微波发射机噪声的测量

测量发射机噪声的基本指导观点表明,最好把噪声视为调幅和调频噪声来阐述和测量。当知道了调幅调频噪声,就可通过计算来确定射频频谱。调幅噪声对射频频谱形状的影响取决于调幅噪声的功率谱密度的形状。调频噪声对射频频谱的影响,是RLC谐振响应具有边带结构,而不是δ函数具有边带结构。振幅噪声用直接式检波二极管进行测量。5千兆赫以上频率的调频噪声用单端谐振腔鉴频器进行测量。5千兆赫以下的调频噪声用改进的传输线鉴频器进行测量。对于这种鉴频器,本文将作详细介绍。把注入锁定振荡器作为鉴频器的前置放大器,就可能测量低功率低噪声信号源。广泛使用的基带分析器是具有固定带宽的超外差波形或频谱分析器。通过对基带分析器的了解,可以解决大多数测量结果中的差值。至少发射机噪声测量的基带分析可以自动化,具有节约时间和改进资料提供的价值。     

基于平行相位调制算法的频谱相位测量和补偿

详细探究了平行相位调制(PPM)算法在飞秒激光脉冲的频谱相位测量与补偿中的应用。通过数值模拟讨论了调制频率选取和相位复原问题。基于该算法搭建了一套飞秒激光脉冲整形装置,使用自行编写的LabVIEW程序完成频谱相位的测量补偿过程,并使用多光子脉冲内干涉相位扫描(MIIPS)方法验证了实验结果的准确性。不同于MIIPS等已有超快激光脉冲测量方法,PPM法无需测量非线性信号的光谱,只需测量信号强度即可快速确定频谱相位。     

用相位噪声和谐波分析法测量激光脉冲的时基抖动

对测量光脉冲时基抖动的相位噪声测量技术和谐波频谱分析方法进行了实验比较。实验表明，谐波频谱技术由于受频谱仪内部噪声和测量带宽的限制不适合测量低抖动高重复频率的光脉冲。相位噪声测量技术不需要带宽频谱仪，测量动态范围大，可从真实信号中区分出虚假信号，其测量精度高于10fs。同时指出，用相位噪声技术测量时基抖动时，以低频噪声区间来替代整个重复频率的积分区间是不严谨的。     

原子干涉仪中拉曼激光的相位-频率双调制稳频

为降低拉曼激光的频率噪声,提出了一种相位-频率双调制稳频技术。用光纤电光相位调制器对激光进行调制并产生大失谐边带;用射频信号对光纤相位调制器的微波驱动信号进行频率调制,通过锁相放大法将一个大失谐边带锁到铷原子的饱和吸收谱线上。利用该技术实现了拉曼种子激光的稳频和2 GHz的移频,拉曼激光的线宽大幅压窄到56 kHz,预期拉曼激光频率噪声引起的原子干涉重力仪的单次测量噪声可降低到7×10-9/s2。     

基于AD8349的无线直接变频发射机设计与实现

分析无线直接变频发射机中的边带和本振泄漏问题,导出调制信号和本振信号的幅度和相位不平衡度与该类发射机的边带和本振抑制能力之间的定量关系,并用MATLAB软件进行了仿真.最后,基于最新的AD8349型直接正交上变频器,介绍直接变频发射机优化设计的具体措施,并给出实验结果.     

用频谱仪测量发射机邻道功率的方法介绍与分析

用频谱仪来测量发射机邻道功率的方法,不久将作为IEC489系列国际标准的内容。本文简单介绍使用非数字存贮频谱仪和数字存贮频谱仪来测量发射机邻道功率的方法,供我国采用该国际标准时参考。同时作者对近年来国际上反复讨论的有关问题,如分辩率滤波器带宽的选择、发射机边带噪声和频谱仪边带噪声对测量范围及精度的影响、改善邻道功率比的测量范围等进行了研究分析,并提出了一些新的意见,作为制修订我国有关标准及参与制修订国际标准时提供一些依据。     

相位噪声对脉冲多普勒雷达性能的影响

讨论了频率源相位噪声对脉冲多普勒雷达杂波可见度、测速精度、速度分辨力性能的影响,给出了一种用频谱分析仪测量杂波可见度的方法,最后进行了实例分析     

锁模光纤激光器中偏振相关输出特性的实验研究

实验观察到非线性偏振旋转锁模光纤激光器输出的偏振相关的多波长输出现象、脉冲频谱边带及其抑制现象,以及多重偏振态导致的脉冲序列峰值调制现象.分析了这些与偏振相关的输出特性的物理成因,指出多波长锁模脉冲输出现象源于激光器中器件的保偏尾纤提供了多个偏振光程;锁模脉冲频谱边带现象源于由色散波同锁模脉冲内与其偏振态相同的脉冲内部成分干涉的结果,通过调整激光偏振态使锁模脉冲演化成矢量孤子就可消除频谱边带问题;时域脉冲序列的峰值调制现象源于激光器中偏振片周期偏振调制导致的矢量孤子多重偏振态.     

