负压差移动床的气-固流动

本文研究了在负压差条件下,立管移动床中的气体流动特性,没有气体通过时的理想料封状态,以及固体流动速率。根据三种物料四种规格的试验结果,得出了综合关系式;并讨论了移动床的气-固流动,提出合理选择与设计移动床料封高度的方法。     

CFB煤燃烧／热解双反应器立管内气固流动模型分析

在循环流化床（CFB）煤燃烧／热解双反应器冷态实验装置上,以硅胶和电厂锅炉灰为实验物料,考察了立管内的气固流动特性,其中立管的内径44mm、高3m。研究结果表明,立管内的气固流动形态为移动床流动,Leung的立管流动模型适合对该系统中立管内移动床流动的描述,经拟合分别得到了立管内气、同速率以及气同相对速率与固体速率之间的经验方程,对热态实验过程中判断立管内的气固流动型态以及料封的稳定性均具有一定的参考价值。     

矩形导流管喷动床下行区的床层压降

带导流管的矩形喷动床是传统喷动床的改进型式,矩形床内设置的与床同厚的垂直导流管,可以控制固体颗粒的内循环速率,同时使下行区中的气固移动床维持平推流.本文实验测定了不同表观气速、床层重量、不同固体颗粒与气体入口形式与尺寸时,矩形导流管喷动床下行区的床层压降,以考察其流动特征.实验结果表明,下行区存在床层压降的轴向分布,气固流动处于负压差下移上流区,且气固滑移速度自下而上是逐渐下降的.下行区颗粒床层的压降以及颗粒的移动下输,受到喷动床表观气速、床高、喷嘴尺寸、物料种类和颗粒直径的不同影响.     

静电效应对有无埋管气固鼓泡床内气泡特性的影响分析

采用基于双流体模型(TFM)耦合静电模型的方法,研究颗粒的静电对有无埋管气固鼓泡床内气固流动特性和气泡特性的影响。首先在无静电场存在的条件下,利用双流体模型对自由鼓泡床和埋管鼓泡床内的流动情况进行模拟并与实验结果进行对比;进一步耦合静电模型,考察静电对自由鼓泡床和埋管鼓泡床内床层的整体性质和气泡特性的影响。研究结果表明,在无静电场条件下采用双流体模型能较好地预测自由鼓泡床和埋管鼓泡床内的气固流动状况以及气泡的平均直径和气泡的上升速度。埋管的存在使鼓泡床内气固流动发生强烈扰动,并使气泡的平均直径和气泡的上升速度均呈振荡分布。静电的存在对自由鼓泡床和埋管鼓泡床内床层的平均固含率影响不大,但对气泡分布规律影响较大,使得自由鼓泡床内气泡数目减少,而埋管鼓泡床下部区域的气泡分布比较集中,上部有大气泡出现。     

气固错流移动床内空腔与贴壁研究现状及发展

气固错流移动床广泛应用于工业生产过程,空腔与贴壁是两种典型的非正常操作工况,限制了移动床的操作弹性。床层结构与气固两相流动特性影响空腔贴壁的形成及变化,综述了空腔与贴壁的研究现状,总结了压降、颗粒流动以及空腔贴壁的数学模型,分析了空腔贴壁的影响因素,讨论了提高错流移动床操作弹性的方法,阐明了研究中亟待解决的问题,为气固错流移动床的研究方向提供建议。     

气固错流移动床内空腔与贴壁研究现状及发展

气固错流移动床广泛应用于工业生产过程,空腔与贴壁是两种典型的非正常操作工况,限制了移动床的操作弹性。床层结构与气固两相流动特性影响空腔贴壁的形成及变化,综述了空腔与贴壁的研究现状,总结了压降、颗粒流动以及空腔贴壁的数学模型,分析了空腔贴壁的影响因素,讨论了提高错流移动床操作弹性的方法,阐明了研究中亟待解决的问题,为气固错流移动床的研究方向提供建议。     

二维导流管喷动床的流动特征

带导流管的二维喷动床(2-DSBDP)是传统喷动床的改进型式,矩形床内设置的与床同厚的垂直导流管可以控制固体颗粒的循环速率, 同时使下行区中的气固移动床维持平推流. 本文实验测定了不同表观气速、床层高度、固体颗粒与气体入口尺寸时, 二维导流管喷动床的床压降及相应的空隙率,藉以阐述2-DSBDP的流动特征.     

新型液固循环移动床流动特性的实验研究

在新型液-固循环移动床反应-再生冷模装置中,以水-玻璃珠为液-固体系,对300 mm×3 000 mm的液-固循环移动床再生器内的操作域和流动特性进行了研究.实验结果表明,下料管出口和料位高度的相对位置对床层流动状态有较大影响,当料位高度高于下料管出口高度时,床层流动可以分为局部流化床区和移动床区两个区域.随着表观再生液速的增大,移动床区先后经历了移动床流动和散式流化床流动,移动床流动的操作液速为0～6.5 mm/s,散式流化床流动的操作液速为6.5～20.5 mm/s.随着表观再生液速的增大,移动床层各轴向高度颗粒平均速率均增大;表观再生液速超过一定值后,颗粒平均速率基本不变.在各轴向高度床层上,随着表观再生液速的增大,局部流化床区周向影响区中心夹角不断增大.     

