Hard-limiting of two signals in random noise

Two sinusoidal signals and Gaussian noise lying in a narrow band are passed through an ideal band-pass limiter that confines the output spectrum to the vicinity of the input frequencies. The output spectrum, consisting of both discrete and continuous components, is studied in terms of its corresponding autocorrelation function. The discrete output components are identified with the output signals and intermodulation products due to interference between the two input signals. The continuous part of the spectrum is associated with the output noise. The effects of limiting are expressed by ratios among the average powers of the output spectral components. Performance curves are given that show signal suppression, the ratio of output to input SNR's, and the relative strength of the intermodulation terms.     

Power Supply Rejection for RF Amplifiers: Theory and Measurements

Supply noise is a significant problem in RF systems where it can mix with RF signals, degrading signal/noise ratios and potentially causing violation of spectral masks. This paper presents an analysis of the supply rejection properties of RF amplifiers. We extend a conventional Volterra-series formulation to treat multiport systems and use it to describe the mixing products between power supply noise and the RF carrier. It is shown that a multiport Volterra formulation can be used to treat weak nonlinearities in the system and that the nonsymmetric cross terms accurately predict low-order mixing phenomenon. We demonstrate the validity of our hand analysis through the design and fabrication of a power amplifier in 180-nm CMOS, operating between 900 MHz-2.4 GHz with a maximum output power of 15 dBm. Spectral regrowth of single-tone and EDGE modulation waveforms is shown to match within 1-3 dB across frequency and input signal power. Importantly, this analysis provides insight into the circuit-level mechanisms for susceptibility to power supply noise and can help designers improve the power supply rejection ratio robustness of system-on-chip wireless blocks and transmitter architectures.     

Noise behavior of microwave amplifiers operating under nonlinear conditions

The noise behavior of microwave amplifiers operating under a large-signal condition has been studied in this paper. A Gaussian noise is added to a microwave signal and they are applied at the input of several amplifying devices. Experimental data show a decrease of the output noise spectral density when the power of the microwave signal at the input of the devices increases due to the compression of the amplifiers. A distortion component due to the interaction of the signal and its harmonics with the noise is also demonstrated from a simplified theoretical model. The statistical properties of the signal and the noise have also been investigated in order to verify the Gaussianity of the noise at the output of the nonlinear circuits. We have also observed that the majority of the measured devices show some variations of their additive noise versus the input power level.     

The output signals and noise from a nonlinearity with amplitude-dependent phase shift

On the assumption that each input signal represents only a small part of the total input power, the output signals and output noise spectrum are found by extending the Barrett-Lampard diagonal expansion to the case of the quadrivariate distribution of input amplitude and phase at two different times. This expansion yields a decomposition of the nonlinearity into a summation of generalized Laguerre polynomials with uncorrelated outputs, whose spectra are simply autoconvolutions of the input spectrum. A slight generalization of the notion of memoryless nonlinearity allows this result to he applied very simply to devices, such as limiters and TWT amplifiers, that cause AM-to-PM conversion.     

Spectrum Conservation and Characteristics of Single-Sideband Phase Modulation

Phase modulation with an analytic signal, which is a Gaussian random process, is examined in order to determine the amount of spectrum conservation that may be achieved by using single-sideband phase modulation (SSB-PM) rather than conventional phase modulation (PM). The autocorrelation function is derived and found to be an analytic signal in terms of the autocorrelation function of the actual modulating signal and its Hilbert transform. When the modulating signal strength is very low, the sideband spectral distribution is the same as that of the actual modulating signal or single-sideband amplitude modulation. As the modulating signal mean-square value is increased, the sideband spectrum broadens and approaches a Gaussian shape. The average power output of an SSB-PM system increases exponentially with input modulating signal strength, while the carrier power remains constant. For the same modulating signal mean-square value, a greater fraction of power is in the one sideband of an SSB-PM system than in the two sidebands of conventional PM. Single-sideband phase or frequency modulation always effectuates spectrum conservation in the continuum when it is compared with conventional phase or frequency modulation on the basis of equal relative sideband power. A Fourier transform computer program is used to generate SSB-PM spectral distributions with varying modulating signal mean-square values, when the modulating signal spectrum is a low-pass rectangular spectrum, a narrowband pass spectrum, and the shape of an average voice spectrum. These examples illustrate the power series formulation of the output spectrum as well as the theoretical analysis of bandwidth.     

