Lead,cadmium, arsenic,mercury and copper levels in Chinese Yunnan Pu’er tea

The Yunnan region of China produces a distinctive variety of Pu’er tea, which is consequently labeled as a Chinese geographic indication product. In this study, the safety of Chinese Yunnan Pu’er tea with regard to heavy metal content was evaluated in 30 different brands of Pu’er tea, including 150 commercial samples. Metal levels in the Pu'er tea samples followed the order: copper (12–22?µg/g)?>?lead (0.26–3.2?µg/g)?>?arsenic (0.035–0.24?µg/g)?>?cadmium (0.0059–0.085?µg/g)?>?mercury (<0.010?µg/g). Mercury was not detected in 17 of the brands of Pu’er tea. Metal-to-metal correlation studies showed that there were no significant correlation between metal pairs. Based on current safety standards, the low levels of metals detected in these Pu’er tea samples mean they are safe for human consumption.     

苏州市地产大米重金属污染状况及人群膳食暴露风险评估

目的 研究苏州地产大米中铅、镉、总汞、总砷4种重金属污染状况, 并评估4种重金属对苏州居民的膳食暴露风险。方法 2019年从苏州市属9个区县采集本地产大米93份, 采用国标方法检测其中铅、镉、总汞、总砷4种重金属的含量, 依据GB2762-2017《食品安全国家标准 食品中污染物限量》对样品中重金属超标情况进行判定; 采用单因子污染指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法评价大米中4种重金属的污染程度; 采用简单分布模型(确定性评估)的方法评价大米中重金属对苏州居民造成的膳食暴露风险。结果 全部大米样品中铅、镉、总汞、总砷4种重金属均未超过国家限量标准, 铅、镉、总汞和总砷污染水平均值分别为0.0208、0.0419、0.0027和0.0701 mg/kg, 各区县大米中重金属含量水平之间无统计学差别。大米中4种重金属单项污染指数均小于0.7, 污染程度处于优良水平; 综合污染指数小于0.7, 污染程度处于安全水平。苏州地产大米中铅的污染对苏州本地居民95%的儿童及所有成人均不会产生健康危害, 但可能对5%的儿童(高食物消费暴露者)产生潜在健康影响; 镉、总汞、总砷污染对成人和儿童均不会产生健康危害。结论 苏州市地产大米中重金属污染水平较低; 大米中铅的污染可能对高食物消费暴露儿童存在潜在健康危害。     

干巴菌中部分重金属元素及无机砷、 甲基汞含量分析

目的检测干巴菌中5种重金属总砷、总汞、铅、镉、铬及无机砷和甲基汞的含量,探讨干巴菌对重金属的生物富集作用。方法采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法检测总砷、总汞、铅、镉含量,采用液相原子荧光光度计联用检测无机砷、甲基汞的含量。结果 31份干巴菌样品中总砷、总汞、铅、镉的检出率均为100%,无机砷的检出率为50%,甲基汞在全部样品中均未检出。昆明的干巴菌样品中砷含量较高,达0.46 mg/kg;曲靖的干巴菌中铅含量有0.9997 mg/kg;镉含量较高,为0.46 mg/kg。结论总体来看不同地区的干巴菌中总砷、总汞、镉、铬、无机砷和甲基汞的含量处于较低水平,但铅含量偏高。干巴菌对重金属没有特异性吸收富集能力。     

Quantification of aristolochic acids I and II in herbal dietary supplements by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–multistage fragmentation mass spectrometry

A rapid, selective and sensitive ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–multistage fragmentation mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS³) method was developed and evaluated for the determination of aristolochic acids I and II (AA I and II) in herbal dietary supplements. A hybrid triple quadrupole/linear ion-trap mass spectrometry was used to monitor MS³ ion transitions m/z 359.2 > 298.1 > 268.0 and m/z 329.2 > 268.2 > 238.0 to detect AA I and II, respectively. The extraction and clean-up of target analytes from dry powdered samples was performed using the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) procedure. Herbal liquid extracts were analysed directly. Average recoveries ranged from 89% to 112%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) ranging from 3% to 16%. Limits of quantification (LOQs) estimated for three selected matrices were as follows (AA I/II): 5/10 ng g^?1 (tablets); 25/50 ng g^?1 (capsules); and 2.5/5.0 ng ml^?l (liquid herbal extract). The method was applied in a limited survey of 30 herbal products marketed in the United States via the Internet. AA I and II were detected in 20% and 7%, respectively, of tested samples.     

