Advances and problems in hydrocarbon exploration in the Tazhong area,Tarim Basin

Located in the middle of the Tarim Basin, Tazhong is a typical area of compound reservoirs rich in oil and gas found in the Carboniferous, Silurian and Ordovician strata. The proved, probable and possible reserves (3P reserves) in the area amount to 5×108 tons, so it is of great significance to study the advances and problems in hydrocarbon exploration in the Tazhong area. On the basis of exploration history and analysis of scientific problems, we outline eight achievements: distribution characteristics of ...     

塔里木盆地新和地区低幅度构造油气微生物特征及有利目标区预测

对塔里木盆地新和地区油气微生物异常特征进行了研究,为该地区油气预测和油气微生物勘探技术的推广和应用提供依据。主要采用平板培养计数法、16SrRNA基因克隆文库法与高通量测序法对土壤样品中的油气微生物进行定量检测,利用这些方法研究了新和地区油气微生物种群构成及数量异常情况,构建出研究区油气区的油气微生物异常模式。以此为依据,对新和及三道桥地区低幅度圈闭线索区域的油气微生物进行检测,根据油气微生物异常特征预测油气有利区。最终识别出5个微生物异常区,并结合构造圈闭认识结果及油气微生物数量异常,优选出5个潜在的有利勘探目标区。      

塔里木盆地震旦系—寒武系万米超深层天然气成藏条件与有利区带优选

塔里木盆地超深层碳酸盐岩具有良好的油气勘探潜力,明确震旦系-寒武系万米超深层碳酸盐岩油气成藏条件及有利勘探区带分布规律对于开展塔里木盆地超深层油气勘探具有重要指导意义。塔里木盆地南华系-寒武系烃源岩发育,分布面积广;储层以礁滩相白云岩为主,中寒武统大面积发育的膏盐湖-膏/泥（云）坪沉积有利于油气保存及聚集,空间上构成多种有利的油气成藏生-储-盖组合。综合烃源岩、储层、有利盖层的分布规律,优选塔中隆起北斜坡与温宿凸起周缘的寒武系盐下台内滩、轮南低凸起-满加尔凹陷西部盐下礁后滩、轮南低凸起-古城低凸起台缘带及塔北隆起-满加尔凹陷西部-塔中隆起中寒武统盐间滩相储层分布区是塔里木盆地寒武系超深层有利勘探区带,其中埋深小于10 km的有利勘探面积达9.7×10⁴km²;塔北隆起南斜坡与塔中隆起北斜坡的台内滩储层分布区为震旦系超深层有利勘探区带,其中埋深小于10 km的有利勘探面积达3.1×10⁴km²。研究认识对于开展塔里木盆地震旦系-寒武系超深层天然气勘探具有重要理论和现实意义。     

鄂尔多斯盆地中生界石油勘探实践及主要认识

鄂尔多斯盆地是中国第二大沉积盆地,油气资源丰富,勘探前景广阔。其中,三叠系延长组发育典型的低渗透—致密油藏,勘探难度大。50年来,持续深化鄂尔多斯盆地中生界油藏地质研究,提出了侏罗系油藏群成藏理论、内陆坳陷湖盆大型岩性油藏成藏理论和陆相页岩油成藏理论,实现3次战略转移,发现4个储量超过10×10⁸ t的常规油气区和1个储量达20×10⁸ t的页岩油接替区,探明石油储量连续10 年年均增长超3×10⁸ t,成为中国增储上产速度最快的油区,原油年产量占中国的12.5%,可供其他同类型盆地的油气勘探借鉴。     

辽河坳陷欢喜岭油田稠油成藏条件及勘探开发关键技术

欢喜岭油田位于辽河坳陷西部凹陷西斜坡南段,生-储-盖组合条件优越,发育翘倾断块披覆型复式圈闭带和9种圈闭类型.优质的生-储-盖条件保证了欢喜岭地区大规模油气成藏,具有良好的勘探潜力.斜坡构造是欢喜岭油田油气运聚的指向区,流体包裹体分析指示多期油气充注,主要成藏期为沙河街组三段和东营组沉积期.依托复式油气成藏理论,欢喜岭...     