摇摆流化床的气固流动特性

采用二维床及D类玻璃珠颗粒,在表观气速U_g=0.267~0.978 m/s、摇摆幅值Θ=5°~15°、摇摆周期T=8~20 s的实验条件下,对摇摆流化床内气固流动过程及气体通过流化床的时均总压降进行了研究,并通过与常规直立床和倾斜床进行对比,分析了床体摇摆对气固流动的影响。结果表明,在平均角速度ω_ave>2(°)/s的条件下,当初始装料量和表观气速相同时,气体通过摇摆流化床的时均总压降低于直立床,高于相同最大倾角时的倾斜床;惯性力所产生的压降在0.15 kPa以下,其对床层压降的影响较小,床体倾斜导致气体向边壁区域聚集是影响摇摆流化床内气固流动特性的主要因素,由此导致床内存在固定床和下行移动床状态的非流化区域,使得处于流化区域的颗粒量减少,同时还降低了流化床层在竖直方向的静压。非流化区域的存在还会造成流化区域的气速高于直立床表观气速,两者表观气速之比为1.04~1.49。     

折流式移动床干燥特性计算方法

引　言折流式移动床反应器是郭占成等[1] 提出的一种新型反应器 ,作为一种新型干燥方式 ,还没有在实际中得到应用 .针对折流式移动床内冷态气相和固相的流动特性实验和计算机数值模拟已经完成[2 ,3] ,实验结果表明其压力损失显著低于同操作条件下的固定床 ,物料流动仅依靠物料自身重力和气流作用力 ,可以节省额外的动力和降低气固比 .采用多层床又可以提高热效率 ,强化了气固之间的传质、传热和增加了物料的停留时间 .针对单层或多层床的干燥过程进行数学模拟的研究已有很多[4～ 7] ,但其研究结果都无法适合折流式移动床干燥特性分析 .本文…     

复合喷动反应塔气固反应区内循环特性

对复合喷动烟气净化塔内气固二相流动特性进行了数值模拟,得到了塔内气固二相流动特性。通过与传统反应塔对比,分析了复合喷动反应塔内循环的形成机理和气固主反应区流场分布特性。在此基础上,针对该型反应塔的工艺参数进行了优化研究。由结果可知,复合喷动反应塔可在气固主反应区形成良好的内循环,合适的回流区可延长颗粒塔内停留时间,有效增强内循环。回流区大小随入口风速的提高先增大后减小,并在入口风速为25 m/s附近存在最大值。烟气净化塔内颗粒停留时间随入口风速和颗粒粒径的变化均呈先增大后减小趋势,分别在入口风速为25 m/s、颗粒粒径为500μm时达到最大值。     

Experiment and simulation using diffusion flux model for gas-particle two-phase flow in a suspension bed

A mathematical model of multi-phase turbulent flow based on the diffusion flux model and the numerical simulation method to analyze the gas-particle flow structures have been developed. The diffusion flux model in which the accelerations due to various forces are taken into account for the calculation of the diffusion velocity of the particles enables its application to the analysis of multi-dimensional gas-particle two-phase flow. In order to verify the accuracy and efficiency of the numerical simulations, an experimental study of gas-particle flow in a suspension bed has been conducted. The numerical analysis results by using the diffusion flux model agree reasonably well with the experimental investigation. It is confirmed that the diffusion flux model has the capacity of correctly simulating the multi-dimensional gas-particle two-phase flow.     

基于多目标教学优化算法在二甲苯吸附分离过程优化中的应用

以C8芳烃混合物的吸附分离过程作为研究对象, 应用多目标教学优化算法(multi-objective teaching-learning-based optimization algorithm, MOTLBO)对模拟移动床多目标优化问题进行求解。采用TMB方法, 建立了模拟移动床模型, 并对两个典型的模拟移动床多目标操作优化问题进行了优化设计。通过与NSGA-Ⅱ算法的比较, 证明了多目标教学优化算法在求解模拟移动床多目标优化问题上的有效性和优势。此外, 还分析了抽出液流量、抽余液流量以及步进时间等对多目标优化非劣解的影响, 优化结果为模拟移动床分离过程的工艺设计和操作提供了依据。     

Turbulence modulation of dense two-phase flows: Comment on “Modelling of dense gas-particle flow in a circulating fluidized bed by Distinct Cluster Method (DCM)”

In a recent paper, Liu X. and Xu X. [2009. Modelling of dense gas-particle flow in a circulating fluidized bed by Distinct Cluster Method (DCM). Powder Technology 195, 235-244] reported the results of numerical simulations of a circulating fluidized bed using Discrete Cluster Method (DCM). We comment on the veracity of the use of a one-way turbulence model to predict turbulence in the context of dense and moderately dense two-phase flows.     

