地下建筑文化漫谈

地下建筑的开发利用是本世纪建筑活动的一大特点,关注和研究地下建筑及其文化是建筑人面临的新课题。根据地下建筑的发展历史和特点,地下建筑文化可分为远古穴居文化、古代地宫文化、近代防御文化、现代地铁文化和当代地下城文化等几个不同的发展时期。随着地下空间开发力度的加大,地下建筑及其文化将在地下空间开发利用的实践中大放异彩。     

地下建筑可持续性设计方法——地下建筑自然通风设计研究

地下空间作为城市空间的一个整体,在城市发展的过程中起到越来越重要的作用,但是它相比于地面建筑也有其先天不足的方面。空气环境是困扰地下建筑发展的一个难题。为了改善地下建筑室内空气环境,大多采用机械通风的方式,这将使整个地下建筑中的运行能耗费用大幅度提高。在提倡可持续发展和生态建筑的今天,地下建筑的生态化和绿色化成为一个不可回避的话题。文章从地下建筑的自然通风可能性方面进行探讨,并充分借鉴地面建筑生态化方面的研究成果,提出相应的解决方案,研究形成一套地下建筑生态化自然通风的基本模式的可能性。     

General considerations in assessing the advantages of using underground space

The ITA Working Group No 13, “Direct and Indirect Advantages of Underground Structures”, has begun an analysis of the advantages of underground structures. In presenting some general considerations about the assessment of the advantages of underground space use, this report constitutes a general introduction for a series of reports treating several uses of underground space.     

The new underground planning map of the Netherlands: a feasibility study of the possibilities of the use of underground space

In 1998 a study was conducted in the Netherlands into the possibilities of a more large-scale and systematic use of the underground in the western part of the country, the so-called “Randstad”. It was intended to be a more focused sequel on a study conducted on the possible role that use of the underground could play for the whole of the Netherlands, the “Strategic Study on the utilization of underground space”. The study examined the possibilities of improving an idealized model of the future spatial development of the Randstad, that was preferred by the provinces comprising this Randstad, by using more extensively he underground space. Improvement meant an enlargement of the efficiency of the use of space and maintenance or enlargement of the spatial quality of the area. Societal, cost, groundwater and policy aspects were investigated. The study showed some remarkable results. Gains in available space up to 50% in specific areas seemed possible and, when costs of working and maintenance were taken into account, underground construction for several facilities was no more expensive than above ground construction, which contradicts a widely held belief in the Netherlands.     

Geomechanics in analysis and design of shallow underground structures (characteristics and problems)

The inclusion, in the journal "Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering," of the section "Underground Structures" reflects the interest of the engineering circles in the problems of design and development of projects in the underground space. In the section, material is published on construction of underground structures in the industrial, transport, energy, and other fields. Taking into account the traditional profile of the Journal and the professional interests of the greater mass of its readers, it is proposed to devote maximum attention in the future to material relating to geotechnical problems that arise during construction of shallow structures in the underground space of cities and industrial installations.The complex and multilevel nature of the technical problem of effective and ecologically sound development of the underground space calls for participation of specialists working in different fields of the applied and fundamental sciences. Hence, we will welcome proposals for new architectural-planning solutions for underground structures, methods for their reconstruction and engineering protection, and solutions of engineering-geologic, ecologic, and other problems relating to underground construction. One of the most important places in this connection should be assigned to geomechanical problems, whose correct formulation and solution is determined by reliable analysis and design of the underground structures as well as of the overground structures that interact with them. The opening article of this section is devoted to the characteristics of such problems.Translated from Osnovaniya, Fundamenty i Mekhanika Gruntov, No. 3, pp. 24–27, May–June, 1992.     

