Crosstalk reduction in N×N WDM multi/demultiplexers bycascading small arrayed waveguide gratings (AWG's)

This paper shows a new scheme which improves the crosstalk performance of large optical multi/demultiplexers, a key component in wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) systems. This scheme uses arrayed waveguide gratings (AWG's) of various sizes and requires no additional equipment. It is well known that a large multi/demultiplexer can be constructed by cascading small multi/demultiplexers. We have studied the impact of the number and size of AWG stages on crosstalk performance. This paper proves that to obtain a multistage multi/demultiplexer with minimum crosstalk, the total channel number of each AWG stage must be minimized. For example, cascading 10-channel AWG's and 11-channel AWG's improves the crosstalk performance of a 110-channel multi/demultiplexer by about 7.5 dB. Furthermore, the crosstalk performance degradation due to fabrication error is theoretically investigated taking channel bandwidth into account. Optimum design parameters of multistage AWG's are introduced: When the AWG suppression ratio is 30 dB and the ratio of channel bandwidth to channel spacing is about 0.24, the degradation in crosstalk performance due to fabrication error is minimized. The tradeoff between the crosstalk performance and the efficiency in terms of hardware and wavelength are also discussed. It is discovered that this simple scheme can yield a crosstalk-free WDM router. Crosstalk reduction obtained by this scheme allows the realization of flexible multiwavelength networks based on wavelength routing     

Measurement of slowly varying component in phase error distribution of a large-channel-spacing arrayed-waveguide grating

It has been difficult to measure the phase error distribution of a large-channel-spacing arrayed-waveguide grating (AWG) with optical low coherence interferometry (OLCI). In this reported work OLCI was successfully used to measure the slowly varying component in the distribution of a 1 THz-spaced AWG that was the primary filter in an ultra-high-density multi/demultiplexer. The spectral sidelobe of the AWG can be reduced by using the component to achieve the lowest possible accumulated crosstalk in the multi/demultiplexer.     

Performance of Waveband MUX/DEMUX Using Concatenated AWGs

Recently, we proposed a new waveband multi/demultiplexer that uses two concatenated arrayed-waveguide gratings. We fabricate the device using silica planar lightwave circuit technology and experimentally confirm its feasibility. The device was designed to accommodate 40 100-GHz-spaced C-band channels on the ITU-T grid and six input fibers simultaneously, that is, one chip can support 240 channels.     

阵列波导光栅复用/解复用器焦场的分析及光栅孔径对器件串扰影响的数值分析

利用脉冲响应函数方法,分析计算了阵列波导光栅(AWG)中的焦场分布,得到信号串扰值与AWG孔径以及波导间距的关系。方法简便可行,物理意义鲜明。     

Analysis of Optical Signal Transmission Characteristics in AWG Multi/Demultiplexer with Electromagnetic Field Theory

Based on the electromagnetic field theory, the optical signal transmission characteristics in input/output waveguides, slab waveguides and arrayed waveguides of the arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) multi/demultiplexer are analyzed. The relationship between the physical parameters such as geometry sizes and relative refractive index in AWG multi/demultiplexer and the optical signal transmission characteristics are discussed. This theoretical study can be used for optimizing the design and improving the performance of the AWG multi/demultiplexer.     

Analysis of Optical Singal Transmission Characteristics in AWG Multi/Demultiplexer with Electromagnetic Field Theory

Based on the electromagnetic field theory,the optical signal transmission characteristics in input/output waveguides,slab waveguides and arrayed waveguides of the arrayed waveguide grating(AWG) multi/demultiplexer are analyzed.The relationship between the physical parameters such as geometry sizes and relative refractive index in AWG multi/demultiplexer and the optical signal transmission characteristics are discussed.This theoretical study can be used for optimizing the design and improving the performance of the AWG multi/demultiplexer.     