电化学技术在粮食重金属快速检测的研究及应用进展

粮食中重金属污染已严重危害到人类的身体健康和生存环境,引起人们广泛关注。电化学检测技术具有灵敏度高、分析速度快、设备简单、检测成本低和便携等优点,有望满足粮食中重金属现场快速检测需求。本文介绍了温和快速前处理技术与丝网印刷电极技术优点,综述了电化学技术在粮食中重金属快速检测的应用现状,即实现了粮食中铅和镉同时快速检测,砷和汞的快速检测存在应用挑战,并重点对新型净化材料和电极修饰技术研究进展与解决粮食中无机砷和汞的快速检测的应用挑战进行了可行性分析与展望。经综述发现利用磁性纳米吸附材料对粮食样品无机砷、汞进行富集、净化和利用电沉积纳米金修饰丝网印刷电极对实现电化学技术快速检测粮食中无机砷、汞有显著优势。本综述为基于电化学技术实现粮食铅、镉、无机砷、汞等主要关注的重金属快速检测提供借鉴。     

Elements in rice from the Swedish market: 1. Cadmium, lead and arsenic (total and inorganic)

A survey of the levels of cadmium, lead and arsenic in different types of rice available on the Swedish retail market was carried out in 2001-03. The types of rice included long and short grain, brown, white, and parboiled white rice. The mean levels found were as follows: total As: 0.20 mg kg^-1, inorganic As: 0.11 mg kg^-1; Cd: 0.024 mg kg^-1; and Pb: 0.004 mg kg^-1. ICP-MS was used for the determination of As (total and inorganic) after acid digestion. Lead and cadmium were determined using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) after dry ashing. In countries where rice is a staple food, it may represent a significant contribution in relation to the provisional tolerable weekly intake for Cd and inorganic As.     

块菌中多种重金属及不同形态砷、汞含量分析

目的测定块菌中4种重金属(砷、铅、汞、镉)及无机砷、有机汞含量并进行分析评价。方法采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, ICP-MS)检测块菌种总砷、总汞、铅、镉含量,采用液相-原子荧光光谱联用法(liquid chromatography-atomic fluorescence spectrometry, LC-AFS)检测块菌中无机砷、有机汞含量。结果块菌中无机砷和有机汞含量极低,但铅、镉含量较高。铅的含量为0.8282 mg/kg,镉的含量为0.4040 mg/kg。结论块菌作为一种完全生长在地下的大型真菌,具有较高的重金属吸附富集能力,应加强对此类野生菌的重金属污染物监测。     

2007~2014广东省膳食中铅、镉、砷、汞元素的 人群健康风险评估

目的采用中国总膳食研究方法,运用广东省重金属污染监测工作所采集的各类居民日常食品中的铅、镉、砷、汞检测数据,评估广东省居民膳食中铅、镉、砷、汞的人群健康暴露情况。方法测定广东22市各类食品中的铅、镉、砷、汞含量,计算居民铅的暴露边界比,镉的每月摄入量,砷、汞的每周摄入量并以此作为评价标准。结果各类食品中铅、镉、砷、汞的总体均值分别为0.140、0.118、0.320、0.018 mg/kg,18岁以下未成年人群,铅的暴露边界比(MOE)值为0.35~13.76;18岁以上成年人群,铅的MOE值为1.83~89.57,镉的每月摄入量为0.02~20.28μg/kg.bw,占镉暂定每月可耐受摄人量的0.08%~81.1%。各人群大米中镉的EMI值为11.47~20.28μg/kg·bw,占镉暂定每月可耐受摄入量的45.9%~81.1%;砷的EWI值为0.2~10.4μg/kg·bw,占PTWI的1.3%~69%;汞的EWI值为0.01~1.29μg/kg·bw,占PTWI的0.25%~32.2%。结论广东省居民膳食中铅、镉、砷、汞污染的暴露情况对于各年龄段人群来说总体处于安全水平,但其中大米的镉、蔬菜中的铅暴露却存在一定的风险。     

Survey and risk assessment of trace elements in foods from Taiwan containing red mould rice (Monascus) by ICP-MS

The concentrations of seven trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Se, Cu and Zn) in 93 red mould rice (Monascus) food samples in Taipei, Taiwan, were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after wet digestion. The results, calculated in mg?kg^?1 (wet weight) for each sample, revealed the general scenario of food safety in Taiwan: As (0.005–12.04), Cd (<0.0005–2.22), Cr (0.014–6.95), Cu (0.012–8.70), Pb (0.001–0.64), Se (<0.001–1.29) and Zn (0.020–67.02). Three food samples were identified with As concentrations higher than regulatory limits: a dietary supplement sample and a seaweed sample with As concentrations that exceeded the limit of Taiwan's health food standard of 2?mg?kg^?1, and a canned eel sample with an As concentration that exceeded the limit of Canada's fish standard of 3.5?mg?kg^?1. This study suggests that the estimated intakes of these seven trace elements from the consumption of foods containing Monascus pose little risk, as the trace element contents in the majority of samples were lower than the permissible/tolerable intakes per week according to the guidelines recommended by the Food and Agricultural Organization/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO). Moreover, their concentrations in foods containing Monascus differ widely for different food varieties, suggesting that external contaminants and raw materials are the main sources of trace elements. This study shows that ICP-MS is a simple method proposed for the determination of As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Se, Cu, and Zn in foods containing Monascus.     

