汾河流域沉积物中多氯联苯的分布及生态风险评价

对汾河流域沉积物中国际公认的7种指示性多氯联苯(PCBs)的质量浓度进行测定,分析其组成、空间分布、可能的污染源和生态风险。结果表明:7种PCBs全部被检出,水相PCBs的质量浓度范围为0. 008~0. 485μg/L,沉积相PCBs的质量比范围是4. 44~79. 42 ng/g;沉积相PCB28和PCB180的平均质量比和检出率均比较高,是汾河流域沉积物中的优势污染物,其空间分布表现为从上游到下游干流PCBs质量比先升后降的趋势,PCBs主要来自汾河流域中下游地区分布的大量工业企业及工业园区的排放,汾河流域中游沉积物PCBs的生态风险较高,上游和下游沉积物PCBs的生态风险较低。     

海洋环境中多环芳烃的污染状况及源解析

综述了国内外海洋水体、沉积物和生物体中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染现状,分析了海洋环境中PAHs的来源。结果发现,不同海域PAHs的质量浓度差别较大,海水中PAHs的最高质量浓度为34338.0 ng/L,最低为13.0 ng/L;海洋沉积物中PAHs的最高质量比为1670.0μg/g,最低为24.1 ng/g;近海工业的发展程度及都市化进程与海域环境中PAHs的浓度存在明显的正相关关系;贝类的PAHs浓度比其他生物体高;海洋环境中的PAHs主要来源于海上石油烃的污染和陆地污染源的干湿沉降。     

深圳近岸海域表层沉积物中PAHs的风险评估研究

研究深圳近岸海域沉积物中PAHs浓度分布特征,采用人体暴露风险评价方法进行人体健康风险评估和开展生态风险评估。研究结果表明:深圳近岸海域沉积物中PAHs浓度分布范围为200~4 000 ng·g-1,不会产生明显的非致癌健康影响;深圳海域16个采样点沉积物中的PAHs经过监测分析,其中2个站位具有致癌风险,其余站位的非致癌风险在可接受水平;致癌风险和非致癌风险的评价结果均表明深圳近岸海域的生态风险可能性小,但是在部分采样点监测出茚并芘(In P)无最低限值。     

佳木斯土壤多环芳烃残留特征及健康风险评价

选取USEPA优控的16种典型PAHs为研究对象,用索氏提取和GC/MS联用技术分析了PAHs在佳木斯段松花江沿岸土壤中的残留情况,并探讨了该区土壤中PAHs的可能来源及对人体造成的健康风险。GC-MS的仪器的最低检测限为0.01~0.15 ng/g,方法检出限为0.96~190.43 pg/g,相对标准偏差为3.3%~15.1%,16种PAHs的加标回收率在63.78%~96.68%之间,可以满足PAHs的痕量分析要求。研究结果表明,16种PAHs均有不同程度的检出,∑PAHs残留量在2.76~2930.75 ng/g之间,平均值为970.14 ng/g,与国内其余地区相比,处于中等残留水平。研究区PAHs的来源解析表明,PAHs主要来自于化工燃料、煤等燃烧源。利用健康风险评价模型对土壤中PAHs所致健康风险的评价结果表明,佳木斯段土壤样品的PAHs的非致癌风险指数在0~0.174之间,远低于1,均未超标;PAHs的致癌风险度在5.68×10-8~4.91×10-4之间,最大值为4.91×10-4,目前研究区土壤中PAHs类污染物对人体产生的健康风险处于相对较低水平。     

深圳近岸海域表层沉积物中多环芳烃分布特征及源解析

利用气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)对深圳近岸海域16个监测站位的表层沉积物中16种优先控制多环芳烃(PAHs)浓度进行监测,探讨了深圳近岸海域PAHs的分子组成和分布特征,分析了表层沉积物中PAHs的主要来源。结果表明,深圳近岸海域表层沉积物中16种PAHs总浓度为13 930.00 ng·g~(-1),平均浓度为870.65ng·g~(-1)。沉积物中PAHs以3~5环为主;通过比值法分析得出,深圳近岸海域PAHs污染源为生物质及化石燃料燃烧形成的燃烧来源。     

黄河中下游水体中有机氯农药含量与分布

为了解黄河中下游水体中有机氯农药的含量、分布规律及其来源,采用电子捕获检测器检测了黄河中下游干支流26个水样.结果表明:水相OCPs的总含量为2.66～109.55 ng/L,其中HCB、DDTs与HCHs的含量较高,分别为0.25～56.83 ng/L、0.06～10.84 ng/L 和0.73～48.09 ng/L;支流污染较干流严重.悬浮相OCPs的含量为6.30～698.05 ng/g,主要组分DDTs和HCHs的含量分别为2.39～469.28 ng/g和1.30～187.12 ng/g.工业废水和受污染严重支流的汇入、农药的长期使用是黄河中下游有机氯农药污染的主要原因.     

