A method of temperature monitoring in fluid film bearings

In the present paper a method to improve temperature monitoring of fluid film bearings is described. The method is tested in an industrial tilting pad thrust bearing. Test results for steady state and transient operating conditions are reported. Temperatures monitored by a thermocouple through the utilisation of the proposed method are compared to those measured by thermocouples in the pad backing and in the collar. The method is also tested on a PTFE-faced bearing. Test results show that the proposed method improves sensitivity to thermal transients in conventional babbitted bearings and provides adequate means of temperature monitoring in the PTFE-faced bearings.     

PTFE瓦与巴氏合金瓦推力轴承热弹流特性的对比分析

采用热弹流润滑模型对比分析PTFE瓦和巴氏合金瓦推力轴承的润滑特性。计算结果表明,采用PTFE瓦后,推力轴承中油膜的最高压力得到有效降低,油膜压力分布更加均匀,推力轴承中润滑油膜温升会提高;推力瓦瓦体的温度会大幅度下降,其整体热变形也会相应减小;适当加工推力瓦进、出油边的楔形面,可以有效提高最小润滑油膜厚度;油膜入口区域的回流现象将减弱甚至可能消失;必需润滑油量得以降低,轴承的润滑损耗减小。     

推力瓦热瞬态变形机理及抑制方法研究

针对核主泵水润滑推力轴承在事故工况下的热瞬态过程,建立了热固耦合瞬态有限元分析模型。基于所建立模型,分析了常见两层和三层结构推力瓦热瞬态过程瓦面变形,重点分析了三层结构推力瓦隔热层厚度对瓦面变形的影响。随后,进一步探索了遏制瓦面凹变形的方法,阐明了热瞬态过程中瓦面温度场分布不均是产生瓦面凹变形的主因。进一步提出一种新型包边式推力瓦,并仿真验证其能够有效降低热瞬态过程瓦面凹变形,为核主泵水润滑推力轴承的推力瓦设计提供了新思路。     

GMA止推油膜轴承瓦块均载调整试验研究

介绍了一种基于超磁致伸缩驱动器(GMA)的止推油膜轴承的结构和工作原理,搭建了GMA止推油膜轴承试验台,进行了止推油膜轴承的跑合试验、单瓦载荷调节试验以及手动和自动均载调节试验。该轴承以瓦块的温度作为反馈信号,改变GMA的伸长量可控制止推瓦块的油膜间隙,使同一止推轴承的不同瓦块承受载荷尽量均匀,能够防止止推轴承偏载现象发生,避免止推油膜轴承由于偏载引起的局部高温。试验结果表明,利用GMA调节止推轴承的油膜间隙、实现止推瓦块的均载方案是可行的。     

Hydrodynamic Performance of a Thrust Bearing with Micropatterned Pads

The primary objective of this study was to investigate the influence of surface texturing on hydrodynamic lubrication of tilting-pad thrust bearings in terms of bearing power loss, operating temperature, and oil-film thickness. For this purpose, the working faces of six thrust pads from a 228.6-mm-outer-diameter bearing were textured. The textured surface consisted of a system of crossing channels of less than 10 μm in depth. Tests were conducted with a VG68 mineral turbine oil supplied to the bearings at a constant temperature of 50°C and flow rate of 15 L/min. The following parameters were measured: frictional torque, pad and collar temperatures, oil-film thickness, and pressure profiles along two circumferential lines. No significant change in collar and pad temperature could be observed when the patterned bearing was used. However, the textured bearing showed a tendency to exhibit lower power loss especially when an optimum oil flow supply rate was used. At the same time, inlet and outlet film thicknesses for the patterned bearing showed larger values than those obtained during tests on the plain babbitt pads.     

Experimental studies of pressure distributions in finite slider bearing with single continuous surface profiles on the pads

There are indications in the literature that surface profiling/texturing can have significant and positive influence on the load carrying capacity of hydrodynamic pad thrust bearings. Moreover, due to cost and resource conservation considerations, lubricating oils are being used for much longer period of service than in the past. This causes lubricant to be subjected to higher levels of contamination in spite of good filtrations. In turn, hydrodynamic bearings generally operate in the presence of tiny contaminant particulate. Thus, performance study of hydrodynamic thrust bearing with pads’ surface profiling and contaminated oil are vital. Presently, one finds dearth of experimental research in this area. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to compare the experimental results of pressure distributions in slider bearing with various single continuous surface profiles of pads (cycloidal, catenoidal, polynomial, and plane) using clean and contaminated lubricating oils. Pressure results presented in this paper can provide a platform for validation of theoretical models based on contamination in lubricating oil.     