城市地下公共空间规划研究

以地铁站点、地下商业街等为代表的地下公共空间构成了地下空间系统的主体和骨架,引领着地下空间的功能建设和空间形态扩展,地下公共空间在地下空间规划中的核心地位得到越来越广泛的重视。对地下公共空间的内涵和特征进行研究,深入分析并提出地下空间规划的内容和方法。     

基于特征约束的地下空间一体化数据模型研究

地下空间的开发利用要求将地层和地下构筑物进行一体化建模.传统的地学建模方法仅面向地层建模,对地下构筑物考虑较少.基于特征约束的地下空间一体化数据模型将地层的钻孔数据约束和地下构筑物的设计参数约束统一为离散点的特征约束,运用边界表示法对地下空间进行一体化建模,从而将地层建模和地下构筑物建模统一起来,构成地下空间一体化数据模型.该数据模型将地下空间的属性数据和空间数据一体化存储,保证了属性数据和几何数据的关联性、一致性和完整性;另一方面,该数据模型将地下空间的几何信息和拓扑信息分开存储,有利于图形描述、几何特性计算和图形的高分辨率显示.作者阐述了这一模型的基本原理,并给出了数据结构.     

城市轨道交通沿线地下空间规划控制初探

近年来国家加大了对城市轨道交通的建设,沿线地下空间的规划控制日益迫切。结合工程项目实践,针对目前城市轨道交通沿线地下空间的规划控制遇到的一些问题,如地下空间产权、公共地下空间地面附属设施、地下空间之间的连接、地下空间实施时序等,进行一些初步探讨。     

现代城市建设对古建筑的影响与加固措施

以南京古城墙为例,分析古建筑基础的形式和特征;对南京古城墙的破坏进行形式分类和机理分析;分析在靠近或者穿越古建筑区的现代城市建设,如地下工程施工、基坑开挖和打桩等,对古建筑物的影响;提出对古建筑物的保护对策和加固措施。     

Mass occurrence of Penicillium corylophilum in crawl spaces, south Sweden

Buildings with crawl space foundations are looked upon as high-risk constructions with respect to mould growth, especially on the blind floor. This mould growth can be extensive and cover several square meters of the blind floor with potential health risks as a consequence.Mould occurrence and mould species diversity were investigated in a large small-house area in the south of Sweden, comprising 212 buildings. The crawl spaces were inspected and samples from the blind floor were taken. The relative humidity was measured and reached 80–100% for several consecutive months. Subsets of the samples were cultured and the fungi isolated were further analyzed by sequencing of the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region of nuclear ribosomal Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid (DNA). The results were compared with results from other, relevant studies and confirm that Penicillium corylophilum is the completely dominating mould species in crawl spaces. The occurrences could not be explained as accidental since the extensive occurrence in many dwellings had developed over several years.     

某电站地下厂房设计中的岩石力学问题

本文结合某地下工程实际,阐述了地下洞室位置和轴线的选择原则,用“有限元回归法”推测地应力场。通过对各种方案的洞室围岩稳定性的分析对比,总结了地下洞室设计中应注意的一些问题。最后提出了几个值得商榷的问题。     

Tunnel heritage in Spain: Roots of the underground

Spain has deep roots in the underground. The territory of myth and legend, of cave and tunnel, has existed in Spain since that ancient time overwhelmed with shreds of fog, where all was myth around heros like Túbal Hércules, Gárgoris and Abidis. The underground evokes strong links with life and death, light and darkness, and has served as a source of inspiration for art through the centuries. The history of tunnels in Spain reflects the mosaic of cultures that have inhabited Iberia from prehistoric times till today. This contribution on the subterranean History of Spain traces the country's heritage in the form of natural caves, troglodyte dwellings, mining, crypts, galleries in fortresses and castles, aqueducts, qanats, cellars, and other landmarks.     

《城市地下空间建设标准体系表》编制

开发利用地下空间资源是21世纪城市发展的趋势,随着我国城市地下空间开发类型多元化,地下工程建设量逐年增加,对各类工程建设规范和标准的需求也日益迫切。在全面分析国内外技术和标准发展现状和趋势的基础上,综述《城市地下空间建设标准体系表》的体系分层思路;着重叙述《城市地下空间建设标准体系表》的体系构架总图和各层次上标准的分布与组成;构建编制一个结构优化、层次清晰、数量合理的《城市地下空间建设标准体系表》。     

Construction, storage capacity and economics of an underground warehousing – logistics center in Athens, Greece

Interest in underground development is gaining ground in Greece, particularly in Athens, and is driven mainly by the sorely high land prices and the lack of adequate surface space. This paper focuses on the design of an underground Warehousing – Logistics Center (WLC) in the wider metropolitan area of Athens; the center is developed using the room and pillar mining method. The main concept of the paper is that creating an underground space that can host a particular use is not enough, especially in countries attempting their first steps in underground development. The key point is to prove that such underground facilities can be as functional as a respective surface one and at the same time be economically competitive. Based on this, the underground WLC's layout, storage capacity and operational issues were thoroughly examined. The paper provides cost data regarding the construction cost, as well as the development cost. Furthermore, the project was evaluated by means of an investment plan using the NPV and IRR criteria taking into account the selling of the produced aggregates on the market. The results of the analysis not only underline the feasibility of the plan, but also render it a very attractive investment.     

