节理岩体的弹性模型

本文认为受多向节理切割的岩体是一种近似各向异性的、连续的弹性介质,探讨了成层(单向)、双向和多向节理岩体弹性关系的表示,这种表示基于节理材料和完整岩体的弹性常数及节理的产状参数。     

柱状节理岩体各向异性强度准则研究

以正六棱柱型柱状节理岩体为研究对象,根据柱状节理的分布特性,在参考Ramamurthy非线性强度准则的基础上,引入节理系数表征节理对岩体强度的影响,建立正六棱柱型柱状节理岩体各向异性强度准则。该强度准则以幂指数形式反映柱状节理岩体的强度非线性。分析时首先针对正六棱柱型柱状节理岩体,研究节理系数的计算方法,然后结合模拟柱状节理岩体单轴和三轴压缩试验结果确定各向异性强度准则中的常数,在此基础上采用已有试验数据对该各向异性强度准则进行初步验证。结果表明:该各向异性强度准则能够较好地反映柱状节理岩体强度的各向异性和非线性,预测值与实测值比较吻合。     

Practical equivalent continuum characterization of jointed rock masses

A simple practical method to characterize the strength and stiffness of jointed rock masses is presented in this paper. The empirical relations for the strength and stiffness of rock masses have been arrived based on the statistical analysis of a large amount of experimental data, which are used for representing the jointed rock mass as an equivalent continuum. The effect of joints in the rock mass is taken into account by a joint factor. These obtained relations are incorporated in a non-linear FEM code to represent the equivalent continuum analysis. The equivalent continuum model has been validated against experimental results for jointed rock masses with different joint fabric and joint orientation and also with the results from explicit modeling of joints using FEM. The developed model has also been applied to calculate the deformation around a large power station cavern in rhyolite rock at 200 m depth.     

X型非贯通相交节理干涉效应试验及力学机制

共轭X型节理岩体广泛分布于自然界,准确认识共轭X型相交节理之间的干涉效应对相关岩体工程的安全稳定至关重要。通过制作节理岩体相似材料试件,改变主次相交节理的倾角及长度,进行室内模型试验和理论分析,研究相交节理干涉效应对岩体力学特性的影响规律。研究结果表明：X型节理岩体翼裂纹主要沿主节理尖端扩展,次节理扩展受到抑制;同倾向相交节理间干涉效应导致主节理尖端应力强度因子增大,且次节理倾角为45°时,干涉效应最明显;反倾向主次节理夹角为60°时,次节理对主节理尖端应力强度因子的屏蔽效应最强;反倾向主次节理间夹角为90°时,相交节理间不存在干涉效应;反倾向主次节理夹角大于90°时,相交节理干涉效应导致主节理尖端应力强度因子减小。     

考虑深部岩体各向异性强度的井壁稳定分析

目前在工程设计中,仍粗略地将节理岩体近似为各向同性体,在考虑节理对岩体强度的弱化作用时,均根据节理连通率对完整岩石的抗剪强度参数进行折减,因而未能反映岩体的各向异性特性。这对于浅部岩体工程来讲,也许是可以接受的,但随着建井深度的增加,进入深部状态的岩体表现出更强的各向异性特征,岩体的各向异性将不能忽略。将节理各向异性几何分布特征对岩体力学性能的影响通过微面的节理连通率来反映,从莫尔–库仑抗剪条件出发,采用方向分布函数分析方法,曾提出了一个基于二阶连通率组构张量的节理岩体各向异性强度准则。简要论述该各向异性强度准则,根据该准则研究了井筒的弹性稳定问题。研究表明:考虑岩体的各向异性强度对井筒进行钻井灌浆分析时,在给定的泥浆压力下,沿最大地应力方向钻井的安全系数并不一定比沿其他方向钻井的安全系数高。     

