加州鲈禁食暂养过程中肌肉水分与质构特性相关性分析

为提高加州鲈鱼肉品质,在禁食条件下暂养加州鲈8周,每周取鱼背肌肉,运用低场核磁共振技术和质地剖面分析对样品水分横向弛豫时间（transverse relaxation time, T₂）和质构特性进行检测,计算水分峰面积（area, A）和峰面积占比（proportion, P）,并进行鱼肉水分和质构指标的相关性分析。结果表明:加州鲈鱼肉水分主要为不易流动水,其峰面积占比P₂₁可达95.00%以上。随着暂养周期延长,鱼肉结合水T_2b呈下降趋势;暂养至6～8周,鱼肉自由水信号消失,P_2b和P₂₁之和可达100%。与第1周相比,暂养6～8周鱼肉硬度和咀嚼性分别下降34.34%～42.03%和18.54%～26.34%,恢复性和凝聚性均显著上升（P<0.05）。主指标相关性结果显示,鱼肉咀嚼性和硬度均与A₂₂存在显著正相关（P<0.05）,凝聚性和恢复性均与T₂₁存在显著正相关（P<0.05）。以上结果表明,禁食暂养期间鱼肉自由水和不易流动水的是影响其质构特性的主要因素;加州鲈禁食暂养6～8周,可以提高鱼肉与水分的结合力,改善鱼肉品质。     

反复冻融对羊肉品质的影响

通过测定冻融 0（对照）、1、2、3、4、5 次的羊肉的解冻损失、蒸煮损失、pH、剪切力、硫代巴比妥酸值（TBARS）、挥发性盐基氮（TVB-N）、菌落总数及水分状态的变化,探讨了反复冻融对羊肉品质的影响。结果表明:随着冻融次数的增加,羊肉的解冻损失、蒸煮损失、TBARS、TVB-N和菌落总数均显著增加（P<0.05）,pH显著降低（P<0.05）,剪切力呈现先升高后降低的趋势。低场核磁技术显示,随着反复冻融次数的增加,结合水（T₂₁）比例没有显著性变化（P>0.05）,不易流动水（T₂₂）比例呈上升趋势,自由水（T₂₃）比例呈下降趋势,不易流动水和自由水间发生转变。这些变化表明反复冻融显著降低了羊肉品质,且随着冻融次数的增加,羊肉品质破坏更加严重。     

基于LFNMR及成像技术分析牛肉贮藏水分含量变化

为研究牛肉贮藏水分含量变化,基于低场核磁共振(LF-NMR)技术测定牛肉横向弛豫时间T₂、峰面积,运用差示扫描量热法(DSC)测定玻璃化转变温度(T_g)。结果表明,肉样中存在4种不同水分群,-10℃贮藏牛肉T₂明显降低,自由水含量显著下降,在-14、-18、-22℃贮藏牛肉T₂未发生明变化。冷却过程中不易流动水(pT₂₂)前期呈下降趋势,后期较稳定,说明随贮藏时间的延长,不易流动水逐渐转移为自由水。自由水(pT₂₃)先减小后增大后又极显著降低(p<0.01)。通过对牛肉品质指标与核磁共振参数T₂的相关性分析,发现蒸煮损失与T₂₀、T₂₂、pT₂₃显著相关(p<0.05),相关系数分别为0.777、0.745、0.783,因此可根据T₂₂、pT₂₃表征牛肉在贮藏过程中保水性的变化。通过核磁成像实验发现,在-10℃贮藏牛肉,干耗现象严重、肉的保水性差,不利于牛肉的长期贮藏。     