Using Spectral Subtraction for Suppression of Noise in Speech Signals with Analog Integrated Circuits

A new modification of the spectral subtraction algorithm is presented which enables operating entirely in the time domain and is thus suitable for realization in analog integrated circuits. The noise spectrum is obtained during speechless intervals and stored for spectral subtraction when speech is present in the signal. The frequency range of interest of the speech signal is divided into narrow frequency bands by means of a bank of band-pass filters. For each frequency band the noise model is realized as an auxiliary signal multiplied by a particular weight. A subsystem is presented that produces an output signal whose power is equal to the difference between the input signal power and the noise model power for each frequency channel, thereby realizing the spectral subtraction. Circuits to achieve the described operation are outlined. Finally, simulation results of the noise removal algorithm are shown in the form of a spectrogram and the results showing improvement in automatic speech recognition are given.     

Distribution of the filtered output of a quadratic rectifier computed by numerical contour integration

The cumulative distribution of the filtered output of a quadratic rectifier whose input is either narrow-band Gaussian noise or Gaussian noise with a low-pass spectral density is to be computed by numerical quadrature of a Laplace inversion integral along a contour in the complex plane chosen to economize the number of steps. The integrand contains the moment-generating function (mgf) of the output. It is expressed in terms of the Fredholm determinant and the resolvent kernel associated with an integral equation involving the autocovariance function of the input and the impulse response of the output filter. A special case is the power of a mean-zero Gaussian process averaged over a finite interval, and when this process has a rational spectral density, the mgf can be expressed as the ratio of certain finite determinants. By this method distributions are calculated for low-pass noise withRLCand second- and fourth-order Chebyshev spectral densities. For rational input spectral densities but arbitrary positive output filtering and an arbitrary additive input signal, the mgf can be calculated by integrating differential equations of the Kalman-Bucy type.     

L频段高稳梳状谱电路设计与实现

利用阶跃恢复二极管的强非线性特点,设计了一个输入信号频率100 MHz、输出信号频率0.9～ 1.4 GHz的梳状谱电路,经开关滤波器电路处理后可以实现6个单频点输出.梳状谱电路经优化设计和调试,以较低的驱动功率实现了模块高稳定输出.在-55℃～+85℃工作温度范围内、输入信号功率0～+3 dBm条件下,梳状谱电路驱动功率为20 dBm左右,测试模块输出信号功率变化小于1.5 dB,附加相位噪声劣化小于1 dB.     

Pr/sup 3+/-doped fluoride fiber amplifier module pumped by a fiber coupled master oscillator/power amplifier laser diode

We constructed the first Pr/sup 3+/-doped fluoride fiber amplifier (PDFA) module pumped by a fiber-coupled master oscillator/power amplifier laser diode (MOPA-LD) operating at 1.017 /spl mu/m. The maximum signal gain and noise figure were 30.5 and 5.5 dB, respectively. An output power of 18 dBm was achieved at an input signal power of 0 dBm. Furthermore, we showed that the use of MOPA-LD pumping, rather than conventional Nd-YLF laser pumping, makes it possible to halve the length of the Pr/sup 3+/-doped fluoride required in the amplifier module and also allows a broader spectral bandwidth to be achieved.     

On the noise properties of linear and nonlinear quantum-dot semiconductor optical amplifiers: the impact of inhomogeneously broadened gain and fast carrier dynamics

We present a detailed analytical model describing the noise properties of quantum-dot (QD) optical amplifiers operating in the linear and saturated regimes. We describe the dependence of the optical noise on the main physical parameters characterizing the QD gain medium as well as on operating conditions. The optical noise at the amplifier output shows a broad-band spectrum with an incoherent spectral hole due to the gain inhomogeneity. A coherent spectral dip stemming from noise-signal nonlinear interactions is superimposed on that broad-band spectrum. The broad-band incoherent component is also calculated using an approximate model which makes use of an equivalent inhomogeneous population inversion factor. The validity of the approximation is examined in detail. We also calculate the electrical relative intensity noise and observe a spectral hole corresponding to the spectral shape of the optical noise. The most important characteristics of the optical and electrical noise spectra are determined by the degree of inhomogeneous broadening and by the fast carrier dynamics of QD amplifiers. The fast dynamics causes a very wide noise spectral hole which has important potential consequences for detection of fast data and for all optical signal processing.     