舟山岛水库有机农药和抗生素残留特征及潜在风险评估

以舟山岛城北、虹桥和岑港3个水库及其周边区域为研究对象,对其表层水样、沉积物及周边土壤中有机农药和抗生素进行了监测和潜在风险评估。结果表明,3个水库表层水样中有机农药质量浓度为43.40～190.40 ng／L,平均值为105.74 ng／L,其中有机磷农药所占比例较大;在土壤及沉积物中有机农药的质量比为0.35～7.76 ng／g,平均值为4.32 ng／g,以有机氯农药污染为主。总体上岑港水库有机农药污染较为严重(水样质量浓度和沉积物质量比分别为 ρ =190.40 ng／L, w =7.76 ng／g),其次为虹桥水库( ρ =110.50 ng／L, w =6.30 ng／g),污染较轻的是城北水库( ρ =59.20 ng／L, w =4.35 ng／g)。抗生素在表层水样中的质量浓度为0.00～64.50 ng／L,平均值为22.30 ng／L,污染相对较轻;在土壤及沉积物中有机农药的质量比为13.50～101.70 ng／g,平均值为62.62 ng／g,处于中等污染水平,其中浓度相对较高的呋喃唑酮应当引起注意。建议构建植物缓冲带拦截和减少周边土壤径流中携带的有机农药和抗生素污染。     

激素类物质在松花江哈尔滨段的分布规律研究

利用在线固相萃取结合超高压液相色谱-三重四级杆质谱对松花江哈尔滨段中几种雌激素和孕激素分布进行了分析研究。发现该江段内雌激素E1、E2、E3和EE2的浓度范围分别为ND~25.5ng/L、ND~9ng/L、ND~19.5ng/L和ND~8.7ng/L,孕激素CPA、LNG的浓度范围分别为ND~12.7ng/L、ND~3.4ng/L,孕激素GES在所有水样中未检出。雌激素和孕激素总浓度在该江段内呈现江南高于江北,下游高于上游,冰雪消融期和丰水期高于枯水期的规律。在人类活动比较集中的采样点以及河沟汇入口下游的采样点,雌激素和孕激素的浓度有所增加。通过对比E1和E2的浓度之比,推测水中雌激素的存在与人类的活动有很大关系。生态风险评价表明,松花江哈尔滨段的水体中E1、E2、E3和LNG的存在具有一定的生态风险。雌激素活性分析同样表明,松花江哈尔滨段内大部分采样点的EEQ值高于预测无影响浓度,需要采取相关措施加以控制。     

不同水动力扰动下沉水植物对沉积物重金属释放的影响

在风浪扰动条件下,沉积物再悬浮会造成重金属的二次释放。沉水植物可以有效地改变水流条件并抑制颗粒物再悬浮,从而一定程度地改善水体的生态环境。该文通过室内环形风动水槽模拟实验,利用ADV测流技术与悬浮颗粒物(SPM)浓度表征悬浮量的方法,分析不同水动力条件下沉水植物苦草对水流条件的影响及再悬浮过程8 h内SPM的浓度变化,并测定试验周期(35天)内重金属(Ni、Cd)于上覆水、间隙水及沉积物中的分布情况,研究不同水动力下水生植物对重金属再悬浮的影响规律。结果表明,在风速分别为3.21 m/s(小风)、5.95 m/s(中风)和8.78 m/s(大风)时3种风力的扰动作用下,植物有效高度内流速低且流速梯度小,而冠层至水面高度内流速梯度较大,水流结构以植物冠层为拐点,呈"S"形分布。上覆水SPM浓度与无植物时相比显著降低,沉积物再悬浮率下降量(W)与风速(v)呈对数关系(W=0.2194ln(v)-0.2445)。不同水动力条件下,重金属(Ni、Cd)在上覆水、间隙水及沉积物中分布情况及变化规律相似。试验期间间隙水与沉积物中重金属含量变化整体呈现下降趋势,上覆水重金属含量上升。间隙水重金属释放量与风速呈对数关系,Ni、Cd释放量分别为39.55 ng(小风)/77.91 ng(中风)/110.04 ng(大风),以及1.10 ng(小风)/1.81 ng(中风)/2.80 ng(大风)。     