双斑东方鲀在冷藏保鲜过程中的水分迁移与品质变化

为研究双斑东方鲀在冷藏过程中水分变化和品质劣变之间的相关性,本实验以新鲜双斑东方鲀为研究对象,将其分别置于4、0 ℃下贮藏11 d,隔天进行物理（剪切力、咀嚼性、色差值、持水性、低场核磁T₂弛豫时间）、化学（pH、挥发性盐基氮值、鲜度K值）和微生物指标（菌落总数）的测定,并运用低场核磁共振技术（LF-NMR）结合主成分分析评估其货架期。结果表明,随着冷藏时间的延长,4、0 ℃组鱼肉的剪切力、咀嚼性、L*值、持水性、T₂₁（结合水）和T₂₃（自由水）含量均呈下降趋势;pH、菌落总数（TVC）、挥发性盐基氮值（TVB-N）和鲜度（K值）则不断增加;相关性分析结果显示:T₂₁和T₂₃含量与pH、TVC、TVB-N和K值呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）,T₂₂与TVC和K值显著相关（P<0.05）;主成分分析（principal components analysis,PCA）分析结果显示,双斑东方鲀在0、4 ℃条件下分别于第5和第7 d开始发生腐败变质,与理化指标的分析结果一致。综上,通过LF-NMR结合PCA分析可以更直观的分析双斑东方鲀冷藏过程中的水分分布与其品质之间的相关性,可较好区分不同贮藏期间双斑东方鲀水分及品质变化情况,因此,可考虑运用LF-NMR结合PCA分析技术快速检测双斑东方鲀在冷藏期间品质及新鲜度变化。     

调理牛排煎制过程中的保水性及水相分布特征

利用低场核磁共振(Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance,LF-NMR)技术检测调理牛排煎制过程中水的横向驰豫时间T₂,区分调理牛排中水分分布状态,同时以加压失水率和烹调损失率为指标来测定调理牛排煎制过程中的保水性变化。结果表明:6组不同熟度调理牛排之间的加压失水率和烹调损失率均存在显著性差异(p<0.05);随着煎制温度的升高及时间的延长,牛排的加压失水率和烹调损失率不断增高,3种水分状态对应的T₂弛豫时间均向慢弛豫方向移动,水的自由度和流动性不断的增高,而结合度在不断的降低,即牛排体系对水分的束缚能力降低;且调理牛排的成熟度越大,T₂₂状态的水分弛豫时间移动越明显。     

PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF AFLATOXIN B2a-HEMIGLUTARATE AND ITS USE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF ANTIBODY AGAINST AFLATOXIN B1

Hemisuccinate (HS) and hemiglutarate (HG) of aflatoxin B_2a (afla B_2a) were prepared by refluxing afla B_2a with the corresponding anhydride and 4-N, N-dimethylaminopyridine in tetrahydrofuran. Two epimers of the respective HS or HG which show different chromatographic behavior and physiochemical properties were isolated and characterized. Afla B_2a-HS hydrolyzes very rapidly in aqueous solution and was not used for further study. Afla B_2a-HG hydrolyzes at a much slower rate and was selected for the coupling to protein. Using the mixed anhydride method, as much as 12 moles of afla B_2a-HG were conjugated to each mole of bovine serum albumin (BSA). The antibody obtained from rabbits immunized with afla B_2a-HG BSA is most specific to afla B₁ and shows little cross reaction with afla G₁ and aflatoxicol. The lower limit for detection of afla B₁ by radioimmunoassay using this antibody is in the range of 30–50 pg per assay.     

乳酸菌冻干粉剂发酵全麦酸面包工艺优化及储藏特性分析

目的：为了利用植物乳杆菌冻干粉剂发酵制作全麦酸面团面包（Whole wheat sourdough bread,WWSB）,并优化其加工工艺以及分析其储藏特性。方法：在单因素实验基础上,选择全麦酸面团（Whole wheat sourdough,WWSD）添加量以及全麦酸面团发酵时间为影响因素,面包最终的pH、总酸度值（Total acidity,TTA）、比容、硬度、感官得分作为响应值,使用中心组合试验设计方法,对全麦酸面包的工艺配方进行优化。并在此基础上以普通小麦面包（Wheat bread,WB）和普通全麦面包（Whole wheat bread,WWB）为空白组及对照组,均于4℃进行为期一周的储藏,分别于第0、1、3、5、7 d时取样,分析三种面包的全质构特性以及水分迁移情况。结果：全麦酸面包的最佳工艺配方：全麦酸面团添加量18%,全麦酸面团发酵时间16 h,此时的全麦酸面包pH4.82、TTA 5.62 mL、比容3.47 mL/g、硬度5.59 N、感官得分83。在此加工条件下三种面包的储藏特性指标如下：WWSB在整个储藏期间的硬度增长速率在前期和后期（35.75%和21....     