Genetic pattern of belt-wide petroliferous phenomenon in the eastern Pearl River Mouth Basin and its practical application

The Pearl River Mouth Basin(PRMB) covers an area of approximately 20×104 km2. However, oil-gas fields detected in this area thus far are highly concentrated and controlled predominantly by second-order structural belts, the seven largest of which aggregate proved oil reserves of 7.7×108 m3, accounting for 86% of the total discovered reserve in the basin. These second-order structures have one common phenomenon: oil is contained in all traps present in them. In other words, they are all belt-wide petroliferous reservoirs. Research has identified eight types of second-order structural belts under two categories in the eastern PRMB. Their petroliferous properties are subject to three typical constraints: petroliferous properties of subsags hosting these structural belts, locations of these belts in the petroleum system, and availability of traps prior to the hydrocarbon expulsion and migration. The formation and distribution of oil reservoirs in these belts are characterized by subsag–belt integration and "three-in-one". The former indicates that sags and the second-order structural belts within the supply range of the sags constitute the basic units of hydrocarbon accumulations and are therefore inseparable. The latter indicates that a belt-wide petroliferous second-order structural belt always contains three important elements: hydrocarbon richness, effective pathway and pre-existing traps.     

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琼东南盆地是南海北部大陆架新生代北东向伸展盆地,面积约３．４×１０４ｋｍ２,最大沉积厚度１２０００ｍ。盆内存在８个凹陷,依据凹陷的烃源层发育特征、埋藏史、生烃史、生烃强度及资源量综合分析,发现崖南、松南、宝岛、乐东和陵水凹陷均存在高温高压、烃源岩热演化程度高、生气强度大且资源量丰富,因此评价为富气凹陷;油气主要生成于下第三系,８个凹陷中以宝岛,松南凹陷成熟面积最大,两凹陷资源量约占下第三系气资源量的一半以上;松东凹陷因其热演化程度适中,油资源量占较大比例,该凹陷油、气均具有勘探潜力,而崖北及松西凹陷生烃潜力较差。为此,围绕上述富气（烃）凹陷评价并综合天然气的成藏条件,初步筛选琼西基底披覆背斜带、松涛凸起及北东倾没端圈闭带、２号断裂下降盘圈闭带是最具天然气勘探潜力区带,而松东凹陷北坡圈闭带则为油气并举的勘探有利区带。     

辽西雷家地区沙四段中-低熟烃源岩排烃效率与致密油-页岩油勘探前景

辽河西部凹陷雷家地区沙河街组四段在咸化闭塞湖湾环境下,发育高丰度厚层云质、方沸石质泥岩和页岩,整体处于低成熟阶段（R_o=0.3%~0.7%）。铸体薄片、扫描电镜分析表明,页岩储层广泛发育构造缝和收缩缝,碎屑矿物粒间孔发育,纳米孔主要为白云石、方沸石矿物溶蚀孔,有机质纳米孔不发育。采用TOC测井定量评价方法（ΔlgR法）明确了沙四段优质烃源岩（TOC>4%）的纵横向展布特征。其中,杜家台油层优质烃源岩和高升油层优质烃源岩均集中分布在雷家-陈家洼陷地区。排烃效率实验分析结果表明,在当前热演化程度下,烃源岩排烃效率在12%~17%,总生烃量在10~35 mg/g。由于高丰度烃源岩累积厚度大,估算雷家地区沙四段致密油-页岩油总资源量达1.37×10⁸ t。通过源-储组合综合分析,认为雷家地区沙四段杜家台油层为致密油-页岩油有利勘探区,高升油层为页岩油有利勘探区,由于各类岩性均具有一定的生烃潜力和储集能力,适合致密油-页岩油整体开发。     

Origin and accumulation of high-maturity oil and gas in deep parts of the Baxian Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, China

Great quantities of light oil and gas are produced from deep buried hill reservoirs at depths of 5,641 m to 6,027 m and 190 ℃ to 201 ℃ in the Niudong-1 Well, representing the deepest and hottest commercial hydrocarbons discovered in the Bohai Bay Basin in eastern China. This discovery suggests favorable exploration prospects for the deep parts of the basin. However, the discovery raises questions regarding the genesis and accumulation of hydrocarbons in deep reservoirs. Based on the geochemical features of the hydrocarbons and characteristics of the source rocks as well as thermal simulation experiments of hydrocarbon generation, we conclude that the oil and gas were generated from the highly mature Sha-4 Member （Es4） source rocks instead of thermal cracking of crude oils in earlier accumulations. The source kitchen with abnormal pressures and karsted carbonate reservoirs control the formation of high-maturity hydrocarbon accumulations in the buried hills （i.e., Niudong-1） in conjunction with several structural-lithologic traps in the ES4 reservoirs since the deposition of the upper Minghuazhen Formation. This means the oil and gas exploration potential in the deep parts of the Baxian Depression is probably high.     