A new model for effects of impersistent joint sets on rock slope stability

Joints often have profound effects on elastic properties and strength of rock masses and therefore on rock slope stability. In surface mine slopes, joints are usually too numerous to be taken into account individually, so an equivalent properties approach is necessary. Previous work that treats a jointed rock mass as an equivalent composite material of joints and intact rock between resulted in excellent agreement between estimated and true rock mass elastic moduli in case of fully persistent joints, for example, [Pariseau WG. An equivalent plasticity theory for jointed rock masses. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 1999;36(7):907–18]. Rock mass failure mechanisms on joints and through intact rock were retained using influence functions obviating the need for an equivalent rock mass strength. Impersistent joints, which are not continuous on a joint plane, can be accommodated [Pariseau WG. Effects of joint persistence on jointed rock masses. Trans Soc Min Metal Explor 2003;314:121–8]. However, slope stability analysis of a large, deep copper mine indicated a need for computational efficiency even in two-dimensional analysis of vertical sections through pit walls [Puri S. Role of joint persistence in rock slope stability. MS thesis, Department of Mining Engineering, University of Utah, 2006]. The analyses by the popular finite element method used small elements of bench size near the pit slopes and much larger elements away from the pit walls. The reasons for the graded meshes were numerical accuracy (small elements) and computational economy (large elements). Small elements contained only a few joints, while the larger elements contained hundreds of joints and led to impractical computation run times, on the order of days. A new modeling procedure that recognizes sufficiently large elements as representative volume elements (RVEs) assists in overcoming this obstacle. A companion improvement embeds a sufficient number of joints in RVE-size elements that then allows for recovery of joint failure mechanisms that are lost with the RVE designation. These innovations reduced PC (Pentium-4) run times by two orders of magnitude to a few hours.     

基于二阶损伤张量的节理岩体各向异性屈服准则

 为了在节理岩体的本构关系中反映岩体几何特征的影响，采用一个二阶损伤张量，将岩体各方向截面的连通率表示为其截面法向的连续函数。根据连通率将完整岩体与完全裂隙的内摩擦系数与粘聚力加权平均得到节理岩体的各向异性抗剪材料参数，从岩体的面抗剪强度准则(莫尔–库仑条件)出发，建立了各向异性节理岩体的抗 剪屈服准则隐式表达式。在主应力轴空间内，将损伤张量分解为各向同性部分和偏量部分，以损伤张量为各向同性时的临界屈服面单位法向量和显式屈服准则的解为基础，导出了一般情况下具有一阶精度的临界屈服面单位法向量的解，相应的显式各向异性屈服准则表达式为主应力的二次式，其系数是损伤张量的函数。研究了二阶损伤张量的6个独立参量：3个主值及其主轴与主应力轴的Euler角对岩体屈服各向异性的影响。针对6个参量取值的几种代表性情况，分别采用隐式屈服准则和具有一阶精度的显式屈服准则计算出屈服应力，绘出了偏平面和子午面内岩体屈服曲线的形状。研究表明，提出的节理岩体各向异性显式屈服准则具有很高的精度。     

Responses of jointed rock masses subjected to impact loading

Impact-induced damage to jointed rock masses has important consequences in various mining and civil engineering applications. This paper reports a numerical investigation to address the responses of jointed rock masses subjected to impact loading. It also focuses on the static and dynamic properties of an intact rock derived from a series of laboratory tests on meta-sandstone samples from a quarry in Nova Scotia, Canada. A distinct element code (PFC2D) was used to generate a bonded particle model (BPM) to simulate both the static and dynamic properties of the intact rock. The calibrated BPM was then used to construct large-scale jointed rock mass samples by incorporating discrete joint networks of multiple joint intensities into the intact rock matrix represented by the BPM. Finally, the impact-induced damage inflicted by a rigid projectile particle on the jointed rock mass samples was determined through the use of the numerical model. The simulation results show that joints play an important role in the impact-induced rock mass damage where higher joint intensity results in more damage to the rock mass. This is mainly attributed to variations of stress wave propagation in jointed rock masses as compared to intact rock devoid of joints.     

