高温超导磁体的一种失超判别方法

高温超导同步电动机转子上的Bi2223／Ag带高温超导磁体,其结构特殊,且工作在旋转状态,必然给其失超信号的检测提出新的问题。试验表明,为快速、准确检测到失超信号,仅用经验失超判据Ec=1μV／cm是不够的。为此,通过对试验数据的分析提出dv／dt失超判别方法。此方法从磁体的电压一电流特性入手,根据每个励磁阶段的电压变化情况,设置相应的电压变化率的阈值。     

Detecting and describing the inhomogeneity of critical current in practical long HTS tapes using contact-free method

The nondestructive and contact-free apparatus for measuring local critical current of long high temperature superconducting (HTS) tapes is presented. The local critical current of tape is acquired by using Hall probe array sensor to measure the remanent field after exposed to dc external magnetic field since the critical current is proportional to remanent field based on Bean critical state model. A detailed experiment on multifilamentary Bi2223/Ag tape is made to validate reproducibility, reliability, resolution, nondestructiveness and usefulness for manufacturer and user of tapes. The parameter COV (coefficient of critical current variation) is suggested for quantitatively describing the inhomogeneity and quality of practical long HTS tape based on Gaussian statistical analysis. The developed apparatus can detect HTS tape at velocity of 100 m/h with resolution smaller than 3 mm in liquid nitrogen.     

Fundamental performance of novel power supply for HTS magnet using solar energy system

A technical fusion is an important option to establish renewal development in the mutual fields. We have proposed a novel superconducting power supply that is combined with superconducting power supply and solar energy system. An eternal electric energy can be converted by solar energy system, which contains solar panel, photovoltaic (PV) controller and energy-storing battery, can be utilized in the utility power of superconducting power applications. The novel power supply could operate without external utility power to charge the HTS load magnet due to the solar energy. We can improve the operating efficiency and install it in remote locations where utility power is not available. In this paper, as a first step of this work, we showed the possibility of technical fusion between a superconducting power supply and a solar energy system.     

双陶瓷层热障涂层的隔热行为有限元模拟研究

基于热传导、热对流和热辐射理论建立了双陶瓷层热障涂层不透明和半透明物理模型,采用有限元ANSYS软件模拟了稳态温度场。结果表明双陶瓷层在不透明时,随总厚度或顶层厚度增加,顶层上表面温度近似线性增加,第2层和粘结层上表面温度近似线性降低。在陶瓷层半透明条件下,衰减系数对各层温度有一定影响。在衰减系数很大时,各层温度与不透明情况类似;在衰减系数较小时,顶层上表面温度略低于不透明时,第2层上表面温度略高于不透明时,粘结层上表面温度先快速后缓慢降低并保持不变,且远高于不透明时,界面反射能降低各层温度。     

高温电连接器有限元热分析与接触件插拔试验

针对高温电连接器在高温环境下工作,在规定时间内能否保证接触件可靠接触问题,建立其三维仿真模型,利用有限元软件对外界不同高温环境下电连接器的温度场进行仿真分析,得到其内部插针、插孔接触部位温度最高值处随时间的温度变化规律,并利用电磁加热装置和热电偶测试不同温度环境下该接触处随时间变化的温度,从而验证了有限元热分析的正确性.通过灵敏度分析确定了导热系数是影响该接触处温度的主要性能参数.考虑该性能参数的随机性,运用六西格玛设计准则和拉丁超立方体抽样方法得到了接触处的温度服从正态分布.在不同温度环境下对接触件进行插拔力测试,得到了接触件插入力稳定值与温度的关系,得出接触件能满足接触工作要求的临界温度值,并据此计算出高温电连接器的接触可靠度.     

Finite element dynamic stability analysis of laminated composite skew plates containing cutouts based on HSDT

The finite element dynamic stability analysis of laminated composite skew structures subjected to in-plane pulsating forces is carried out based on the higher-order shear deformation theory (HSDT). The two boundaries of the instability regions are determined using the method proposed by Bolotin. The numerical results obtained for square and skew plates with or without central cutout are in good agreement with those reported by other investigators. The new results for laminated skew plate structures containing cutout in this study mainly show the effect of the interactions between the skew angle and other various parameters, for example, cutout size, the fiber angle of layer and thickness-to-length ratio. The effect of the magnitude of the periodic in-plane load on the dynamic instability index is also investigated.     