塔里木盆地塔中83-塔中16井区碳酸盐岩油气特征及其成因机理

塔里木盆地塔中隆起塔中83—塔中16井区下古生界海相碳酸盐岩含油气层位多,油气性质差异大,油(气)、水分布复杂。以研究区现今油气特征为基础,结合塔中隆起成藏过程,从油气运移的动态角度,突出分析了"喜马拉雅期天然气气侵对现今油气性质和分布具有决定性影响"的成因机理,得出:1)同一层位、不同区带的油气藏,因存在多个气源断裂,表现出"两端为气,中间为油"的特征;2)同一地区、不同层位的油气藏,因沿主要气源断裂气侵的天然气量有限,以及碳酸盐岩储层的非均值性,从下至上表现出"从纯气藏变为凝析气藏直至油藏"的特征;3)同一层位、同一区带,因局部构造形态(分割槽)和致密层的存在,油(气)、水分布突变。总结认为,气源断裂、不整合面作为优势通道主导运移方向,局部构造形态及致密层限定油气运移范围,二者是研究区油气性质和油(气)、水分布的主控因素。预测勘探层位越深,越靠近气源断裂,则越有利于天然气勘探。     

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根据南方多期构造改造及油气演化复杂性的特点，将南方中、古生界古今油气藏分布原生、次生及再生烃油气藏3类。原生及次生油气藏的分布主要受生烃凹陷邻近的古隆起及古斜坡控制，再生烃油气藏分布主要受“二次生烃”或晚期生烃中心控制。南方现存的中、古生界工业性油气藏特别是天然气藏的成藏期均较晚，以第三纪为主；南方中、古生界烃源岩存在早期－晚期的多期生烃、多期成藏，而勘探的重点应该是晚期生烃及晚期成藏的油气藏。晚侏罗世－早白垩世燕山运动对南方中、古生界原生油气藏的保存与破坏起到了决定性的作用，它控制了现今南方中、古生界主要油气藏成因类型－－次生型及再生烃型油气藏的分布。上扬子地区主要考虑次生气藏的勘探，中、下扬子地区主要考虑再生烃油气藏的勘探。指出了具体油气勘探有利区并已经得到苏北盆地盐城凹陷朱家墩气田及江汉盆地沉湖地区南部开先台西含油构造勘探发现的证实。     

胜坨油田成藏条件及勘探开发关键技术

胜坨油田是渤海湾盆地乃至中国东部陆相断陷盆地最大的整装油田.自1963年勘探发现以来,经历了勘探初期的快速探明、快速建产;勘探中期的高速开发、高产稳产;勘探后期的理论技术创新拓展勘探领域、高含水油藏精细开发技术攻关提升采收率,保持油田产量缓慢递减等阶段,每个阶段均有储量增长.至2018年底,勘探开发历程已达50余年,累...     

塔里木盆地库车坳陷北部构造带地质特征与勘探潜力

库车坳陷北部构造带是塔里木盆地油气增储上产的重要领域.利用最新的露头、钻井等资料,结合前人的研究成果,通过系统梳理和总结库车坳陷北部构造带的基础地质特征和石油地质条件,分析油气成藏模式和勘探潜力,并与邻区克拉苏构造带进行类比,明确了 目前勘探需要解决的关键问题.结果表明,库车坳陷北部构造带的主要含油气层系为下侏罗统阿合...     

望江—潜山地区上组合油气地质条件研究及有利目标预测

望江—潜山地区目前处于油气评价的早期阶段,工作程度较低。以油气地质理论为指导,依据地表露头、地化检测、地震资料、重力航磁等资料,对研究区油气源、储盖条件等进行了分析与探讨。综合研究认为:望江—潜山地区处于南北对冲带前缘,构造位置有利,地层保存完整,上组合(主要为中生界、上古生界)成藏配置较好,具备形成油气藏的基本地质条件,具有广阔的油气勘探前景。中新生代—古生代的叠合区应是该区寻找油气藏的有利方向。     