Chemical composition of wild boar meat and relationship between age and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in muscle and liver tissue

This study determined the accumulation of selected heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg and As) in tissues of wild boar. The tested animals were divided into three age groups, which allowed analysis of the statistical/mathematical relationship between their age and contamination of their tissues. For determination of heavy metal content, samples were taken from the longissimus muscle of the back and from the tail lobe of the liver. It has been stated that, in wild boar, accumulation of lead and cadmium in muscle and liver increases with age. However, statistical differences were found most frequently between the youngest and oldest animal groups only. Moreover, in no single case, was the maximum permissible level exceeded in muscle for lead, cadmium or mercury, and arsenic was not detected above 0.001 mg/kg. In the >3 year group, the maximum permissible level of cadmium (0.5 mg/kg) was exceeded in two liver samples.     

Exposure to cadmium, lead and mercury in the adult population from Eastern Poland, 1990-2002

The aim was to estimate the adult exposure to cadmium, lead and mercury from daily household diets in Eastern Poland (Lublin city and province). A duplicate diet approach was used to top collect diet samples in 1990, 1993, 1998 and 2002. Cadmium and lead contents were measured by flame atomic absorption and the mercury content was measured by cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry. The intake of the three elements was calculated using FOOD computer software. The exposure to cadmium taken with daily diets was from 16.4 - 34.5 μg/person/day (27-58% PTWI). The lead exposure was 66.5 - 106 μg/person/day (31-49% PTWI), which posed a smaller risk, and the exposure risk to mercury of 4.08-6.65 μg/person/day (10-16% PTWI) was even lower.     

2013—2014年广东省基地蔬菜重金属污染状况调查

目的了解广东省基地蔬菜中各类蔬菜重金属的污染状况及分布特点。方法 2013—2014年从广东省21个地市(4个地理区域:粤北、粤东、粤西、珠三角)的蔬菜种植基地采集8类615份蔬菜进行铅、镉、汞、砷的检测。结果广东省蔬菜中重金属污染以铅和镉为主,其中铅污染的主要蔬菜品种是叶菜类蔬菜,尤其是生菜;而镉污染的主要蔬菜品种是茄果类蔬菜,尤其是茄子。铅在广东省4个地区均有一定程度的污染,而镉含量较高的地区是粤北(韶关)和粤西(云浮)地区。结论广东省基地蔬菜中重金属污染程度总体较轻,需重点关注粤北和粤西地区的铅和镉的污染,加强对重点区域重点品种的监测。     

2014年陕西省市售食品中重金属污染调查及评价

目的对陕西省6类食品中铅、镉、汞、砷的含量进行检测,并对其污染状况做出综合评价,从而为陕西省开展食品安全评估和采取针对性的控制措施提供科学依据。方法在陕西省境内10个地市的大型农贸市场、批发市场和超市,采集粮食562份、蔬菜340份、水果174份、肉类228份、蛋类144份和奶类108份,6类食品共1 556份。利用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)的含量,应用GB/T 5009.11—2003《食品中总砷及无机砷的测定》中氢化物原子荧光法测定砷(As)的含量,利用测汞仪直接测定汞(Hg)的含量,采用单项污染指数及综合污染指数对不同类食品中铅、镉、汞、砷的污染状况做出评价,并对陕西省居民经此6类食品摄入铅、镉、汞、砷的人体健康风险进行描述。结果陕西省6类食品中,铅、汞含量均值最高的都是肉类,分别为0.049 0和0.003 3 mg/kg,镉、砷含量均值最高的是粮食类,含量均值均为0.025 0 mg/kg;利用单项污染指数和综合污染指数对6类食品中铅、镉、汞、砷含量进行评价,均可评价为安全、清洁;由6类食品摄入铅、镉、汞、砷的安全限值(MOS)1。结论陕西省6类食品不同程度的受到了铅、镉、汞、砷的污染,但总体污染程度较低,铅、镉、汞、砷对食品安全影响的风险较低。     

山东省南四湖水产品中铅、镉、砷、汞污染状况的调查与分析

目的调查南四湖水产品中铅、镉、砷、汞的污染,分析南四湖的污染状况。方法对南四湖7种主要经济鱼类及鸭、螺、藕、菱角等湖产品共2 5 0份进行铅、镉、砷、汞含量的检测;其中鱼、鸭以池养鱼、家鸭作为对照。结果铅、镉、汞含量均高于对照组,最高超出国家标准1 3.2倍;而砷只在鲫鱼、鳊鱼、鲂鱼中的含量高于对照组。结论通过对南四湖湖水及湖产品污染4种元素的检测分析表明,湖区受周围工业污染严重,应进一步加强综合治理。