圆板状SiC/C功能梯度材料残余热应力特征有限元分析

功能梯度材料残余热应力的大小及分布对其性能有效发挥及长期稳定使用有着较大的负面影响,为了尽可能充分发挥材料性能,增加材料的使用寿命,需尽可能减小残余应力以及使其合理分布.本文采用ANSYS有限元分析软件对不同叠层工艺参数的等离子体第一壁候选材料--SiC/C功能梯度材料(FGM)的残余热应力进行了数值模拟,获得了使热应力有效缓和的较适宜的工艺参数,对实际研发制备目标材料也可提供一些理论参照.相关结果表明,适量增加梯度叠层数及中间梯度层厚度可逐步有效缓和残余热应力,同时,针对本文今后应用的仍以炭材料为主体的炭基陶瓷保护层复合SiC/C FGM而言,纯SiC层厚度应取较小值,而叠层成分分布指数应取0.8～1.0为宜.     

Finite element simulation of the braiding process for arbitrary mandrel shapes

An approach to simulate the two-dimensional braiding process using a commercial explicit finite element software is presented. Preforms with generic shapes are analyzed. A procedure is given to determine the boundary conditions of the braiding mandrel including the extraction of necessary geometry information. The friction coefficients needed as input parameters are determined in separate tests. The simulation results are processed with an algorithm that derives the braiding angle and the axial spacing of the yarns. For validation, a generic mandrel geometry is overbraided and a method to compare simulation and experiment is presented. The preform is analyzed using an optical sensor. The measurements are filtered and averaged. The simulation model is validated by comparing the braiding angle of simulation and experiment. A good agreement between simulation and experimental results is achieved.     

Elaboration, by tape casting, and thermal characterization of a solid oxide fuel half-cell for low temperature applications

In the past years, a major interest has been devoted to decrease the working temperature of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) down to about 700 °C. In this respect, materials with a high ionic conduction at intermediate temperature have to be found and the processes to elaborate fuel cells, using these new materials, have to be developed.Apatite materials (La_10−xSr_x(SiO₄)₆O_2±δ) are attractive candidates for solid electrolyte working at intermediate temperature. The ceramic powder was produced by solid state reaction and was tape cast to obtain green sheets.Concerning the cathode, a perovskite oxide (La_1−xSr_xMn_1−yCo_yO_3−δ) has been chosen. The perovskite powder was also shaped by tape casting with the introduction of a pore forming agent (corn-starch) to obtain the required porosity in the sintered cathode.The co-firing of the electrolyte/cathode half-cell in air at 1400 °C-2 h gives a flat sample with a dense apatite (98.2%), a 42.7% porous cathode and neither delamination nor chemical reactivity between electrolyte and cathode materials.The dimensional behaviour of the electrolyte material is stable for an oxygen partial pressure ranging from 10⁻¹⁰ to 0.21 atmosphere, from room temperature to 700 °C. The thermal expansion coefficients of the electrolyte and cathode materials are rather close (Δα = 2.8 × 10⁻⁶ K⁻¹) under air.     

三维全五向编织复合材料弹性性能及热物理性能的有限元分析

在三维全五向(Q5D)编织复合材料细观结构模型的基础上,建立了其单胞参数化有限元模型.通过施加合理的边界条件,计算得到了Q5D编织复合材料的弹性常数、热传导系数和热膨胀系数,所得结果与现有的实验数据吻合较好.在此基础上,深入研究了纤维体积分数、编织角等工艺参数对材料弹性性能和热物理性能的影响规律,并将计算结果与三维四向(4D)和三维五向(5D)编织复合材料的相应结果进行了对比.结果表明,Q5D编织复合材料具有较好的力学性能和纵向导热性能,其零膨胀结构的可设计性更强,为进一步研究此种结构材料的强度问题和热力耦合问题奠定了基础.     