基于SOI材料的偏振不敏感的阵列波导光栅

阵列波导光栅(AWG Arrayed Waveguide Grating)是实现多通道密集波分复用(DWDM Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)光网络的理想器件,偏振敏感性是它的一个重要性能指标。本文针对SOI材料的阵列波导光栅,分析了如何采用特殊的波导结构来减小它的偏振相关性,并对16通道、间隔为0．8nm的AWG解复用器进行了计算,结果表明其偏振敏感性低于0．06nm。     

Measurement of phase and amplitude error distributions in InP-basedarrayed-waveguide grating multi/demultiplexers

The authors have measured the phase and amplitude error distributions in an InP-based arrayed-waveguide grating (AWG) multi/demultiplexer using Fourier transform spectroscopy and signal data processing. The signal data processing technique was based on wavenumber scale transformation and was applied to reduce the effect of second-order dispersion in a measured interferogram. The results reveal that the main origins of the crosstalk and dispersion in an InP-based AWG are random and slowly-varying phase errors, respectively     

Crosstalk reduction in arrayed-waveguide grating multiplexer/demultiplexer using cascade connection

This paper proposes a cascade-connected arrayed-waveguide grating (AWG) as a solution to the problem of crosstalk accumulation in a large-scale AWG multiplexer/demultiplexer (MUX/DEMUX) and demonstrates a 64-channel cascaded AWG module with a very low background crosstalk of less than -80 dB and a total crosstalk of about -34 dB. In this paper, the authors densely integrate 64 additional compactly designed crosstalk-suppressing AWGs whose bandwidths were carefully optimized and directly attach them to a conventional 64-channel AWG. Consequently, in addition to a very low crosstalk, a low insertion loss and a compact size without passband shape distortion are achieved with this module. Based on the performance of the cascaded AWG module, it is then estimated that it is possible to realize a 1000-channel AWG MUX/DEMUX that is free from the problem of crosstalk accumulation.     

相位误差对AWG波分复用器非相邻通道串扰影响的分析

分析了工艺制作过程中引入的阵列波导相位误差以及由其所引起的非相邻通道间串扰性能的劣化,给出了相应的分析公式.利用该公式,可以简捷地分析所设计的AWG型器件的非相邻通道串扰水平,为优化AWG型器件的设计提供依据.     

Transport performance in optical path cross-connect systememploying unequally spaced channel allocation

The transmission performance of an optical path cross-connect (OPXC) system employing unequally spaced channel allocation is evaluated. Four-wave mixing (FWM) light is generated at a different wavelength from all other signal lights when unequally spaced channel allocation is employed in the OPXC system. This evaluation shows that FWM light degrades the transmission performance because the received FWM light power is added to the signal and closes the eye aperture of the signal. The FWM light is rejected by the employed demultiplexer when the full-width at the half maximum (FWHM) of the demultiplexer is reduced. The FWHM of the demultiplexer should be designed in order to minimize the transmission performance degradation caused by the FWM crosstalk. The FWHM of the arrayed-waveguide-grating (AWG) demultiplexer that is developed for the OPXC system is 0.6 nm, and a 400 km transmission with optical path cross-connections is successfully completed in a 4×4 OPXC system test-bed employing unequal channel spacing with a 10 GHz frequency slot, i.e., the minimum frequency separation between signal light and FWM light. Further reduction in the FWM crosstalk is required for the OPXC system in order to support longer distances between nodes. The distance of 120 km ×5 requires that the frequency slot is increased to 30 GHz and the FWHM of the AWG demultiplexer is 0.3 nm     

8通道-1.6nm Si纳米线阵列波导光栅的设计与制作

设计了基于绝缘层上硅(SOI)材料的8通道Si纳米线阵列波导光栅(AWG),器件的通道间隔为1.6nm,面积为420μm×130μm。利用传输函数法模拟了器件传输谱,结果表明,器件的通道间隔为1.6nm,通道间串扰为17dB。给出了结合电子束光刻(EBL)和感应耦合等离子(ICP)刻蚀技术制备器件的详细流程。光谱测试结果分析表明,器件通道间隔为1.3～1.6nm,通道串扰为3dB,中心通道损耗为11.6dB。     

阵列波导光栅复用/解复用器研究进展

综述了阵列波导光栅(AWG)复用/解复用器的最新研究进展,并对该种器件的前景进行了展望.     