Methodology for tunnel and portal support design in mixed limestone, schist and phyllite conditions: a case study in Turkey

The purpose of this study is to present a methodology for tunnel and support design in mixed limestone, schist and phyllite conditions through investigating two highway tunnel case studies that are located along the Antalya–Alanya Highway in southern Turkey. The main lithologies of the project area are regularly jointed, recrystallized limestone and the weak lithologies of the schist unit (i.e., pelitic schist, calc schist, graphitic phyllite and alternations of these lithologies). A detailed geological and geotechnical study was carried out in the project area, and the tunnel ground support types and categories were determined according to the Q-system, rock mass rating method and New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM). The shear strength parameters and geomechanical properties of the rock masses were obtained by using the geological strength index (GSI). The deformation moduli and post-failure behavior of the rock masses have been determined. Slope stability analyses were performed at the portal, side or cut slope sections. Kinematic and limit equilibrium analyses incorporating the effects of water pressure were performed for the regularly jointed failed rock slopes. Circular failure analogy was used for the slope stability analyses of irregularly jointed, highly foliated lithologies. Slope support system recommendations were made. A back analysis on a failed slope was performed. The results of the back analysis compared well with the results obtained through the GSI method. The tunnel grounds were divided into sections according to their rock mass classes. The deformations and stress concentrations around each tunnel section were investigated and the interactions of the empirical support systems with the rock masses were analyzed by using the Phase² finite element software. The regularly jointed rock masses were modeled to be anisotropic and the irregularly jointed, highly foliated and very deformable soil-like lithologies were modeled to be isotropic in the tunnel finite element analyses.     

Experimental study on the shear performance of quasi-NPR steel bolted rock joints

Quasi-NPR (negative Poisson’s ratio) steel is a new type of super bolt material with high strength, high ductility, and a micro-negative Poisson’s effect. This material overcomes the contrasting characteristics of the high strength and high ductility of steel and it has significant energy-absorbing characteristics, which is of high value in deep rock and soil support engineering. However, research on the shear resistance of quasi-NPR steel has not been carried out. To study the shear performance of quasi-NPR steel bolted rock joints, indoor shear tests of bolted rock joints under different normal stress conditions were carried out. Q235 steel and #45 steel, two representative ordinary bolt steels, were set up as a control group for comparative tests to compare and analyze the shear strength, deformation and instability mode, shear energy absorption characteristics, and bolting contribution of different types of bolts. The results show that the jointed rock masses without bolt reinforcement undergo brittle failure under shear load, while the bolted jointed rock masses show obvious ductile failure characteristics. The shear deformation capacity of quasi-NPR steel is more than 3.5 times that of Q235 steel and #45 steel. No fracture occurs in the quasi-NPR steel during large shear deformation and it can provide stable shear resistance. However, the other two types of control bolts become fractured under the same conditions. Quasi-NPR steel has significant energy-absorbing characteristics under shear load and has obvious advantages in terms of absorbing the energy released by shear deformation of jointed rock masses as compared with ordinary steel. In particular, the shear force plays a major role in resisting the shear deformation of Q235 steel and #45 steel, therefore, fracture failure occurs under small bolt deformation. However, the axial force of quasi-NPR steel can be fully exerted when resisting joint shear deformation; the steel itself does not break when large shear deformation occurs, and the supporting effect of the jointed rock mass is effectively guaranteed.     