沉默2b基因获得抗黄瓜花叶病毒(CMV)的转基因烟草

  目的  本研究利用dsRNA技术沉默2b基因,获得烟草品种云烟85的T₁代转基因抗CMV株系。  方法  构建含有CMV 2b部分序列反向重复的植物表达载体pBIN-2b（r）-In-2b（i）,以农杆菌介导的叶盘法转化普通烟草（Nicotiana tabacum）品种云烟85。  结果  抗性筛选获得112株T₀代转基因阳性植株,接种CMV进行抗病性鉴定,发现有46株T₀代转基因植株表现为抗病,其他66株表现为感病。Tas-ELISA检测表明,T₀代抗病烟株的病毒积累量显著低于感病烟株。选取10个T₀代抗病株系繁殖,接种CMV鉴定T₁代抗病性,发现部分T₁代烟株发生一定比例的抗感分离,T₁代抗性株率为46.7%~100%。Real-time PCR检测T₁代烟株,发现T₁代抗病烟株CMV 2b基因RNA积累水平显著低于感病烟株。  结论  基于以上策略及实验,获得抗CMV转基因烟草株系。      

克氏原螯虾尾油炸过程中品质变化的研究

本研究采用感官评价、质构仪、低场核磁共振(LF-NMR)结合扫描电镜等方法,研究了克氏原螯虾尾油炸过程中的水分、感官品质、色泽、质构、微观结构等的变化,并分析了弛豫时间与测定指标的相关性.结果表明:随着油炸温度的提高和油炸时间的延长,水分含量逐渐下降.LF-NMR成像反映水分脱除从外向内逐渐递进,弛豫时间T22峰面积及...     

Phase separation in optically opaque emulsions

Creaming of the dispersed oil phase in opaque oil-in-water emulsions was followed as a function of time and position using proton magnetic resonance. Measurements of T₁ along a vertical slice were used to quantify the oil-phase concentration. Emulsions were also described by laser-diffraction particle-size analysis to compare particle-size analysis with creaming behavior as determined by T₁ measurements in model triolein-in-water emulsions and more complex milk fat-in-water emulsions. Particle-size distributions failed to accurately predict the measured creaming behavior in the emulsions studied. Measurements of component nuclear relaxation were shown to be useful for characterizing oil-phase migration as a function of surfactant level, dispersed phase volume, and crystallization behavior of the lipid phase in emulsions.     

糖醇部分替代蔗糖对猪肉脯水分分布变化及质构相关性分析

本研究用麦芽糖醇、木糖醇和赤藓糖醇分别部分取代猪肉脯配方中的蔗糖,通过猪肉脯出品率、剪切力、水分活度、水分含量、T₂弛豫时间、质构特性和感官质量等指标,探讨糖醇对猪肉脯水分分布变化以及与质构之间的相关性。结果表明,糖醇吸水能力强,会显著提高肉脯的出品率和水分含量(p<0.05),而水分活度不发生显著变化(p>0.05),表明三种糖醇的替代均能在提高肉脯含水量且水分活度变化不显著;糖醇替代组T₂弛豫时间显著降低(p<0.05),剪切力、硬度和咀嚼性显著降低(p<0.05),弹性、内聚性及回复力显著增加(p<0.05);不易流动水的变化与质构各指标间均表现出极显著相关关系(p<0.01),表明猪肉脯采用糖醇的部分替代蔗糖添加,肉乳化体系的凝胶结构得到改善,使得水分的移动性减弱,且部分自由水转变为不易流动水,导致其质构特性发生变化。     

低场核磁共振在线检测巧克力的熔化过程

构建了低场核磁共振(LF-NMR)在线控温分析系统,对不同品种巧克力的熔化过程进行了表征,研究了可可脂和粗脂肪含量对巧克力熔化温度的影响。通过对样品的程序升温,持续测定了巧克力的横向弛豫时间(T₂),对四个不同品牌巧克力的熔化过程进行了评价。结果表明,巧克力熔化过程中T₂值随温度增大,巧克力中液体脂肪的运动性增强,且熔化温度随可可脂和粗脂肪含量的增加而升高。本文首次利用LF-NMR在线控温分析系统实时在线检测了巧克力熔化过程,并直观准确地测定了巧克力的熔化温度,为改善巧克力的加工工艺和配方提供了理论指导。     

Relationships between sensory perception and water distribution determined by low-field NMR T(2) relaxation in processed pork - impact of tumbling and RN(-) allele