不同污水处理工艺对磺胺抗生素去除效果与生态风险评估

采用固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱(SPE-HPLC-MS/MS)法调查研究了磺胺嘧啶(SD)、磺胺甲恶唑(SMX)、磺胺甲嘧啶(SMZ)、磺胺噻唑(STZ)、磺胺氯哒嗪(SPD)在北京市某污水处理厂7个代表性工艺单元中的浓度水平、去除特征,并运用风险熵(RQ)评估了总出水中残留目标物对受纳水体的生态风险。结果表明SD、SMX、SMZ、STZ和SPD在污水处理厂总进水中的平均浓度分别为199.0ng/L、288.4ng/L、19.3ng/L、2.1ng/L和5.1ng/L,在紫外消毒(UV)工艺出水中SD、SMX、SMZ的平均浓度分别为6.3ng/L、16.9ng/L和1.2ng/L,未检测到STZ和SPD。表明本污水处理厂能够完全去除STZ和SPD,对SD、SMX和SMZ的去除率分别为96.8%、94.2%和93.9%。除曝气沉砂池和二沉池工艺对个别目标物存在负去除率以外,5种磺胺抗生素经处理后,主要集中在二级与三级处理。5种磺胺类抗生素负荷量存在一定的周内变化。污水处理厂出水中残留抗生素对受纳水体中水生生物的生态风险均较低(RQ0.1),但多种抗生素共存的混合长期风险仍需深入研究。     

Distribution, sources and ecological risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an urban landscape river

The contents of 16 priority water-borne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water, potential external pollution sources and sediment from the famous landscape of the Qinghuai River were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The distribution, composition, source and ecological risk of PAHs were analyzed. The following results were obtained: (1) Benzo[a]pyrene and benzo[ghi] perylene were not detected in all samples. The total contents of 16 priority PAHs (PAH16) varied from 52.5 to 745.3 ng l(-1) with the average of 174.0 ng l(-1) in water, from 96.0 to 1,064.6 ng l(-1) with the average of 329.2 ng l(-1) in potential sources, from 931.7 to 15,295.5 ng g(-1) with the average of 7,133.6 ng g(-1) in sediments. (2) The concentration of PAH16 in water is lower than in sediment and higher rings are more easily detected in sediment. The percentage of higher ring (four- to six-rings) PAHs accounted for more than 55.6% of PAHs in sediment. (3) The value of FLA/(FLA+Pyr) was higher than 0.5 at most sampling points which illustrated the source was related with petrogenic such as liquid fossil fuel combustion. (4) The potential ecosystem risk of low ring PAH for upstream conflux of external Qinhuai River was less than 10%, while it was 10-50% for other sampling points; The four rings PAH shows lower potential ecosystem risk than other ring PAH in this study area; Dibenzo [ah] anthracene (DahA) shows high potential ecosystem risk at all sampling points.     

Biomonitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on hepatocellular carcinoma cell line.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are not easily degradable and exist as persistent contaminants in water environments. In this study we collected surface sediments and water samples from five different ports around Seto Inland Sea during October 2003 to April 2004. Fifteen PAHs were detected by gas chromatography/mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Expression of CYP1A enzymes was measured by a biochemical activation of 7-ethoxy resorufin ortho-deethylase (EROD). Total water PAHs ranged from 2.5 ng/l to 132 ng/l, while sediment PAHs ranged from 296.3 ng/g to 3992.9 ng/g, which indicate low to high level of PAH pollution. Selected isomer ratios (fluoranthene/pyrene to phenanthrene/anthracene and, total molecular weight of 202/total molecular weight 202-278), and detected PAHs suggested that the origin of pollution could mostly be pyrogenic. The highest total sediment PAHs were observed at the Uno Port while the lowest were at the New Okayama Port. EROD activity implied that PAH extracted from sediment samples affected on CYP1A enzymes expression on the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line in a short exposure time (12 hours). Relatively EROD activity showed good correlation between PAH concentration and CYP1A expression for sediment samples. The highest EROD values were observed for sediment samples at a dose of 5 ppm. In contrast water samples were at the low induction level even under the highest exposure concentration (50 ppm), except in Mizushima Port. Biomonitoring of water environments by EROD activity could be a necessary tool for understanding the effects of PAHs on living organisms at the base of cell defense.     