现代频率合成中的分数分频与锁频环

较详细介绍了分数分频锁相环的工作原理和特性，以及抑制分数分频锁相环相位调制边带的方法。给出了实验结果，并对锁频环的工作原理、相位噪声进行了分析和讨论。     

相位噪声测量法的改进

当大多数工程师们试图满足雷达或通信系统中的灵敏度技术时,常常受到相位噪声干扰。但是,现在增长的知识导致测试方法的改进,这种方法使得相位噪声较容易控制并减少测量的困难。信号源相位噪声在频率变换应用中要求严格,在这里信号电平所覆盖的动态范围宽;边带相位噪声可变成信息通带,限制了系统的总灵敏度。为解决此问题,可采用理想频谱分析仪以显示相位噪声。在这里用“理想”这个词,强调分析仪本身无边带噪声(图1)。使用这种分析仪可看到两种起伏相位:乱真     

Phase noise measurement of a pulsed W-band IMPATT source

A test method is described that uses the Delay Line Bridge (DLB) discriminator as a phase modulation (PM)- or amplitude modulation (AM) detector. A brief discussion is given to explain the different measurement requirements for pulsed sources used in Doppler RADAR with stationary or slow moving transmitter platforms, and fast moving transmitter platforms. A practical solution is offered to the problem of inadequate isolation in present day W-band PIN switches. This measurement set-up, provides a direct measure of the level of spurious oscillations of the IMPATT source, the relative noise content in the turn-on and turn-off region of the RF pulse, and the phase ripple. It also illustrates the influence of reference source injection locking level on the measured characteristics.     

A Method for Measuring Pulsed Amplifier Noise Using a Spectrum Analyzer

Measuring the noise generated by a pulsed RF amplifier is not a simple task [1]. One method of making this measurement converts the RF pulse to video with a phase detector and uses a spectrum analyzer to measure the noise between the lines of the pulse spectrum. The measurement includes the combined effects of timing jitter, power-supply modulation, and amplifier noise. An alternate method, described in this note, requires less test equipment by using an RF spectrum analyzer to measure the noise at a point outside the pulse spectrum. This measurement responds only to amplifier noise and is valid if the noise density is the same both inside and outside the pulse spectrum. Since this situation tends to be true of broad-band amplifiers such as TWT's and CFA's, the second method is preferable because of its relative simplicity. This note describes the procedure for measuring pulsed amplifier noise using an RF spectrum analyzer. The test setup and measurement procedure are described, as well as the conversion of the measured spectral-density ratio to an equivalent CW signal-to-noise ratio.     

一种连续波多站发射机及频谱分析

介绍了一种连续波多站发射机的新方案，从理论上对该机的发射频谱进行了分析，并与实际结果进行比较。理论和实际都证明该方案具有很好的交调抑制、谐波抑制和杂波抑制、相噪低等诸多优点。     

The Measurement of Noise in Microwave Transmitters

A tutorial review of the basis for transmitter noise measurements shows that noise is best described and measured as AM and FM noise. The determination of RF spectrum is done by calculation after the AM and FM noise are known. The contribution of AM noise to RF spectrum shape is determined by the power spectral density shape of the AM noise. The contribution of FM noise to RF spectrum is to make the shape that of an RLC circuit resonant response rather than a delta function with a sideband structure. The measurement of AM noise is done with a direct detector diode. The measurement of FM noise for frequencies above 5 GHz is done with a discriminator based on a one-port cavity resonator. The measurement of FM noise below 5 GHz is done with an improved transmission line discriminator which is described in detail. Measurement of low-power low-noise signal sources is made posbible with an injection-locked oscillator for a preamplifier to the discriminator. The most widely used baseband analyzer is the constant bandwidth superhetdrodyne wave or spectrum analyzer. Most differences in measurement results are resolved by understanding the baseband analyzers. At least the baseband spectrum analysis of transmitter noise measurements can be automated with worthwhile savings in time and improvement of documentation.     