中国海域油气勘探前景展望

中国海域面积超过300×10⁴ km²,共发育了38个中新生代盆地,总面积达140.5×10⁴ km²,其中近海盆地有11个,面积为73.4×10⁴ km²,油气资源十分丰富。从中国海域油气勘探取得的重大进展、多时代多类型盆地叠加、多套烃源岩组合、多时代成藏组合、多种油气藏类型以及非常规油气资源等方面,论述了中国海域油气勘探的潜力。结论认为：①新生界油气资源量预计将会成倍增加;②中生界油气资源量与新生界油气资源量相当,将是我国海域油气勘探的重要层位之一;③上古生界的石炭系-中三叠统烃源岩厚度大、丰度较高,具有丰富的油气资源;④尚有地层-岩性、生物礁、古潜山、火山岩等类型的油气藏等待去发现,油气前景广阔;⑤2007年已在南海北部发现了天然气水合物,表明这类资源十分丰富,另外,页岩气前景也被看好。中国海域油气勘探潜力巨大,勘探领域广泛,将是今后我国油气工业发展主要接替地区之一。     

Effect of Microbial Count of P. aeruginosa on Biodegradation of Crude Oil Contaminated Water

Abstract

The effect of microbial count of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria amended with 20 g of nitrogen-phosphorous-potassium (NPK) fertilizer (15:15:15) on the biodegradation of crude oil-contaminated water was studied. Four samples, S ₁, S ₂, S ₃, and S ₄, with equal crude oil pollution load were inoculated with, 1 × 10⁵ cfu, 2 × 10⁵ cfu, 4 × 10⁵ cfu and 8 × 10⁵ cfu of P. aeruginosa respectively, and 20 g of NPK (15:15:15) fertilizer. The control sample, Sc, had only 8 × 10⁵ cfu P. aeruginosa and no fertilizer.

Parameters such as oil and grease content, pH, BOD, COD, and turbidity were monitored over a nine-week period. At the end of the biodegradation period, a high percentage of oil and grease content was removed. The value reduced from 185.0 to 41.50 mg/L, 24.6 mg/L, 20.5 mg/L, 13.2 mg/L, 10.9 mg/L for S _c , S ₁, S ₂, S ₃, and S ₄ respectively. There was also a drop in BOD, COD, turbidity, and pH of the samples under consideration. The S ₄ sample had the highest reduction in both BOD and COD values. The initial value dropped from 82.0 to 27.5 mg/L and 158.4 to 64.8 mg/L for the BOD and COD, respectively. These values obtained fall within the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) limits. The oil and grease content for S ₄ sample was also reduced from 185 mg/L to 9.95 mg/L, while the pH value for this same sample, S ₄, was 6.60 after the nine-week period of investigation.     

塔里木盆地塔中地区上奥陶统油气相态及其控制因素

在塔中地区上奥陶统已发现7个油气藏,油气相态分布复杂。结合油气藏形成与分布的地质和地球化学条件,综合分析了塔中地区油气相态的分布特征和主控因素。结果表明：塔中地区上奥陶统油气藏由西向东,从未饱和凝析气藏过渡为饱和凝析气藏|由北向南,从凝析气藏过渡为未饱和油藏。原油规则甾烷既有呈C₂₇≤C₂₈29的“反L型"的中—下寒武统烃源岩特征,又有呈C₂₇>C₂₈29“V”字型中—上奥陶统烃源岩特征,表明主要来自中—下寒武统和中—上奥陶统烃源岩的混源。天然气干燥系数和甲烷碳同位素表明目前正处于高成熟—过成熟阶段,与中—上奥陶统烃源岩处于成熟阶段不匹配,表明主要来自中—下寒武统。由于天然气甲烷碳同位素值普遍偏低,Ln(C₁/C₂)与Ln(C₂/C₃)两者大都呈正相关关系,天然气可能是以原油裂解气为主。油气相态分布主要受控于温度、压力、多期成藏和多期改造。早期温压较低.又经历了2次构造抬升,使得早期的油气藏遭到破坏,临界温度和压力发生改变,形成未饱和油藏。晚期地层埋深持续增大,形成高温高压,同时原油裂解成气对早期油藏气侵,形成未饱和凝析气藏。中—下寒武统优质储盖组合可能是塔中地区未来寻找天然气的重要领域。     