Occurrence and Transport of Organic Microcontaminants in the Duluth-Superior Harbor

A large number of organic compounds were identified in sediments and suspended solids from St. Louis Bay in the Duluth harbor. Most of the organic compounds appeared to be naturally occurring plant decomposition products consisting of non-halogenated hydrocarbons, organic acids, aldehydes, ketones, amines, esters, alcohols, and phenols. However, the presence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were confirmed by GC/MS methods. Particulate levels of PAH compounds such as fluorene, fluoranthene, and pyrene were found to lie in the 0.2 to 3 μg/g range. PCBs associated with suspended particles from St. Louis Bay and the Superior harbor were at concentrations of 0.2 to 0.9 μg/g and less than 0.1 μg/g, respectively. Measurements of PCBs in water from the St. Louis Bay showed an average value of 19 ng/L. Considering the concentration of PCBs in water and particulates in conjunction with average suspended solids levels, it was calculated that 81% of the PCBs were dissolved in water and 19% associated with suspended particles. It was estimated that suspended solid transport of PCBs and PAH to Lake Superior is less than 0.01% of airborne transport.     

PAHs concentration and toxicity in organic solvent extracts of atmospheric particulate matter and sea sediments

The concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the toxicity to marine bacteria (Vibrio fischeri) were measured for the organic solvent extracts of sea sediments collected from an urban watershed area (Hiroshima Bay) of Japan and compared with the concentrations and toxicity of atmospheric particulate matter (PM). In atmospheric PM, the PAHs concentration was highest in fine particulate matter (FPM) collected during cold seasons. The concentrations of sea sediments were 0.01-0.001 times those of atmospheric PM. 1/EC50 was 1-10 L g(-1) PM for atmospheric PM and 0.1-1 L g(-1) dry solids for sea sediments. These results imply that toxic substances from atmospheric PM are diluted several tens or hundreds of times in sea sediments. The ratio of the 1/EC50 to PAHs concentration ((1/EC50)/16PAHs) was stable for all sea sediments (0.1-1 L μg(-1) 16PAHs) and was the same order of magnitude as that of FPM and coarse particulate matter (CPM). The ratio of sediments collected from the west was more similar to that of CPM while that from the east was more similar to FPM, possibly because of hydraulic differences among water bodies. The PAHs concentration pattern analyses (principal component analysis and isomer ratio analysis) were conducted and the results showed that the PAHs pattern in sea sediments was quite different to that of FPM and CPM. Comparison with previously conducted PAHs analyses suggested that biomass burning residues comprised a major portion of these other sources.     

The Effect of a Large Resuspension Event in Southern Lake Michigan on the Short-term Cycling of Organic Contaminants

In January and March, 1998, a series of intense, northerly wind-driven storms suspended sediment over the entire coastline of the southern basin of Lake Michigan. The effect of large scale resuspension on organic contaminant cycling was investigated using a two-pronged sample collection strategy that included analysis of settling sediment trap material and discrete air and water samples collected before and after a major resuspension event. It was found that major resuspension events result in a large flux of contaminants. For example, 6.2 ng/cm² ΣPCB (sum of 89 congener peaks) and 175 ng/cm² ΣPAHs (sum of 31 compounds) fell through the water column in the southern basin between November and May but almost half of that occurred in the month of March after a series of intense storms induced a largescale resuspension event in that month. Assuming the concentration of contaminants in settling sediments is similar throughout the basin, the March event brought ∼400 kg of ΣPCBs and ∼13,000 kg ΣPAHs into the water column. Furthermore, the data indicate that concentrations of dissolved phase ΣPCB and ΣPAHs declined significantly (α = 0.05) after the event and after resuspended sediment had settled from the surface waters. As a result of the depressed dissolved concentrations at the surface, the potential for gas-phase input to the lake increases on the southwestern coastal region near Chicago, IL and Gary, IN. The potential input of gas-phase contaminants was 8 kg for ΣPCBs and 2,200 kg for ΣPAHs over the 40-day lifetime of the near-shore event.     

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Sediments of the Southern Basin of Lake Michigan

The southern basin of Lake Michigan is receiving polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) inputs from many sources. An investigation of parent PAH compounds in sediments from different depositional zones revealed concentrations ranging from 0.2–6.2 μg/g dry sediment weight. The distribution of the parent PAH is distinctive of high temperature combustion sources. PAH alkyl homolog analyses showed the presence of several highly alkylated PAHs, such as retene, indicating possible inputs from paper industries, and alkylated naphthalenes, which may indicate contributions from municipal/industrial effluents and petroleum shipping activities. A subsurface concentration maximum of total parent PAHs observed in depositional zone sediments may be due to either a physical process (resuspension) or decreased anthropogenic input.     

