高速PCB同步开关噪声仿真抑制分析

从电源完整性(PI)的角度分析了抑制同步开关噪声(SSN)的有效途径——降低芯片供电电源的输入阻抗。使用目标阻抗法,并对给定最大去耦电容容值种类的条件下,使用频域对数法进行电源地分配网络(PDN)的优化。以XX电子控制器的PCB板为例,使用Ansoft SIwave及Ansoft Designer仿真软件,对复杂高速PCB板PDN进行优化设计,并通过时域观察优化前后SSN的抑制情况。仿真结果表明:通过优化PDN能够有效降低SSN。     

基于电荷泵的倍增/反向双输出电压转换设计与实现

为了解决目前基于电荷泵的开关电容电压转换芯片功能较为单一的问题,基于Dickson经典电荷泵结构,匹配四路双极型晶体管开关同时实现对输入电压的倍增输出以及倍增后的电压反向。四路二极管充作开关来使用,在降低开关器件导通电压的同时简化了开关电路,缩小了电路的尺寸,并降低了电路的功耗。基于国内某工艺线的40 V互补双极型工艺,设计并制作了带正/负两路输出的开关电容电荷泵电压转换器芯片电路。流片测试结果表明：当电源电压为4 V（负载电流为0 mA、+10 mA）、5 V（负载电流为±10 mA）、9 V（负载电流为+10 mA）、10 V（负载电流为-10 mA）以及11 V（空载）时,输出电压均满足设计指标。     

一种多芯片多输入PDN分布式建模及去耦方法

现阶段比较成熟的电源配送网络(PDN)分析方法多是针对单芯片单电源端口进行，无法满足高速系统多电源轨道的需求。文中通过对N端口网络的理论推导，分析了多电源端口PDN阻抗增加的原理，引入多输入阻抗的概念，用以精确捕捉PDN电流分布特性，进而提出了一种适用于多芯片多输入PDN的分布式建模方法，并给出复杂PDN整板去耦方案。实验例证表明，给出的去耦方案能有效地将所有芯片的多输入阻抗降低到目标阻抗之下，满足系统5%噪声容限范围要求。     

基于多输入阻抗的电源分配网络研究

通过多输入阻抗准确描述当代高速平面电源分配网络(PDN).该阻抗能够同时探查多个激励源输入及准确估量其他端口对PDN的影响.多输入阻抗是一种新颖的输入阻抗,它有两种表现形式:多输入自阻抗和多输入叠加阻抗.前者用于描述同一IC内各个电源端口之间的影响,后者用于描述不同IC之间的影响.经时频域仿真,该多输入阻抗能同时精确地...     

一种超低温漂低功耗全CMOS基准电压源

提出了一种超低温漂、低功耗亚阈值全CMOS基准电压源。利用工作在亚阈值区的3.3 V MOS管与1.8 V MOS管的栅源电压差,产生具有负温度系数的ΔVTH和具有正温度系数的VT,经过相互调节,得到与温度无关的基准电压。采用了共源共栅电流镜,以降低电源抑制比(PSRR)和电压调整率。基于SMIC 0.18 μm CMOS工艺对电路进行了仿真。仿真结果表明,在-22 ℃~142 ℃温度范围内,温度系数为2.8×10-6/℃;在1.3~3.3 V电源电压范围内,电压调整率为0.48%;频率为100 Hz时,PSRR为-62 dB;功耗仅为191 nW,芯片面积为0.005 mm²。     

1.5×10-6/℃高阶参考电压曲率补偿电路

针对带隙参考电压基准温漂问题设计了一款高阶补偿电路,并采用0.5 μm BCD工艺进行了验证.电路采用零温度系数(TC)电流实现一阶补偿,同时采用具有正温度系数(PTC)的双极型晶体管(BJT)实现了高阶补偿.采用HSPICE软件进行了仿真,结果表明,所设计的电路参考电压正常值为1.8V.另外,设计的电路具有1.5×10-6/℃的温度系数,在低频上具有55 dB电源抑制比(PSRR),从1.8～5 V具有0.4 mV/V的线性调整率,并得到20 fV2/Hz的输出噪声水平.提出的电路已应用在一款电源管理芯片中,且该电路可应用在多种便携式电子产品中.     