Computation of Interference into Angle-Modulated Systems Carrying Multichannel Telephone Signals

It is commonly known that, in order to calculate the demodulated noise power of the wanted frequency division multiplexedfrequency modulated (FDM-FM) signal due to interference, the convolution between the power spectra of the wanted FM signal and interference is required to be obtained. This concise paper shows a simple approach to calculate this convolution without direct calculation of the power spectrum of the FDMFM signal when the power spectrum of the interference is given (by measurements or calculation) and the highest and lowest channel frequencies of the baseband signal and rms frequency deviation of the wanted FDM-FM signal are known. Since the calculation of the FDM-FM signal power spectrum is not an easy problem in some cases, this approach makes much simpler an accurate evaluation of the output noise power due to interference.     

S-band erbium-doped fiber amplifiers with a multistage configuration /sub e/sign, characterization, and gain tilt compensation

We report an S-band erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) with a multistage configuration in terms of its design, gain, and noise characteristics for various pump powers and input signal powers, the temperature dependence of the gain spectra, and gain tilt compensation for changes in input signal power and temperature change. We show that there is a tradeoff between low noise and efficiency in the S-band EDFA and describe the development of an S-band EDFA with a flattened gain of more than 21 dB and a noise figure of less than 6.7 dB. We also show that there is a change in the gain spectra with changes in the pump power and input signal power that is different from that observed in C- and L-band EDFAs, and that our EDFA has a temperature-insensitive wavelength. Furthermore, we develop a gain tilt compensated S-band EDFA that can cope with changes in input signal power and temperature.     

基于相移功率谱相减的二元联合变换相关识别

提出基于相移联合功率谱相减的二元联合变换相关识别的新方法：制作特殊的半波片，采用π相移技术，将零级功率谱从联合功率谱中去掉，并进行二值化。与经典联合相关变换和二元联合相关变换相比，基于相移功率谱相减的二元联合相关变换，使输入面的空间带宽得到更充分的利用，还得到了更高、更尖锐的相关峰，更大的相关信噪比，提高了相关识别能力。给出了相应的计算机模拟和光学实验结果。     

Spectrum estimation of short-time stationary signals in additivenoise and channel distortion

In this work, spectrum estimation of a short-time stationary signal that is degraded by both channel distortion and additive noise is addressed. A maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) algorithm is developed to jointly identify the degradation system and estimate short-time signal spectra. The source signal is assumed to be generated by a hidden Markov model (HMM) with state-dependent short-time spectral distributions described by mixtures of Gaussian densities. The distortion channel is linear time-invariant, and the noise is Gaussian. The algorithm is derived by using the principle of expectation-maximization (EM), where the unknown parameters of channel and noise are estimated iteratively, and the short-time signal power spectra are obtained from the posterior sufficient statistics of the source signal. Other spectral representation parameters, such as autoregressive model parameters or cepstral parameters, are obtained by minimum mean-squared error (MMSE) estimation from the power spectral estimates. The estimation algorithm was evaluated on simulated signals at the signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of 20 dB down to 0 dB, where it produced convergent estimation and significantly reduced spectral distortion     

An analytical formulation of phase noise of signals with Gaussian-distributed jitter

The output of many oscillatory systems can be approximated by a stochastic square-wave signal with noise-free amplitude and Gaussian-distributed jitter. We present an analytical treatment of the phase noise of this signal with white and Lorentzian jitter spectra. With a white jitter spectrum, the phase noise is nearly Lorentzian around each harmonic. With a Lorentzian jitter spectrum, it is a sum of several Lorentzian spectra, a summation that has a 1/f/sup 4/ shape at far-out frequencies. With a combination of the two, it has 1/f/sup 4/ and 1/f/sup 2/ shapes at close-in and far-out frequencies, respectively. In all cases, the phase noise at the center frequency and the total signal power are both finite. These findings will improve our understanding of phase noise and will facilitate the calculation of phase noise using time- domain jitter analysis.     