激光光纤传输中远端相位噪声的测量与控制

在稳频激光的光纤传输中,光纤本身引入的相位噪声影响到激光频率的稳定性,造成激光光谱的展宽。介绍了光纤相位噪声的测量及如何通过反馈控制在光纤远端消除这一噪声。建立了消除光纤相位噪声的实验系统,测量了一段30 m裸光纤引入的相位噪声,并采用反馈控制在光纤的远端消除这一噪声,将光纤造成的1 kHz谱线展宽减小到1 Hz以下。还分析了将相位检测中解调出来的噪声电压转换成相位噪声的问题。     

数字信号处理在雷达相噪测量中的应用

随着通信和雷达的发展,脉冲信号的相位噪声成了影响整个系统性能的重要因素之一,采用传统模拟相位检波法测量脉冲信号相位噪声是一个非常大的挑战,因为这样的测试系统非常复杂,并且在测量相位噪声之前需要非常繁琐的校准程序,先进的正交数字相位解调和幅度解调技术能很好地解决这个问题。采用正交数字相位解调和幅度解调技术的系统不需要相位检波器和复杂的校准程序,利用极低噪声的参考源和互相关技术,提高了系统动态范围和测量灵敏度,实现了一键式精密测量脉冲相位噪声和调幅噪声。     

A Fundamental Lower Bound on the Performance of Practical Joint Carrier and Bit Synchronizers

In this paper we derive a fundamental lower bound on the linearized mean-square phase and time delay errors resulting from a practical synchronizer operating on a carrier-modulated PAM waveform which is corrupted by stationary Gaussian noise. Our bound applies to a large class of synchronizers and, unlike the linearized performance itself, it is easily evaluated from the modulation format, the baseband PAM pulse shape, the additive noise spectrum, and the synchronizer's closedloop transfer function matrix.     

Combining Decision-Feedback Equalization and Carrier Recovery for Two-Dimensional Signal Constellations

In this paper, the combination of decision feedback equalizer and digital phase-locked loop (DPLL) is investigated in detail in channels impaired by intersymbol interference and phase noise. Various methods for carrier phase recovery in several system configurations are analyzed and compared. Two cases of phase noise are considered. In the first one, the significant phase noise is in the receiver side, whereas in the second case, the significant noise is in the transmitter side. We select the best estimation schemes for the two cases and analyze them in terms of residual phase jitter, optimal loop gain, and complexity of implementation. Their performances relative to the other schemes are verified by simulations under both high and low signal-to-noise ratio conditions, where in the latter, the mean time to lose lock criterion is used. We show the relevance of knowing the source of the phase noise. We also treat the special case of one-dimensional signal constellations, such as binary phase-shift keying and gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK), where further optimizations are employed. Finally, the more general case of phase noise, which originates both in the transmitter and the receiver in the same order of magnitude is introduced. For this case, the new transmitter phase noise loop is combined with the receiver loop to a double DPLL.     

增益开关F-P激光器抖动的计算和测量

为了能够精确测量增益开关激光脉冲的抖动,应用傅里叶变换和自相关函数．理论分析了谐波频谱分析法测量激光脉冲抖动的数学模型、测量原理。修正了David A．Leep等人建立的基于功率谱测量脉冲抖动的误差,推导出了普适的测量激光脉冲抖动的数学表达式,并数值模拟了不同情况下激光脉冲功率谱的表现形式;利用谐波频谱分析法测量了外连续光注入下增益开关F-P激光脉冲的抖动,时基抖动为0．905ps、振幅噪声为2．83％,并与取样示波器的测量结果进行比较。结果表明在脉冲抖动较小、且重复频率较低的情况下,利用谐波频谱分析法测量脉冲抖动具有更高的精确度。其精确度可以达到飞秒量级。     

Noise considerations when determining phase of large-signal microwave measurements

Advances in microwave instrumentation now make it feasible to accurately measure not only the magnitude spectrum, but also the phase spectrum of wide-bandwidth signals. In a practical measurement, the spectrum is measured over a finite window of time. The phase spectrum is related to the position of this window, causing the spectrum to differ between measurements of an identical waveform. It is difficult to compare multiple measurements with different window positions or to incorporate them into a model. Several methods have been proposed for determining the phase spectrum such that multiple measurements can be effectively compared and utilized in models. The methods are reviewed in terms of the information required to determine the phase and compared in terms of their robustness in the presence of measurement noise.