Optimization of a 1 × 8 Arrayed-Waveguide Grating Multi/Demultiplexer

Using transmission function and diffraction loss function, the crosstalk, diffraction loss and non-uniformity of the 1 × 8 arrayed-waveguide grating multi/demultiplexer are simulated and values of 2M-+-1 and width of the tapered waveguide are optimized. The simulation results verify that the device we've designed has high performance.     

Low-crosstalk 10-GHz-spaced 512-channel arrayed-waveguide gratingmulti/demultiplexer fabricated on a 4-in wafer

We report a 10-GHz-spaced 512-channel arrayed-waveguide grating (AWG) multi/demultiplexer fabricated on a 4-in wafer. We achieved this by folding the 7-cm-long slab waveguides of a conventionally configured AWG, so that the whole configuration was contained in the wafer and then attached reflecting mirrors at the folded parts. Phase compensation of the fabricated AWG was performed by means of ultraviolet irradiation through a metal mask     

阵列波导光栅复用器优化设计的数值计算

阵列波导光栅(AWG)复用／解复用器的优化设计计算是集成光波导器件设计计算中的难点．文章应用AWG光信号传输特性和光栅方程，提出了AWG组成部分输入／输出波导、阵列波导、平板波导相关参数及阵列波导结构优化设计的数值计算方法，给出了具体的计算数值；该计算方法解决了AWG复用器优化设计计算的问题，为进一步建立AWG的计算机辅助设计提供了基础．     

由5个AWG组成的600个通道的光波分复用器

本文介绍了有 6 0 0个通道、通道间隔为 2 5 GHz的光波分复用器。该波分复用器是由 1个 8通道间隔为 1.875 THz的母阵列波导光栅 (AWG)和 4个 12 8× 12 8的通道间隔为 2 5 GHz的子阵列波导光栅级联而成的。这种设计因为其体积小而在超密集的波分复用器的发展中更富有竞争力     

50-GHz-Spacing Athermal Mach–Zehnder Interferometer-Synchronized Arrayed-Waveguide Grating With Improved Temperature Insensitivity

We describe a technique designed to compensate for the residual temperature sensitivity of an athermal silica-based arrayed-waveguide grating (AWG) and its application to a 50-GHz-spacing multi/demultiplexer with a low loss and a wide passband. The device has a Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI)-synchronized configuration, in which the AWG and the MZI are athermalized with resin-filled grooves. The point is that we employ a temperature-dependent phase-generating coupler (TD-PGC) in the MZI to compensate for the second-order temperature dependence of the AWG passband wavelength. The fabricated device exhibits practical characteristics including a low loss of less than 3.5 dB and a wide 0.5-dB bandwidth of 24.1 GHz as well as a reduced wavelength variation of less than 10 pm in a ${-}$ 5 $^{circ}hbox{C}$ to 65 $^{circ}hbox{C}$ temperature range.      

Proposal for a novel and simple WDM NRZ-DPSK system

A novel and simple non-return-to-zero differential phase shift keying (NRZ-DPSK) wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) system, which can simultaneously demultiplex and demodulate multiple wavelengths, is proposed and investigated in this paper.The phase-to-intensity demodulation principle is based on detuned filtering, which is achieved by using a single commercial array waveguide grating (AWG) in our scheme.By properly choosing appropriate AWG channels at the transmitter, the AWG at the receiver can act as both the demultiplexer and the demodulator of the DPSK signals.Simulations at 10, 20, and 40 Gbit/s show good flexibility and performance for the proposed system.     

Si纳米线阵列波导光栅制备

采用绝缘层上Si(SOI)材料设计制备了3×5纳米线阵列波导光栅(AWG),器件大小为110μm×100μm。利用简单传输法模拟了器件的传输谱,并采用二维时域有限差分(FDTD)模拟中心通道输出光场的稳态分布,模拟结果表明,器件的通道间隔为11 nm,通道间的串扰为18 dB。通过电子束曝光(EBL)和感应耦合等离子(ICP)刻蚀制备了所设计的器件,光输出谱测试分析表明,器件中心通道的片上损耗为9 dB,通道间隔为8.36～10.40 nm,中心输出通道的串扰为6 dB。在误差允许范围内,设计和测试的结果一致。