移动颗粒床中高温气体渗流传热数值计算

针对移动颗粒床中物料层内的高温气体渗流传热现象 ,考虑渗流与传热的相互作用 ,采用局部非热平衡假设建立了多孔介质渗流传热物理数学模型并进行了数值计算 .研究了不同情况下床内填充多孔介质中的流速、气固温度和床层压力损失 .计算结果表明 ,高温热气对移动床颗粒料层的热渗透主要发生在渗流入口端区域 ,增大入口渗流速度以及减小床层物料下移速度将导致物料温度沿床高慢速下降 ,热渗透深度扩大 ,热渗透作用区域内的物料温度水平提高 .在热渗透作用区域 ,孔隙率对流场和压力损失有很大的影响 .研究结果对于移动颗粒床反应器的设计与运行具有一定的参考作用     

Investigation of pressure drop in a cocurrent downflow three-phase moving bed

Based on a self-established cold-flow experimental device, the pressure drop in a cocurrent downflow three-phase moving bed was investigated under a wide range of gas, liquid, and solid flow rates during dynamic and steady-state operation. The results showed that for the startup of the bed, since the first bed layer packed by fall-falling of particles had lower voidage, it would take at least one bed volume time to make the voidage in the bed reach the steady-state. Under steady-state conditions, the pressure drop increased with the increase of gas and liquid mass flow rates, liquid viscosity, and decreased with the increase of solid flow rate. Furthermore, it was found that the liquid distribution became more uniform due to particle movement. The experimental data obtained in this study was used to develop a correlation to predict the pressure drop in a three-phase moving bed with an average relative error of 9.32%.     

A critical comparison of frictional stress models applied to the simulation of bubbling fluidized beds

The behaviour of a gas-solid flow in a bubbling fluidized bed operated near the minimum fluidization condition is strongly influenced by the frictional stresses between the particles, these being highly concentrated and their motion dominated by enduring contact among them and with the walls.The effect of the introduction of frictional stresses in a Eulerian-Eulerian two fluid model based on the kinetic theory of the granular flow is evaluated. The models of Johnson and Jackson [1987. Frictional-collisional constitutive relations for granular materials, with application to plane shearing. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 176, 67-93], Syamlal et al. [1993. Mfix documentation: volume I, theory guide. Technical Report DOE/METC-9411004, NTIS/DE9400087, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA], and Srivastava and Sundaresan [2003. Analysis of a frictional-kinetic model for gas-particle flow. Powder Technology 129, 72-85] are compared with the kinetic theory of the granular flow and with experimental data both in a bubbling fluidized bed with a central jet and in a bubbling fluidized bed with a porous distributor. The predicted evolution of the bubble diameter along the height of the fluidized beds is examined, the shapes of the bubbles predicted by the models are compared and the evolution in time of the bubbles is shown. In the case of the bed with a central jet, the bubble detachment time is also calculated. The results show that the introduction of a frictional stress model improves the prediction of the bubbles diameter in a bubbling fluidized bed with a central jet and positively affects the bubbles diameter distribution in a uniformly fed bubbling fluidized bed. The high sensitivity of the model to the value of the particulate phase fraction at which frictional stresses start to be accounted for is pointed out through a sensitivity analysis performed on the Srivastava and Sundaresan [2003. Analysis of a frictional-kinetic model for gas-particle flow. Powder Technology 129, 72-85] model.     

Study of the Drying Kinetics in Thin Layer: Fixed and Moving Bed

Drying kinetics of soybean seeds were investigated in the fixed bed (which is normally used) and in the moving bed with cross flow, both being run under thin-layer conditions. The analysis of the available data followed the diffusive model approach with re-parameterization. Special attention has been given to the nonlinearity inherent in the database in order to evaluate the statistical properties of the least squares estimator. The results showed that the effective diffusivity of the moving bed is 24 to 44% higher than that of the fixed bed.     

循环流化床内颗粒运动的预测与测量

本文提出了一种二维气固流动的数值计算模型，它考虑了循环流化床中颗粒的脉动和颗粒间磁撞等因素。该模型将颗粒运动的脉动考虑成一种基于气流脉动频谱的随机Fourier级数，称为脉动频谱随机轨道模型（FSRT）。这一模型可用于预测循环床中颗粒相的速度、颗粒轨迹和颗粒相浓度。对循环床中颗粒相速度和浓度进行了测量，并与FSRT模型的计算结果进行对比，同时对循环床中颗粒运动的一些行为也进行了预测。     

Interphase fluid-particle mass transport at low Reynolds numbers

Industrial scale fixed bed processes are largely conducted at modest to high values of the particle Reynolds number. Laboratory fluid-solid fixed bed studies, including catalyst rate measurements, are carried out often at Re_p < 0.1, a flow regime largely devoid of fluid-particle transport data and correlations. From a study of methyl iodide adsorption over charcoal it is shown that it is possible to use the transient breakthrough behaviour of a well-mixed recycle absorber to analyse gas-particle film coefficients where standard experimental models are not effective.