Analyse théorique et expérimentale des effets thermiques dans les butées hydrodynamiques à géométrie fixe

Theoretical and experimental analysis of thermal effects in fixed geometry thrust bearings. This paper deals with both theoretical and experimental analyses of thermal phenomena in thrust bearings. The test allowed us to measure the pressure and the temperature fields and the minimal film thickness separating the two surfaces in relative motion. The experimental data are obtained on a hydrodynamic thrust bearing with eight fixed pads. The influence of operating conditions (applied load and rotational speed) on the thrust bearing performance is also analysed. The numerical simulation is done using a thermohydrodynamic computer code taking into account the local thermal effects.     

大型立式泵机组电机两种推力轴承比较

介绍了大型立式泵机组电机刚性支撑和弹性支撑两种滑动推力轴承的结构,比较分析了两种推力轴承的性能。结果表明,弹性支撑推力轴承具有推力瓦间受力均匀、瓦面受力均匀、抗冲击性能好、安装维修简便等优点,可以推广应用。     

可倾瓦推力轴承在变载荷下的瞬态润滑性能研究

建立了可倾瓦推力轴承中的油膜厚度方程、瞬态油膜压力方程、瞬态油膜温度方程以及求解油膜力和瓦块力矩的数学模型，提出了基本方程的数值求解过程，研究了可倾瓦推力轴承变载荷下的瞬态润滑性能。结果表明，随着载荷的增大，油膜厚度减小，油膜温升增大。在达到同样载荷时，对于较大的载荷变化率，其油膜温升反而较小。另外，随着载荷的增大，瓦块的倾角也．随之逐渐增大。     

The design of high efficiency flat pad aerostatic bearings using laminar restrictions

The design of flat pad aerostatic bearings is examined to determine the best inlet arrangement to achieve high load capacity. The paper shows that like all other forms of aerostatic bearings, the optimum selection of supply to inlet pressure (K_g) and the optimum position of inlet devices can be achieved. The paper demonstrates a relatively new type of inlet geometry — the capillary inlet slot. Both single thrust pad and opposed flat pad bearings arrangements are examined. A theoretical analysis of the flat pad arrangements has been developed using a finite difference approach previously adopted for the analysis of externally pressurized journal bearing arrangements¹.     

涡旋式制冷压缩机止推轴承润滑性能研究的最新进展

在涡旋式制冷压缩机运行过程中,止推轴承动止推盘两端的压力差对轴承的润滑性能有显著的影响;止推轴承本身的结构特点,如键槽的存在,也会影响止推间隙的压力分布以及倾斜角,从而影响止推轴承的润滑性能.对止推轴承动止推盘两端的压力差、止推轴承本身结构等影响因素从理论或试验等方面进行探讨,并对将来涡旋式制冷压缩机止推轴承润滑性能的研究进行展望.     

多瓦可倾瓦径向滑动轴承热润滑性能分析

考虑变黏度、密度的情况,建立多瓦可倾瓦径向滑动轴承的数学模型,用有限差分法求解其热流体动力润滑(THD)模型,分别计算12块瓦可倾瓦径向滑动轴承的最小油膜、压力分布和三维温度场分布,分析不同载荷、不同转速、不同润滑油黏度等对轴承各瓦的热润滑性能影响。结果显示,建立的模型及其计算程序能计算分析多瓦可倾瓦径向滑动轴承的热润滑问题。润滑油黏度和转子转速对多瓦可倾瓦径向滑动轴承的热润滑性能有较大的影响;瓦块绕支点的倾斜以及瓦块所处的角度位置会影响部分瓦块的热润滑性能,出现与普通圆形径向滑动轴承不一致的润滑性能变化。     