Finite element analysis of sandwich panels with stepwise graded aluminum honeycomb cores under blast loading

This paper presents details and brief results of an experimental investigation on the response of metallic sandwich panels with stepwise graded aluminum honeycomb cores under blast loading. Based on the experiments, corresponding finite element simulations have been undertaken using the LS-DYNA software. It is observed that the core compression stage was coupled with the fluid–structure interaction stage, and the compression of the core layer decreased from the central to the peripheral zone. The blast resistance capability of sandwich panels was moderately sensitive to the core relative density and graded distribution. For the graded panels with relative density descending core arrangement, the core plastic energy dissipation and the transmitted force attenuation were larger than that of the ungraded ones under the same loading condition. The graded sandwich panels, especially for relative density descending core arrangement, would display a better blast resistance than the ungraded ones at a specific loading region.     

Formulation and assessment of an enhanced finite element procedure for the analysis of delamination growth phenomena in composite structures

An existing procedure based on the combined use of the Virtual Crack Closure Technique and of a fail release approach for the analysis of delamination growth phenomena in composite structures has been enhanced with a front-tracing algorithm and suitable expressions for the evaluation of the Strain Energy Release Rate when dealing with non-smoothed delamination fronts. The enhanced procedure has been implemented into a commercial finite element software by means of user subroutines and applied to the analysis of a composite stiffened panel with an embedded delamination under compressive load. The effectiveness and robustness of the enhanced procedure have been assessed by comparing literature experimental data and numerical results obtained by using different mesh densities in the damaged area (global/local approach).     

三维全五向编织复合材料弹性性能及热物理性能的有限元分析

在三维全五向(Q5D)编织复合材料细观结构模型的基础上, 建立了其单胞参数化有限元模型。通过施加合理的边界条件, 计算得到了Q5D编织复合材料的弹性常数、 热传导系数和热膨胀系数, 所得结果与现有的实验数据吻合较好。在此基础上, 深入研究了纤维体积分数、 编织角等工艺参数对材料弹性性能和热物理性能的影响规律, 并将计算结果与三维四向(4D)和三维五向(5D)编织复合材料的相应结果进行了对比。结果表明, Q5D编织复合材料具有较好的力学性能和纵向导热性能, 其零膨胀结构的可设计性更强, 为进一步研究此种结构材料的强度问题和热力耦合问题奠定了基础。     

Finite element implementation of thermal weight function method for calculating transient SIFs of a body subjected to thermal shock

The thermal weight function (TWF) is a universal function, which is dependent only on the crack configuration and body geometry, and is independent of temperature fields. The TWF method is especially suitable for determining the variation of transient stress intensity factors (SIFs) of a cracked body subjected to thermal shock. TWF is independent of time during thermal shock, so the whole variation of transient SIFs can be directly calculated through integration of the products of TWF and transient temperatures and temperature gradients. The repeated determinations of the distributions of stresses (or displacements) fields for individual time instants are thus avoided in the TWF method, which are necessary when the direct method through analyses of thermo-elasticity or the mechanical weight function (MWF) method is applied. The finite element implementation of the TWF method for Mode I in plane stress, plane strain and axisymmetric problems are presented in this paper. In the TWF method, the integration should be carried out around the boundary as well as over the whole volume. So, it is a practical and useful way to develop an integrated system of programs for solving the thermal shock problems by means of the TWF method, which has been developed by authors. Examples show that the scheme shown in this paper is of very high efficiency and of good accuracy.     

Finite element modeling of lamb wave propagation in anisotropic hybrid materials

A finite element approach for modeling of acoustic emission sources and signal propagation in hybrid multi-layered plates is presented. Modeling results are validated by Laser vibrometer measurements and comparison to calculated dispersion curves. We investigate hybrid plates as typically found in composite pressure vessels, composed of fiber reinforced polymers with arbitrary stacking sequences and attached metal or polymer materials. Hybrid plate thickness, the ratio between anisotropic and isotropic materials and material properties are varied. Lamb-wave propagation in a geometry representative of a pressure vessel is modeled. It is demonstrated, that acoustic emission sources in multi-layered structures can cause Lamb-waves superimposed by guided waves within the individual layers.     