非贯通节理岩体单轴压缩动态损伤本构模型

非贯通节理岩体是同时含有节理、裂隙等宏观缺陷及微裂隙、微孔洞等细观缺陷的复合损伤地质材料,基于此提出了在非贯通节理岩体动态损伤本构模型中应同时考虑宏、细观缺陷的观点。首先对基于细观动态断裂机理的经典动态损伤本构模型——TCK模型进行了阐述,其次针对目前节理岩体损伤变量定义中仅考虑节理几何参数而未考虑其强度参数的不足,基于能量原理和断裂力学理论推导得出了同时考虑节理几何及强度参数的宏观损伤变量(张量)的计算公式;第三,基于Lemaitre等效应变假设推导了综合考虑宏、细观缺陷的复合损伤变量(张量);第四,借鉴前人基于复合材料力学的观点,考虑了节理法向及切向刚度等变形参数对岩体动态力学特性的影响,进而建立了基于TCK模型的非贯通节理岩体单轴压缩动态损伤本构模型。并利用该模型讨论了载荷应变率、节理内摩擦角、节理厚度、节理法向及切向刚度和节理倾角等对岩体动态力学特性的影响规律。计算结果与目前的理论及试验研究结果比较吻合,从而说明了该模型的合理性。     

节理岩体力学参数取值研究

本文提出了一种确定节理岩体力学参数的计算机模拟试验法。该法基于节理裂隙的野外勘探资料建立岩体的损伤断裂模型,可在计算机上模拟计算实际试验过程,获得应力-应变全过程曲线和岩体变形模量、抗剪强度参数的各自异性特征。文中具体研究了拉西瓦工程岩体参数的取值问题。     

三维条件下应用遗传算法与Monte-Carlo法确定节理岩体的综合抗剪强度

使用遗传算法并充分利用二维研究成果，提出了在结构面三维模拟网络中搜寻结构面与岩桥的最小抗剪力组合的断层扫描方法，从而可以应用Monte-Carlo法的原理，在计算机上多次模拟岩体的剪切试验，最终确定节理岩体的综合抗剪强度。该方法反映了结构面在三维岩体空间的几何分布特征，抓住了控制岩体力学性质的主要因素，并通过使用二维的结构面扩展模型反映了结构面与岩桥的破坏机理及结构面与岩桥的相互作用机理。实例分析的计算结果与反演结果相符，说明了该方法的合理性。     

注浆理论的研究现状及发展方向

详细介绍了注浆技术,特别是裂隙岩体的注浆工艺、注浆理论、试验研究、效果检测等方面的研究现状,针对存在的不足,提出了注浆技术的发展方向。     

含交叉裂隙节理岩体锚固效应及破坏模式

 用相似材料制作含交叉裂隙岩体无锚及加锚试件,以主次裂隙之间角度、锚固位置及锚杆与加载方向之间角度为变化参数制作32组试件,对试件进行单轴压缩试验,研究含交叉裂隙节理岩体的锚固效应及破坏模式。研究表明：在主、次裂隙位置不变的情况下,锚固位置在裂隙交叉点上方或下方时能得到锚固强度最大值,当锚固位置通过裂隙交叉点时,锚固强度不是最大值,但此时锚后试件峰值强度最稳定;大部分含交叉裂隙加锚岩体强度高于含单一裂隙加锚岩体;主、次裂隙夹角影响节理岩体加锚后力学性能,主、次裂隙夹角为30°左右时节理岩体锚固效果最好;锚杆增强了含交叉裂隙节理岩体抵抗裂隙扩展的能力,降低了含交叉裂隙节理岩体劈裂破坏出现的突然性。     

A new estimation method and an anisotropy index for the deformation modulus of jointed rock masses

The deformation modulus of a rock mass is an important parameter to describe its mechanical behavior.In this study,an analytical method is developed to determine the deformation modulus of jointed rock masses,which considers the mechanical properties of intact rocks and joints based on the superposition principle.Due to incorporating the variations in the orientations and sizes of joint sets,the proposed method is applicable to the rock mass with persistent and parallel joints as well as that with nonpersistent and nonparallel joints.In addition,an anisotropy index AIdmfor the deformation modulus is defined to quantitatively describe the anisotropy of rock masses.The range of AIdmis from 0 to 1,and the more anisotropic the rock mass is,the larger the value of AIdmwill be.To evaluate the proposed method,20 groups of numerical experiments are conducted with the universal distinct element code(UDEC).For each experimental group,the deformation modulus in 24 directions are obtained by UDEC(numerical value)and the proposed method(predicted value),and then the mean error rates are calculated.Note that the mean error rate is the mean value of the error rates of the deformation modulus in 24 directions,where for each direction,the error rate is equal to the ratio of numerical value minus predicted value to the numerical value.The results show that(i)for different experimental groups,the mean error rates vary between 5.06%and 22.03%;(ii)the error rates for the discrete fracture networks(DFNs)with two sets of joints are at the same level as those with one set of joints;and(iii)therefore,the proposed method for estimating the deformation modulus of jointed rock masses is valid.     