The relationships between water distribution, measured with low-field NMR (LF-NMR) transverse (T₂) relaxometry and sensory properties in tumbled and non-tumbled cured-smoked loins from 30 female Hampshire crossbred pigs were investigated. Upon distributed analysis of the T₂ relaxation, three populations centred at about 2, 40 and 600–800 ms, respectively, were detected. Clear differences in the characteristics of the intermediate population (T₂₁) were observed between loins from carriers and non-carriers of the RN⁻ allele, which implies differences in water–protein interactions between the two genotypes. PLS regressions between NMR T₂ variables and sensory attributes revealed significant correlations between NMR T₂ variables and the sensory attributes juiciness, acidulous taste and meat taste, which mainly could be ascribed to the T₂₁ time constant. In addition, the number of unappealing pores assessed by the sensory panel was highly related to the relative T₂ populations, implying that the microstructure is directly reflected in the NMR T₂ populations. However, prediction of the processing yield from NMR T₂ variables was poor. The correlation improved when RN genotypes and tumbling conditions were included as predictors. Thus, other effects of tumbling treatments and RN genotypes unrelated to NMR T₂ relaxation were observed.     

编辑烤烟多酚氧化酶基因NtPPO8后的效应分析

【目的】探究NtPPO8基因在烟草中的功能以及对烟叶耐烤性和烤后烟质量的影响。【方法】以烤烟品种NC89为材料,利用CRISPR/Cas9技术对NtPPO8进行定向编辑,获得纯合突变植株,测定并分析原品种和突变体在叶龄60 d时的基因表达量和植物多酚氧化酶（Polyphenol oxidase,PPO）活性差异,探究NtPPO8基因对烘烤过程中的PPO活性以及烤后烟的多酚物质含量的影响。【结果】（1）共获得6株T0代纯合突变体,突变均发生在靶位点上,为1个碱基的插入突变。（2）4个T1代编辑株系的NtPPO8表达水平显著下降,所有编辑株系的PPO活性显著下降。（3）T1代编辑株系烘烤过程中的PPO活性低于原品种,烤后中部叶总酚含量显著高于原品种。【结论】定向编辑NtPPO8基因后,降低了其在烟叶中的表达量,抑制了烟叶在烘烤过程中的PPO活性,有助于烤后烟多酚类物质的积累。     

添加不同酒对红烧肉水分迁移及食用品质的影响

为探究添加不同酒对红烧肉的食用品质和水分迁移规律的影响,本实验以添加黄酒、木瓜酒、啤酒和混合酒烹制的红烧肉为研究对象,运用低场核磁共振仪（low-field nuclear magnetic resonance, LF-NMR）和质构仪、卡路里量热仪等检测红烧肉食用品质、质构特性、营养成分和内部水分弛豫时间等指标的变化。结果显示,通过感官评价得知,黄酒组的红烧肉整体可接受度较高;而木瓜酒组红烧肉的脂肪、蛋白质和卡路里含量数值最高,分别为51.95、38.55 g/100 g和623.50 kcal/100 g;啤酒组的水分含量最高,含量高达31.55 g/100 g;黄酒组红烧肉的硬度和剪切力值最低,分别为31.54和2.06 N,肉样达到理想口感和嫩度;黄酒组的L*（亮度）值和a*（红度）值较高,色泽更加红亮。通过低场核磁共振分析发现,啤酒组的弛豫时间T₂₁最短,水与底物结合更紧密,不容易流失,木瓜酒组的弛豫时间T₂₂最长以及峰面积T₂₂最大,红烧肉中的自由水含量最高。综上所述,烹制红烧肉过程中添加黄酒烹制的红烧肉成品各方面综合最佳,其次为混合酒（黄酒＋啤酒）组效果次之。该研究结果为红烧肉的工业化生产提供了参考,也为进一步探究酒对中华传统菜肴质地、滋味的影响机制提供一定的基础。     

A repeat national survey of muscle pH values in commercial pig carcasses

Measurements of pH values at 45 min post-slaughter (pH₁) in m. longissimus were taken in a total of 5598 commercial bacon weight carcasses. pH values at 24 h post-slaughter (pH₂) were taken on a further 5598 carcasses. The overall mean pH₁ was 6.39 with 15.1% of values less than 6.0. The overall mean pH₂ was 5.64, none of the values recorded were greater than 6.5. This survey shows a small increase over the 1983 study in the incidence of potentially Pale Soft and Exudative (PSE) carcasses. It found no evidence of a Dark, Firm and Dry (DFD) problem related to high ultimate pH.     

