虑近场和远场信道估计方案分别提高了约3.5 dB和3 dB,更符合实际信道场景。     

球模式展开理论近远场变换及快速算法

基于球模式展开理论的近远场变换是天线球面近场测量系统实现的关键,它将待测天线在空间建立的场展开成球面波函数之和,由于其计算公式复杂,因而计算耗费时间长。该文在实际计算中利用快速傅里叶变换及矩阵的思想可以大幅度提高程序运行速度,节省计算时间。采用该方法对角锥喇叭天线的近远场数据进行仿真验证,结果表明外推远场的结果和理论值吻合良好,说明了该方法在保证计算精度的同时,可缩短计算时间。     

基于高效3D-MUSIC 算法的近场辐射源定位

本文提出了一种用于近场辐射源定位的高效3D -MUSIC算法。该算法首先假设信号源为远场源,得到有关近场信号源与假设的远场信号源的关系式;然后利用傅立叶变换与多项式根方法计算远场辐射源的仰角和方位角,建立近场辐射源的搜索路径,沿此路径用传统的3 D-MUSIC搜索,确定近场辐射源的位置;最后在该位置附近进行局部优化搜索,得到最佳结果。仿真结果表明,该方法精确定位,计算时间短,有效地提高了定位的实时性。     

数字多波束天线测试研究

探讨数字多波束天线的测试方法,对于数字多波束天线远场、近场测试的基本原理及优缺点进行了研究。详细分析了近场环境下数字多波束天线测试误差,研究了误差消除的方法。通过对误差的修正,得到较好的测试效果,从而得出数字多波束天线在近场测试结果完全可以代替远场测试的结论。     

基于深度展开ISTA网络的混合源定位方法

针对嵌套阵列下近场和远场混合源定位问题,本文通过构建和训练深度展开迭代收缩阈值算法（Iterative Shrinkage Thresholding Algorithm,ISTA）网络实现混合源的波达方向（direction of arrival,DOA）和距离参数估计。首先考虑到近场源协方差矩阵具有Hermitian矩阵形式,远场源协方差矩阵具有Hermitian和Toeplitz矩阵形式,通过将混合源协方差矩阵进行差分可以得到近场源差分向量,其中近场源差分向量转换到实数域,可以显著降低深度展开ISTA网络的计算复杂度。接着将不同参数下的近场源差分向量和近场源真实空间谱进行配对作为训练样本,对近场源深度展开ISTA网络进行训练,其中深度展开ISTA网络的隐藏层对应模型驱动ISTA方法的迭代步骤。然后利用估计出的近场源DOA和距离参数,通过子空间差分方法得到远场源协方差向量。最后将不同参数下的远场源协方差向量和远场源真实空间谱进行配对作为训练样本,对远场源深度展开ISTA网络进行训练,其中远场源协方差向量同样转换到实数域。在深度展开ISTA网络的训练过程中,损失函数只与重构误差和网络输...     

应用球模展开实现近远场变换

本文讨论了应用球模展开实现近远场变换的理论和计算方法。提出了提高精度,同时减少占用内存的数据处理方法和充分利用软件功能在微机上实现近远场变换的技术。用典型问题检验了理论和计算机软件的可行性。对x波段喇叭给出了实测的远场、由近场数据推算的远场以及理论计算的远场之间的比较,三者符合得很好。     

基于矩阵差分的远场和近场混合源定位方法

混合源定位在无源雷达中发挥着重要作用.针对均匀圆阵下基于相位差方法的定位精度较低的问题,该文提出基于矩阵差分的远场和近场混合源定位方法.首先,利用二维多重信号(2-D MUSIC)分类方法估计出远场源的方位角和俯仰角;随后,利用协方差矩阵差分方法提取出近场源差分矩阵,通过改进的类旋转不变估计信号参数(ESPRIT-li...     

Near-field diagnostics of small printed antennas using theequivalent magnetic current approach

A near-field to far-field transformation based on the antenna representation by equivalent magnetic current (EMC) sources has been proposed and validated experimentally on large high-directivity antenna arrays. In this paper, the use of EMC is extended to the diagnostics of low-directivity printed antennas. The limitation of the near-field to far-field transformation applied to EMC models of low-directivity antennas, caused by the finite dimensions of the antenna ground plane, is demonstrated. A method to partially overcome this limitation by including the contribution of diffracted rays is implemented, and its effectiveness is demonstrated with antenna prototypes. It is shown that the agreement between the far-field patterns measured in an anechoic chamber and the patterns computed from the EMC model obtained from the near-field measurements is significantly improved upon, within a sector of ±90° with respect to the antenna boresight in the E plane. The influence of the near-field sampling density and topology of the EMC model on the accuracy of the predicted far-field pattern is examined     

Far-field uncertainty due to random near-field measurement error

Recent planar near-field scanning tests with ultralow-sidelobe antennas have confirmed that random near-field measurement errors will ultimately limit the accuracy of far-field patterns. A formulation is outlined for estimating the spectral signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) arising from noncorrectable near-field random measurement errors. The formulation applies to arbitrarily directive test antennas and probes-even nulling probes. A far-field parameter, called the scan plane coupling factor, may be computed directly from the near-field data, and then used to form the spectral SNR. The accuracy of the spectral SNR is confirmed by simulation and by actual tests with low-sidelobe AWACS array antenna     