CRUDE OIL AND NATURAL GAS IN THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY: DEVELOPMENT AND PROSPECTS

Before making a critical evaluation of the crude oil and natural gas prospects for the years to the end of the century, it is necessary to review the geology and structure of the three German hydrocarbon-producing provinces. Furthermore, past exploration, production and reserves should be discussed. The three hydrocarbon-producing provinces are: the NW German Basin, the Upper Rhine Graben and the Molasse Basin, which together make up about 41% of West German territory (Fig. 1). The NW German Basin contains a sedimentary sequence over 8,000 m thick ranging in age from Permian to Quaternary. Gas and oil, the two natural hydrocarbons, are generally confined to separate lower and higher stratigraphic levels respectively (Fig. 2). The NW German Basin is the most important prospective area in West Germany. It extends into the North Sea. The tectonic rift feature of the Upper Rhine Graben originated in the Eocene. The Tertiary fill is over 4,000 m thick. Oil is found mainly in Mesozoic, Eocene and Oligocene rocks; the Miocene and Pliocene reservoir rocks contain natural gas almost exclusively (Fig. 3). The Molasse Basin is part of the foredeep north of the Alpine and Carpathian mountain ranges. The basin is filled with Upper Eocene to Pliocene and Quaternary sediments which, near the Alpine nappes, reach a thickness of over 5,000m (Fig. 4). During this century there were peaks in annual oil-production in 1910, 1940 and 1968 (see Fig. 5). The 1910 peak was the result of drilling activity in the Wietze oilfield. During the period 1934–1945, government financial aid was made available for drilling exploration wells. The success of this collaboration is demonstrated by the oil output in 1940 of 1 × 10⁶ t. After World War II, many different types of oil-bearing structure were found, particularly by reflection seismic techniques in conjunction with detailed stratigraphical and palaeogeographical investigations. The success achieved can be seen by the peak of 8 × 10⁶ t oil production for 1968 (Fig. 5) and in the growth of oil reserves (Fig. 7). Intensive exploration also enabled many new gasfields to be developed, especially in the deeper horizons of the NW German Basin. In 1971, estimated gas reserves reached 360 × 10⁹ m³ (Fig. 11), and annual gas production in 1979 was 20.7 × 10⁹ m³ (731 Bcf) (Fig. 9). There is, no doubt, still scope for the discovery and exploitation of oil and gas in Germany, especially in the NW German Basin where the best prospects for the future lie. This is borne out by two recent offshore oil discoveries and also by the successful application of enhanced recovery methods in the oilfields. The chances of finding more gas at the lower stratigraphic levels are promising now that gas has been discovered in the deeper parts of the Permian basin. The results of massive-hydraulic-fracturing tests in low-permeability pay-horizons are also encouraging. The deeper parts of oil- and gas-producing basins contain interesting prospects and have yet to be tested by ultra-deep wells. Provided that the economic climate remains favourable, there should be no difficulty in finding and supplying German oil and gas in the future. Geologically and technically possible reserves should be converted into proven and/or probable reserves. German crude oil will be available for several years beyond the year 2000, and German natural gas for a far longer time. A production rate of 19 to 20 × 10⁹ m³ of gas per annum is feasible over the next twenty years, and oil production will probably not sink below 3 × 10⁶ t/a in this period.     

渤海湾盆地冀中坳陷深层古潜山油气成藏模式及其主控因素

渤海湾盆地冀中坳陷深层古潜山油气资源勘探程度较低,但仍具有良好的资源潜力和勘探前景。为此,通过综合分析成藏地质要素,结合有机地球化学分析及流体包裹体等测试结果,研究了深层古潜山油气成藏的主控因素,揭示其油气成藏过程并建立了油气成藏模式。结果表明:①该区深层古潜山油气成藏主要受烃源岩的演化特征、储集体的储集性能以及异常高压等因素的共同控制;②深层古潜山主要存在2种油气成藏模式,一种是早期成藏模式,即古近系沙河街组一段末期—新近系馆陶组末期生成的低熟—成熟油气在浮力和水动力驱动下,向上倾方向充注至古潜山储集体而聚集成藏,具有"侧向油源—缝洞储集—常压充注—早期成藏"的特征,而另一种则是晚期成藏模式,即新近系明化镇组以来生成的轻质油和天然气在异常高压驱动下,向下或侧向充注至古潜山储集体而聚集成藏,具有"顶侧油源—缝洞储集—高压倒灌—晚期成藏"的特征。结论认为:寻找与高成熟烃源岩接触的深层古潜山圈闭应成为该区富油气凹陷重要的勘探策略。     

渤海湾盆地岩浆侵入活动与油气成藏特征

随着火山岩油气藏勘探不断取得重要进展,火山岩发育区已从油气勘探的禁区转变为靶区,但对于岩浆侵入油藏的石油地质研究还相对较少.结合岩浆特点和侵入活动特征,开展渤海湾盆地岩浆侵入活动对烃源岩演化、围岩储集性能、油气运移、油气保存等油气成藏特征分析研究,进一步明确了渤海湾盆地岩浆侵入油气藏重点勘探目标.结果表明,岩浆侵入有利...