Molecular Dynamics of Soy-Protein Isolate Films Plasticized by Water and Glycerol

ABSTRACT: The effects of water and glycerol on the molecular mobility of a soy-protein isolate (SPI)-based film were investigated using ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). SPI-films were prepared with different glycerol contents and equilibrated to various levels of water activity (a_w). The distributed transverse relaxation of film samples showed 2 distinct components: a solid-like fraction (T_2s*) and a liquid-like fraction (T_2m*). The peak T_2s* values of films with lower glycerol concentration were more sensitive to variation in a_w. As a_w increased, the change of solid-like to liquid-like fraction was observed in higher glycerol films. As glycerol content increased, a minimum longitudinal relaxation time (T₁) occurred at lower a_w. Our results suggest that NMR techniques can be used to quantify the plasticizing effects on biopolymer films.     

低盐腌制对乌鳢冷藏过程中品质变化的影响

本文以乌鳢(Ophicephalus argus)为研究对象,研究了冷藏(4±1) ℃条件下分别以0.5%、1.0%、1.5%的食盐腌制对乌鳢鱼肉品质变化规律的影响,通过感官评分、pH、色泽、嫩度、蒸煮损失、汁液损失、盐溶蛋白、硫代巴比妥酸值(TBARS)、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)等指标,探究了不同浓度食盐对生鲜及腌制鱼肉贮藏品质的影响。结果表明:随贮藏时间的延长感官分值逐渐降低,对照组(0%食盐组)于第8 d就已失去食用价值,而T₃组(1.5%食盐组)在第12 d时仍可食用。在贮藏过程中,盐溶蛋白呈下降趋势;pH呈现波动性变化;蒸煮损失总体呈下降趋势。此外,TBARS值、汁液损失率、挥发性盐基氮含量在贮藏期间呈增长趋势。研究表明,T₃组(1.5%食盐组)在一定程度上减缓冷藏过程中乌鳢鱼片的品质变化,但会降低肌肉保水性、促进脂肪的氧化。     

不同腌制方式对煮制猪肉品质、组织形态和蛋白结构的影响

为探究不同腌制方式对煮制猪肉品质、组织形态和蛋白结构的影响,为猪肉制品的加工提供理论依据。以猪背最长肌为试验材料,采用湿腌,干腌及超声辅助腌制3种方式对猪肉进行腌制处理,测定煮制肉样的品质,组织形态及蛋白结构。结果表明:不同腌制方式对煮制猪肉品质特性（色泽、质构、保水性）影响显著,相较于其他2种腌制方式,超声辅助腌制的煮制猪肉红度值和嫩度最高,纵向（T₁）、横向（T₂）弛豫强度和不易流动水的比例（P₂₁）最高,但自由水比例（P₂₂）最低。组织形态结果表明,腌制处理显著影响了猪肉肌纤维组织形态,超声腌制的煮制猪肉肌纤维肿胀最明显,肌内膜分离降解,微观结构破坏最严重。蛋白结构结果表明,超声腌制的煮制猪肉表面疏水性最高,α-螺旋和β-转角含量最低,β-折叠和无规卷曲含量最高,说明超声腌制改变了蛋白质的空间结构,增加了蛋白质聚集程度。不同腌制方式处理的煮制猪肉品质与组织形态和蛋白结构显著相关。     

GROWTH/SURVIVAL OF NATURAL FLORA AND LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES ON REFRIGERATED UNCOOKED PORK AND TURKEY PACKAGED UNDER MODIFIED ATMOSPHERES

Listeria monocytogenes was inoculated onto fresh pork and turkey slices. Inoculated and control samples were packaged under modified atmospheres (100% N₂, and 20%/80% and 40%/60% CO₂O₂) or air in plastic bags of low gas permeability. Samples were stored at 1 and 7C. Samples stored in air showed a similar microbiological pattern to that usually observed in fresh meat stored aerobically. Packaging under modified atmospheres extended the meat shelf-life. Bacterial growth was strongly inhibited at 1C, particularly in samples stored under CO₂/O₂ enriched atmospheres. Temperature and pH were critical factors for L. monocytogenes growth. This pathogen grew only on pork (initial pH 5.3) packaged in air and stored at 7C. No L. monocytogenes growth was observed at 1C in any atmosphere assayed. However, growth on turkey (initial pH 6.0) was marked at 7C in all atmospheres tested, while at 1C, this bacterium grew weakly only on samples stored in air .