碟簧支承高速圆瓦推力轴承性能分析及标高误差影响研究

针对立式干气密封氦气压缩机轴系用高速圆瓦推力轴承承载性能问题,建立碟形弹簧支承推力轴承的润滑性能计算模型和搅拌功耗计算公式,分析圆形瓦推力轴承随转速、载荷的性能变化规律及标高误差对轴承润滑性能和支承碟形弹簧性能的影响。研究表明：轴承搅拌功耗与摩擦功耗的比值随转速和载荷的增大分别增大和减小,最高转速下搅拌功耗是摩擦功耗的两倍以上;弹性自适应调节技术可以有效改善瓦块标高误差对轴承承载平面度的影响,但各瓦标高误差越大,各瓦润滑性能及碟形弹簧积累的变形能差异也越大。因此,对于高速立式转子系统,推力轴承设计必须考虑搅拌功耗对轴承温升的影响,同时需要进一步研究标高误差对转子高速稳定性的影响。     

Static characteristics of aerostatic porous rectangular thrust bearings

A theoretical analysis of the steady state performance of aerostatic rectangular thrust bearings with porous pads is presented. The equations governing the gas flow through the porous pad and the bearing clearance are solved simultaneously using a finite-difference method to obtain the pressure distribution in the bearing clearance. The load capacity, the mass rate of flow and the static stiffness are calculated numerically for different bearing dimensions and operating pressures and are presented in graphical form. The load capacity predicted for a square bearing correlates with previous results.     

轴瓦分布角对精密轴系润滑静特性的影响

分析了三圆弧瓦精密轴系轴瓦的结构形式及其几何关系,建立了有关的几何方程和计算公式。根据雷诺方程,通过数值计算,求出了轴瓦分布角改变时相应轴承结构油膜的动压变化规律及其润滑的一些静态特性,计算结果可作为精密轴系结构设计和参数确定的依据。     

基于不同热边界条件的斜面轴承及阶梯轴承承载性能分析

为探讨滑块轴承的承载特性,针对两类经典的推力滑块轴承,即斜面轴承和阶梯轴承,建立考虑润滑剂热效应的流体动力润滑模型。使用多重网格法求解压力场,在最高层网格上使用逐列扫描法求解温度场,得到相应的数值解。分别基于两组热边界条件:(一)静止表面绝热而运动表面保持常温;(二)静止表面保持常温但运动表面绝热,来分析对比斜面轴承和阶梯轴承的承载性能。研究表明:热楔效应是产生承载力的原因之一,事实上两类轴承承载能力的大小皆由几何楔和热楔的叠加效应决定:几何楔效应弱时,热楔效应占主导,此时第(二)组边界条件下两类轴承有更好的承载性能。     

螺旋面扇形瓦推力轴承热动力润滑性能分析

提出了一种适用于推力轴承的新型瓦——螺旋面扇形瓦,并对其热动力润滑性能进行了分析。螺旋面瓦与平面瓦比较,因其本身具有一定的斜度而具有许多特点,如油膜厚度大,承载能力大,剪切速率低,粘性耗散小,温升较小,功耗少而且制造加工容易等,因此可以很好地取代平面扇形瓦。     

可倾瓦推力轴承在工况参数变化下的瞬态润滑性能研究

建立可倾瓦推力轴承中的油膜厚度方程、瞬态油膜压力方程、瞬态油膜温度方程以及求解油膜力和瓦块力矩的数学模型 ,提出基本方程的数值求解过程 ,研究可倾瓦推力轴承变转速下的瞬态润滑性能。     

大型动静力径向可倾瓦轴承热弹流体润滑研究

用有限元素法建立瓦块3维弹性变形计算模型。针对小包角瓦块支点非均匀布置方式及下方瓦块设有高压油顶起油囊的大型低速重载动静力润滑径向可倾瓦轴承,研究了由于瓦块3维弹性变形对轴承热动力润滑性能的影响。结果表明,在低速重载条件下需要考虑瓦块的弹性变形对动静力可倾瓦轴承热动力润滑性能的影响。     

A FEM approach to simulation of tilting-pad thrust bearing assemblies

Finite-element method (FEM) modelling is applied to analysis of the performance of hydrodynamic tilting-pad thrust bearing assemblies. A 3D model of the bearing assembly that includes the bearing pad and shaft is used to assess the influence of operating conditions on bearing parameters such as temperature and oil film distributions across the pads. The model is first applied to the investigation of a spherically pivoted-pad. Through comparison with results from experiments carried out on just such a bearing, good correlation between the model and experimental results is found for maximum oil film temperature, pressure distribution and thickness. The model is then applied to the examination of a bearing having spring-supported babbitt pads. The effect of different oil types on a spring-supported thrust bearing is analysed. Further application of the model to investigate the same spring-supported pad, this time with a resilient surface coating, is discussed.