吉林市排污河底泥的污染状况及其生态风险评价

以吉林市排污河中底泥为主要研究对象,布置12个监测断面35个代表性采样点,采集并分析了河道内底泥样品中8种重金属及16种USEPA优先控制的多环芳烃的含量,并分别采用地质累积指数法(I_(geo))、潜在生态风险评价法(PERI)、沉积物质量基准法(SQGs)对排污河底泥中污染物进行了生态风险评价。结果表明,该排污河底泥中重金属及多环芳烃均不同程度超过松花江水系沉积物背景值,其中Hg、Pb、Cu、As、NAP、ANT超标倍数分别为87.5、10.2、6.18、5.90、115.6和228.5;I_(geo)显示Hg的生态风险最大,I_(geo)达到了5.82,而Cd和Ni的风险较小,这与PERI中Hg风险最大的结果一致;SQGs评价结果表明由重金属及多环芳烃引起的污染会产生生物毒性,且不利生物毒性将频繁发生;(3)以上结果说明,该排污河呈现以Hg为主要风险因子的重金属与多环芳烃复合污染现象,在今后应加强底泥监测和定期清淤,从而推动区域生态环境的治理与恢复。     

Biomonitoring of Bioavailable PAH and PCB Water Concentrations in the Detroit River Using the Freshwater Mussel,Elliptio complanata

Bioavailable PAH and PCB water concentrations were evaluated along the Detroit River using the freshwater mussel, Elliptio complanata. Bioavailable concentrations ranged from 64.2 to 620.7 ng/L for ΣPAHs and 0.1 to 3.0 ng/L for ΣPCBs. A principal component analysis grouped contaminants primarily on the basis of hydrophobicity, indicating that physical-chemical properties regulate the relative concentrations and distributions of PAHs and PCBs among sites. Concentrations of the more hydrophobic PAHs and more water soluble PCBs were present at elevated concentrations at the Detroit Edison Generating Station, in the Trenton Channel. Elevated PAH levels were also detected at three other sites: West Windsor Sewage Treatment Plant, Grassy Island, and Ambassador Bridge, along the Detroit River. This study supports the conclusion that E. complanata is an effective biomonitor of water PAH and PCB concentrations in aquatic systems. In addition, the results indicate that areas of high contamination in the Detroit River are a result of continued loading of these chemicals into the Great Lakes system.     

Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Biota from the Detroit River and Western Lake Erie

Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and PCBs in zebra mussels were elevated to concentrations greater than 5,000 ng/g lipid and 15,000 ng/g lipid, respectively, at the Ambassador Bridge in the Detroit River and concentrations gradually declined at downstream locations, which included three stations in the western basin of Lake Erie (Middle Sister Island, East Sister Island, Pelee Island). PCB concentrations in zebra mussels collected at the stations in western Lake Erie were elevated relative to the concentrations in mussels at the upstream end of the Detroit River (Stoney Point). There is no evidence that PAH contamination in the Detroit River elevated PAH concentrations in zebra mussels in western Lake Erie relative to mussels at Stoney Point. Fluorescent aromatic compounds (FACs) representing metabolites of PAHs were analyzed in the bile of gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) and freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens) collected from several sites in the Detroit River and western Lake Erie. Mean FAC concentrations were >l,000 ng BaP equivalents per mL of bile in fish from the Trenton Channel and Boblo Island in the Detroit River, but FAC data provided no evidence that fish captured at two sites in western Lake Erie (East Sister Island, Pelee Island) were exposed to elevated concentrations of PAHs through ingestion of contaminated biota or exposure to contaminated sediments.     

Elimination and accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban stormwater wet detention ponds

The concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHS) in water and sediments of seven wet detention ponds receiving urban stormwater were investigated. The ponds comprised traditional wet detention ponds with a permanent wet volume and a storage volume as well as ponds that were expanded with sand filters and other means to improve the removal of micropollutants. The concentrations of sigmaPAH in the sediments varied between 6 +/- 5 and 2,222 +/- 603 ng g(-1) dry weight (mean +/- standard deviation), and were highest in the ponds with lower pond volume per catchment area and did not clearly reflect different activities in the catchments. In general, the concentrations of PAHS in the sediments decreased from inlet to outlet, especially in the systems with good conditions for sedimentation such as systems with flow perpendicular sand dikes and extensive submerged vegetation. High molecular weight PAHs were predominant in the sediments indicating the pyrogenic origin of the PAHS. There was no correlation between PAH species concentrations in water or sediments and their hydrophobicity (log K(ow)). PAH concentrations in water fluctuated in response to intensity and frequency of rain events, whereas concentrations in the sediments integrated the pollutant load over time. Pond systems expanded with sand filters and other technologies to enhance removal of micropollutants consistently had concentrations of PAHS in the effluents below the detection level.