一种开关电容带隙基准电压源

设计了一款高精度、低线性调整率的开关电容带隙基准电压源。分析了NMOS开关高温漏电流对基准输出电压精度的影响,提出了一种高温漏电补偿电路。偏置电路采用多个共源共栅结构的电流镜,增大了从电源到输出的阻抗,降低了基准电压的线性调整率。利用虚拟管抵消了开关关断时带来的沟道电荷注入效应和时钟馈通效应,提高了基准输出电压的精度。该电路基于0.35μm CMOS工艺设计,仿真结果表明,基准源能稳定输出1.1 V电压,建立时间为5.9μs;在-55～125℃,温度系数为1.38×10^-5/℃;27℃下,在2.7～5 V电源电压范围内,线性调整率为0.9 mV/V;电路总静态电流为35.1μA。     

一种高性能超低功耗亚阈值基准电压源

设计了一种超低功耗、无片上电阻、无双极型晶体管的基于CMOS亚阈值特性的基准电压源。采用Oguey电流源结构来减小静态电流,从而降低功耗,并加入工作于亚阈值区的运算放大器,在保证低功耗的前提下,显著提高了电源电压抑制比。采用1.8 V MOS管与3.3 V MOS管的阈值电压差进行温度补偿,使得输出电压具有超低温度系数。采用共源共栅电流镜以提高电源电压抑制比和电压调整率。电路基于SMIC 0.18 μm CMOS工艺进行设计和仿真。仿真结果表明,在－30 ℃~125 ℃温度范围内,温漂系数为9.3×10－6/℃;电源电压为0.8~3.3 V时,电压调整率为0.16%,电源电压抑制比为－58.2 dB@100 Hz,电路功耗仅为109 nW,芯片面积为0.01 mm²。     

无源温度标签中的超低功耗CMOS温度传感器设计

设计了一种适用于无源超高频(UHF)温度标签的超低功耗CMOS温度传感器电路.该电路利用衬底pnp晶体管产生随温度变化的电压信号,同时采用了逐次逼近寄存器(SAR)转换和∑-△调制相结合的模拟数字转换方式.为了降低电源电压波动以及采样电容电荷泄漏对传感器测温精度的不利影响,提出了一种具有漏电保护机制的采样电路.基于0.18 μm CMOS工艺设计实现了该传感器的电路和版图,其中版图面积为550 μm×450 μm,并利用Cadence Spectre仿真工具对电路进行了仿真.仿真结果表明,在-40～ 125℃,传感器的系统误差为-1.4～2.0℃,测温分辨率达到0.02℃;在1.2～2.6 V电源电压内,传感器输出温度波动小于0.3℃;在1.2V电源电压下传感器电路(不合控制逻辑及数字滤波器)的功耗仅为2.4μW.     

一种超低功耗RC振荡器设计

基于SMIC 55 nm CMOS工艺,设计并制备了工作在1.2V电源电压下的超低功耗RC振荡器.该振荡器主要包括运算放大器、压控振荡器(VCO)、基准电流源、低温漂电阻和可修调开关电容以及非交叠时钟产生电路.该振荡器用工作在亚阈值区的运算放大器和VCO取代了传统单比较器型RC振荡器中的比较器,显著降低了功耗;用开关电容取代了充放电电容,并且将输出时钟的频率转换成了阻抗,与参考电阻进行比较.利用负反馈环路锁定了输出时钟信号频率,从而得到了稳定的时钟信号.测试结果表明,1.2V电源电压、27℃环境下,该RC振荡器的输出时钟信号频率为32.63 kHz,功耗为65 nW;在-10 ～ 100℃,其温度系数为1.95×10-4/℃;在0.7～1.8 V电源电压内,其电源电压调整率为3.2％/V.芯片面积为0.168 mm2.     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Teleportation of an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state under the controlling of M controllers

A new quantum protocol to teleport an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state from a sender to a fixed receiver under M controllers(M < N) is proposed. The quantum resources required are M non-maximally entangled Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and N-M non-maximally entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. The sender performs N generalized Bell-state measurements on the 2N particles. Controllers take M single-particle measurement along x-axis, and the receiver needs to introduce one auxiliary two-level particle to extract quantum information probabilistically with the fidelity unit if controllers cooperate with it.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.     

Diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4/LBO lasers with 4.2W continuous-wave output at 457 nm

A continuous-wave (CW) 457 nm blue laser operating at the power of 4.2 W is demonstrated by using a fiber coupled laser diode module pumped Nd: YVO4 and using LBO as the intra-cavity SHG crystal With the optimization of laser cavity and crystal parameters, the laser operates at a very high efficiency. When the pumping power is about 31 W, the output at 457nm reaches 4.2 W, and the optical to optical conversion efficiency is about 13.5% accordingly. The stability of the out putpower is better than 1.2% for 8 h continuously working.     

Call for Papers

正Wireless Body-area Networks The last decade has witnessed the convergence of three giant worlds:electronics,computer science and telecommunications.The next decade should follow this convergence in most of our activities with the generalization of sensor networks.In particular with the progress in medicine,people live longer and the aging of population will push the development of wireless personal networks