耦合目标近场散射外推技术研究

针对具有多次散射的耦合目标在不满足远场条件下测量的散射方向图发生畸变的问题,通过分析耦合目标的近场-远场转换关系,提出一种"多发多收"模式的近场散射外推方法.在获得全角域的近场双站信息后,对各角度近场接收的散射数据进行外推处理,然后根据互易定理,将外推后的数据等效为"远场发射、近场接收"数据.接下来对该数据再进行一次外推,满足"远场发射、远场接收"的条件,最后取出对角线上的元素获得各角度的远场RCS（Radar Cross Section,RCS）.通过建立存在强耦合机制的二面角和腔体结构模型,利用FEKO和MATLAB软件对方法进行仿真,将"多发多收"外推的结果与远场RCS进行比对.结果表明：该方法得到的结果与远场RCS方向图吻合良好,全角域均值误差小于1dB,验证了方法的有效性.     

Analysis of phase-focused near-field testing for multiphase-centeradaptive radar systems

Airborne or spaceborne radar systems often require tests before deployment to verify how well the system detects targets and suppresses clutter and jammer signals. The radar antenna diameter can be large and thus the conventional far-field test distance is impractical to implement. The theory and simulations of phase-focused near-field testing for adaptive phased array antennas is discussed. With near-field source deployment, standard phased-array near-field phase focusing provides far-field adaptive nulling equivalent performance at a range distance of one aperture diameter from the adaptive antenna under test. Both main beam clutter sources and sidelobe jammer sources are addressed. The phased array antenna elements analyzed are one-half wavelength dipoles over the ground plane. Bandwidth, polarization, array mutual coupling, and finite array edge effects are taken into account. Numerical simulations of an adaptive antenna that has multiple displaced phase centers indicate that near-field and far-field testing can be equivalent     

Near-field probe used as a diagnostic tool to locate defectiveelements in an array antenna

Results of an experimental study are presented in which the near-field probe was used as a diagnostic tool to locate the defective elements in a planar array. The near-field data were processed not only to obtain the far-field patterns of the array under the test, but also to reconstruct the aperture field for diagnostic purposes. The backward transform enables the near-field probe to identify accurately aperture faults at a distance, free of interactions and couplings with the array elements. In practice, to recover the aperture field properly from the near-field distribution, the evanescent components in the computed far-field spectrum must be excluded from the inverse process with fast-Fourier-transform (FFT) techniques. For low-gain array antennas, a correction on the far-field spectrum is required to remove the contribution of the probe and the element factor before the inverse transform, strongly enhancing the resolution     

半导体激光器近场分布测量系统

基于半导体激光器远场分布新模型和反源计算方法，建立了一套半导体激光器近场分布测量装置。系统的测量机制是利用测量的远场数据，反源计算近场分布。该装置由计算机控制，自动完成远场产及拟合处理，经反源计算得到近场分布。     

基于未知源域重构的无相位近场测量技术

天线的远场对于研究天线辐射特性具有重大意义,由于远场的直接测量有着诸多限制,近场测量技术计算远场因其简洁准确的特点得到广泛应用. 然而,传统的近场测量技术要求获取近场区的幅度和相位分布才能发挥作用,随着天线频率的升高,人们想要在近场区获取准确的相位信息变得十分困难. 为了解决该技术难题,文中提出一种无相位近场测量技术. 利用一个封闭面上的幅度信息重建或猜测出包围待测天线的球面切向电场分布,并采用遗传算法进行全局优化,其最初为四组随机数据,经过数次优化后将逐渐接近准确结果. 仿真结果表明,本文方法能够在忽略相位信号的前提下,计算出准确的远场辐射特性.     

Passive Localization of Mixed Near-Field and Far-Field Sources Using Two-stage MUSIC Algorithm

Passive source localization is one of the issues in array signal processing fields. In some practical applications, the signals received by an array are the mixture of near-field and far-field sources, such as speaker localization using microphone arrays and guidance (homing) systems. To localize mixed near-field and far-field sources, this paper develops a two-stage MUSIC algorithm using cumulant. The key points of this paper are: (i) in the first stage, this paper derives one special cumulant matrix, in which the virtual ?steering vector? is the function of the common electric angle in both near-field and far-field signal models so that source direction-of-arrival (DOA) (near-field or far-field one) can be obtained from this electric angle using the conventional high-resolution MUSIC algorithm; (ii) in the second stage, this paper derives another particular cumulant matrix, in which the virtual ?steering matrix? has full column rank no matter whether the received signals are multiple near-field sources or multiple far-field ones or their mixture. What is more important, the virtual ?steering vector? can be separated into two parts, in which the first one is the function of the common electric angle in both signal models, whereas the second part is the function of the electric angle that exists only in near-field signal model. Furthermore, by substituting the common electric angle estimated in the first stage into one special Hermitian matrix formed from another MUSIC spectral function, the range of near-field sources can be obtained from the eigenvector of the Hermitian matrix. The resultant algorithm avoids two- dimensional search and pairing parameters; in addition, it avoids the estimation failure problem and alleviates aperture loss. Simulation results are presented to validate the performance of the proposed method.