Two‐Microphone Generalized Sidelobe Canceller with Post‐Filter Based Speech Enhancement in Composite Noise

This paper describes an algorithm to suppress composite noise in a two‐microphone speech enhancement system for robust hands‐free speech communication. The proposed algorithm has four stages. The first stage estimates the power spectral density of the residual stationary noise, which is based on the detection of nonstationary signal‐dominant time‐frequency bins (TFBs) at the generalized sidelobe canceller output. Second, speech‐dominant TFBs are identified among the previously detected nonstationary signal‐dominant TFBs, and power spectral densities of speech and residual nonstationary noise are estimated. In the final stage, the bin‐wise output signal‐to‐noise ratio is obtained with these power estimates and a Wiener post‐filter is constructed to attenuate the residual noise. Compared to the conventional beamforming and post‐filter algorithms, the proposed speech enhancement algorithm shows significant performance improvement in terms of perceptual evaluation of speech quality.     

Analysis of spectral characteristics of a superconducting integrated receiver

Frequency down-conversion of a received signal in an integrated receiver with a superconducting heterodyne oscillator is simulated. The effect of the nonideal heterodyne spectrum on the transformation is assessed. The possibility of elimination of distortions introduced by the heterodyne in the course of the input spectrum reconstruction is investigated. A new method for signal spectrum reconstruction is proposed and studied. The effect of noise at the receiver output on the reconstructed spectrum of the original signal is studied. The requirements for the heterodyne spectral parameters providing for the necessary accuracy of reconstruction are determined.     

Optimization of pump and signal powers for wavelength converters based on FWM in semiconductor optical amplifiers

We investigate the effect of input pump and signal powers on the noise performance and intersymbol interference (ISI) in a frequency-converter based on four-wave mixing (FWM) in a semiconductor optical amplifier. We demonstrate that there is an input pump power at which the noise figure of the frequency converter is a minimum, and a corresponding input signal power for which the output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is a maximum. We report bit-error-rate measurements which show that there is a trade-off between maximizing the output SNR, and minimizing intersymbol interference in the SOA. Consequently, the power penalty incurred in the frequency conversion can be minimized by careful selection of the input signal power. We show that power penalties of less than 1 dB are achievable.     

Cyclostationary noise analysis of large RF circuits with multitoneexcitations

This paper introduces a new, efficient technique for analyzing noise in large RF circuits subjected to true multitone excitations. Noise statistics in such circuits are time-varying, hence cyclostationary stochastic processes, characterized by harmonic power spectral densities (HPSDs), are used to describe noise. HPSDs are used to devise a harmonic-balance-based noise algorithm with the property that required computational resources grow almost linearly with circuit size and nonlinearity. Device noises with arbitrary spectra (including thermal, shot, and flicker noises) are handled, and input and output correlations, as well as individual device contributions, can be calculated. HPSD-based analysis is also used to establish the nonintuitive result that bandpass filtering of cyclostationary noise can result in stationary noise. Results from the new method are validated against Monte Carlo simulations. A large RF integrated circuit (>300 nodes) driven by a local oscillator (LO) tone and a strong RF signal is analyzed in less than two hours. The analysis predicts correctly that the presence of the RF tone leads to noise folding, affecting the circuit's noise performance significantly     

Cost Effective, Versatile, High Performance, Spectral Analysis in a Synthetic Instrument

This paper described a versatile block of signal conditioning options that process raw data samples from the A/D converter and deliver a filtered and resampled version of those data samples to a conventional FFT based spectrum analyzer. The conditioning performs a number of important processing functions. These include spectral translation to baseband, noise bandwidth reduction to signal bandwidth, and arbitrary resampling to obtain specified spectral spacing with available sized FFTs. The versatility of an FPGA based processor and signal conditioning block enables the use of the signal conditioner blocks to align sample rate with transform sizes without the need to vary input sample clock rate or the cut off bandwidth of analog anti-alias filters in the signal path. A straw man set of specifications for the spectrum analyzer was proposed and used as the basis of the simulations presented in this paper. The processing described here reflects the great versatility and flexibility available to the system designer. Broader bandwidths and greater dynamic range options can be quickly accommodated in the architecture presented here.