Use of seasonally freezing heave-prone soils as beds for underground structures

Results are cited for field investigations of the deformation of underground tunnels constructed in vigorously heaving soils in Omsk. A design scheme is proposed for tunnels subject to nonuniform frost heaving over the length of their foundation beds. The feasibility and economy of using backfill as foundation beds during installation of underground structures are demonstrated.Translated from Osnovaniya, Fundamenty i Mekhanika Gruntov, No. 1, pp. 26–29, January–February, 2005.     

Study on the effect of a new construction method for a large span metro underground station in Tabriz-Iran

A method for construction of large underground spaces based on a new pre-supporting system is introduced. In this paper Mansour Station, in Line 1 of Tabriz Metro (Tabriz Urban Railway Organization, TURO); Iran has been studied using this method. Mansour Station have some special characteristics such as shallow depth, soft surrounding soil, wide span and heavy street traffic, thus requires a method of underground construction that can control the stability of the underground space and the ground settlement. This method includes a pre-supporting system that is called Concrete Arch Pre-supporting System (CAPS). Construction of CAPS is mainly based on construction method of old Iranian small water tunnels, Quanat, which is generally fast and more economical than usual methods such as forepoling. CAPS is a rib like underground structure consists of concrete piles and arch beams constructed around a proposed underground space prior to its constructions. This method has been utilized in several underground stations in Tehran Metro since 2002 and can be used for any large span underground spaces in similar ground conditions. Numerical modeling is used to simulate all the construction stages and analyze the ground behavior. The results of the modeling show that CAPS reduces the ground surface settlement and enhances the ground stability. Dimension of arch beams and their spacing has also notable effect on the ground deformation.     

3D GIS在城市地下空间规划中的应用

我国城市地下空间开发迅猛发展,由于地下空间利用具有难恢复、难预算等特点,地下空间规划日益受到重视。但是传统二维规划技术很难用以描述地下复杂地质环境等三维空间信息,而三维GIS技术可以较好地解决这一问题。在分析城市地下空间规划内容的基础上,对三维GIS技术及其在地下空间规划中可发挥的作用加以阐述,提出了基于三维GIS的地下空间规划三维辅助信息系统总体设计,重点探讨其体系结构和子系统集成方案。     

Subterranean space use in Cappadocia: The Uchisar example

Globalization enabled people to learn about the world in which they live in than ever before in the past. Today’s global culture is determined by a rapidly growing communication network and advancing technologies. As a consequence, sustainability of local natural environments and cultural heritages becomes a global issue, while local sites become learning grounds for global communities. As one of the best example of man’s symbiotic relationship with nature Cappadocia, located in Central Anatolia, offers many possibilities and lessons for underground habitation. This paper aims to discuss the ancient settlement of Uchisar in Cappadocia unique for its creative subterranean space use. The focal points of discussion are physical geography, dominating residential patterns of underground space use and potentials for integrating innovative techniques of documentation and fortification for the sustainability of the existing residential tissue.     

解析城市中心区地下空间一体化设计

从城市设计角度解析城市中心区地下空间的形态营造,着重从系统化、立体化、人性化三方面探讨如何进行城市中心区地下空间一体化设计.提出了从地下交通组织系统化,地下交通换乘站点立体化和地下空间环境设计人性化三方面来实现地下空间一体化,从而建立一个充满人文关怀的城市形象.最后指出地下空间的开发建设实质上是城市与地下建筑的一体化设计,让地下空间系统融于整个城市环境中,实现人、城市、建筑的三者合一.     

福州火车站站前地下广场建筑设计

本文通过福州火车站站前地下广场工程建筑设计实践,论述了在地下空间建设复杂的交通枢纽及综合商业建筑工程的可能性和现实意义。