Structurally stitched NCF CFRP laminates. Part 2: Finite element unit cell based prediction of in-plane strength

Based on experimental investigations on structurally stitched non-crimp fabric (NCF) carbon fiber/epoxy laminates under in-plane tension, compression and shear loading [1], a finite element based unit cell model was developed to estimate the in-plane strength of NCF laminates taking into consideration the yarn diameter, the stitching pattern and direction as well as the load type. Depending on these parameters, regions with undisturbed and disturbed fiber orientations leading to resin pockets as well as local changes of the fiber volume fraction are taken into account in the model.The comparison of experimental and numerical results showed that the strength of structurally stitched NCF laminates under in-plane tension, compression or shear loading can be predicted with an acceptable accuracy. The overall mean deviation between simulation and experiment observed was between 8% and 13%.     

Influence of thermal conditions on the combustion synthesis of Si2N2O phase

This work is a contribution to the study of Si₂N₂O synthesis via Self-Propagating High-temperature Synthesis (SHS).The elaboration of Si₂N₂O was carried out using two kinds of experimental equipments and differences both in reaction temperatures and in products compositions were evidenced.In order to determine the reaction mechanisms, several compositions and thermal conditions of the reactant mixture were studied.Considering our results, two kinds of reaction mechanisms for the combustion synthesis of Si₂N₂O could be suggested. Furthermore, the results previously reported in the literature have been explained in the light of this work.The SHS samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Their quantitative compositions were determined by Rietveld refinement.     

Finite element modeling of ballistic impact on multi-layer Kevlar 49 fabrics

This paper presents a material model suitable for simulating the behavior of dry fabrics subjected to ballistic impact. The developed material model is implemented in a commercial explicit finite element (FE) software LS-DYNA through a user defined material subroutine (UMAT). The constitutive model is developed using data from uniaxial quasi-static and high strain rate tension tests, picture frame tests and friction tests. Different finite element modeling schemes using shell finite elements are used to study efficiency and accuracy issues. First, single FE layer (SL) and multiple FE layers (ML) were used to simulate the ballistic tests conducted at NASA Glenn Research Center (NASA-GRC). Second, in the multiple layer configuration, a new modeling approach called Spiral Modeling Scheme (SMS) was tried and compared to the existing Concentric Modeling Scheme (CMS). Regression analyses were used to fill missing experimental data – the shear properties of the fabric, damping coefficient and the parameters used in Cowper-Symonds (CS) model which account for strain rate effect on material properties, in order to achieve close match between FE simulations and experimental data. The difference in absorbed energy by the fabric after impact, displacement of fabric near point of impact, and extent of damage were used as metrics for evaluating the material model. In addition, the ballistic limits of the multi-layer fabrics for various configurations were also determined.     

Finite element model for compression after impact behaviour of stitched composites

A finite element (FE) model using coupling continuum shell elements and cohesive elements is proposed to simulate the compression after impact (CAI) behaviour and predict the CAI strength of stitched composites. Continuum shell elements with Hashin failure criterion exhibit the composite laminate damage behaviour; whilst cohesive elements using traction-separation law characterise the laminate interfaces. Impact-induced delamination is explicitly modelled by reducing material properties of damaged cohesive elements. Computational results have demonstrated the trend of increasing CAI strength with decreasing impact-induced delamination area. Spring elements are introduced into the model to represent through-thickness stitch thread in the composite laminates. Results in this study validate experimental finding that CAI strength is improved when stitching is incorporated into the composite structure. The proposed FE model reveals good CAI strength predictions and indicates good agreement with experimental results, making it a valuable tool for CAI strength prediction of stitched composites.     

Non-linear finite element analysis of inserts in composite sandwich structures

In aeronautics, sandwich structures are widely used for secondary structures like flaps, landing gear doors or commercial equipment. The technologies used to join these kinds of structures are numerous: direct bonding or joining, tapered areas, T-joints, etc. The most common is certainly the use of local reinforcement called an insert. The insert technologies are numerous and this study focuses on high load bearing capacity inserts. They were made with a resin moulded in the Nomex™ sandwich core. Such structures are still designed mainly empirically and the lack of efficient numerical models remains a problem. In this study, pull-out tests were conducted on a representative sample and the non-linearities and the types of failure were analysed. Core shear bucking, failures of the potting and perforation of the composites skins are the main modes of failure. For each mode, local experimental and numerical analysis was carried out that led to the identification of the independent non-linear behaviour of each component. Including the results in a global non-linear finite element model gave good prediction of the failure scenario and an acceptable correlation with the tests.