Feasibility of columnar jointed basalt used for high-arch dam foundation

Columnar jointed basalt, with a lot of small-spacing structural planes and poor integrity, is a kind of fractured rock mass. Through comprehensive study of columnar joints shape, roughness of fracture surface and chemical composition of basalt, it is known that columnar joints of Baihetan dam area were formed as a result of cooling and shrinkage effects of magma. The columnar jointed basalt is mainly formed through chemical reaction of chlorite, kaolinite, epidote and tremolite, and the columnar joints mainly consist of chlorite according to slice identification and chemical analysis. Test results show that the columnar jointed basalt has high uniaxial compressive strength, low friction coefficient, and high cohesion, shear strength and deformation index. Meanwhile, the columnar jointed basalt is closely locked, and joint surfaces are well closed. The permeability of the rock is quite weak, and the P-wave velocity in the rock could get up to 5 000 m/s. All these show good rock properties. The columnar joints develop regularly, different from the general fractured rock masses. In summary, the columnar jointed basalt can be used directly as a foundation of dam.     

Critical strain and squeezing of rock mass in tunnels

The squeezing of tunnels is a common phenomenon in poor rock masses under high in situ stress conditions. The critical strain parameter is an indicator that allows the degree of squeezing potential to be quantified. It is defined as the strain level on the tunnel periphery beyond which instability and squeezing problems are likely to occur. Presently, in the literature, the value of critical strain is generally taken as 1%. It is shown in this study that the critical strain is an anisotropic property and that it depends on the properties of the intact rock and the joints in the rock mass. A correlation of critical strain with the uniaxial compressive strength, tangent modulus of intact rock and the field modulus of the jointed mass is suggested in this paper. It is also suggested that the modulus of deformation being anisotropic in nature should be obtained from field tests. In absence of field tests, use of a classification approach is recommended, and, expressions are suggested for critical strain in terms of rock mass quality Q. A rational classification based on squeezing index (SI) is proposed to identify and quantify the squeezing potential in tunnels. Applicability of the approach is demonstrated through application to 30 case histories from the field.     

块体理论赤平解析法在龙滩水电站地下厂房洞室群稳定分析中的应用

龙滩水电站地下厂房开挖区域岩体不连续面发育，确定厂房开挖面是否可能产生可动块体并判断其稳定性具有重要实际意义。块体理论是适用于分析断层、节理发育破碎刚性岩体稳定性的有效方法，在对场区工程岩体勘察资料的详细研究基础上，运用块体理论赤平解析法分析龙滩水电站地下厂房洞室群的稳定性，对各开挖面构成可能移动块体的不连续面分布情况进行较系统的评价，得出厂房各部分可动块体分布的直观统计结果，为设计有效的加固方案提供了依据。     

节理裂隙岩体中不同埋深无支护暗挖隧洞稳定性的离散元法数值分析

针对一高速公路隧道工程，应用离散单元法对节理裂隙岩体中不同埋深无支护暗挖隧洞的稳定性及其机理进行了数值分析。分析结果表明，当节理的赋存条件不利于隧洞稳定时，浅埋隧洞（如埋深只有5m）的稳定性不如埋深较大隧洞（如埋深50m）的稳定性好；反之，当节理的赋存条件有利于隧洞稳定时，则浅埋隧洞的稳定性比深埋隧洞的稳定性好。分析结果还表明，“压力拱”效应在浅埋隧洞节理裂隙围岩稳定性中起着重要作用。