Joint strength and behaviour of coated aluminium in laser lap welding of steel sheets

When galvanized steel sheets are closely overlapped and welded by laser lap welding, a large amount of molten metal spatters, resulting in a poor surface appearance of the weld and weakened strength of the welded joint, as compared with that of cold-rolled steel sheets. Whereas in the case of aluminium-coated steel sheets, even when they are closely overlapped and welded by laser lap welding, no spattering occurs. Thus, a good surface appearance of the weld is obtained, but the welded joint has lower strength. In both the mentioned cases, it is known that if a clearance of about 0.1 mm is provided between the steel sheets, laser lap welding produces a good surface appearance of the weld and the welded joint strength equal to that of the cold-rolled steel sheets. This report discusses specifically how, in laser lap welding of overlapped Al-coated steel sheets, Al of the coated layer comes to enter the weld metal, also specifically how to reduce the joint strength, as well as what behaviours of Al are present when a clearance is provided between the steel sheets. When the steel sheets are closely overlapped and welded, Al becoming molten on the base metal side of the bond of the overlapped face becomes swallowed up by the bath streams of the molten pool, flowing into the molten pool, then forming the Fe–Al intermetallic compound, while not being sufficiently stirred. It is considered that when subjected to the tensile shear test, the Fe–Al intermetallic compound starts to fracture, thereby causing a partial loss of the weld metal and a reduction in the joint strength. On the other hand, when a clearance is provided between the steel sheets, it may be inferred that the fusion Al on the base metal side of the bond stays in place without flowing into the molten pool, consequently not forming the Fe–Al intermetallic compounds within the weld metal.     

Effect of welding speed on microstructural and mechanical properties of laser lap weld joints in dissimilar Al and Cu sheets

Conventional fusion welding of aluminium and copper dissimilar materials is difficult because of poor weldability arising from the formation of brittle intermetallic compounds on the weld zone as well as different chemical, mechanical and thermal properties of welded joints. Joining of Al and Cu plates or sheets offers a metallurgical challenge due to unavoidable formation of brittle intermetallic compounds. Therefore, it is necessary to effectively suppress the formation and growth of Al–Cu intermetallic compounds. For welding of dissimilar Al and Cu sheets, no systematic work has been conducted to reduce these defects. Thus, this paper focuses on the effect of welding speed on the quality of a lap weld joint in the Al and Cu sheets with a single mode fibre laser. It was found that consequently sound strong weld joints could be produced by suppressing the formation of intermetallic compounds in the interface zone at extremely high speeds.     

镁/铝层合板FSW接头微观组织及力学性能

文中采用搅拌摩擦焊 (FSW)方法对Mg/Al层合板进行单面、双面对接方式焊接,对接头的微观组织和力学性能进行测试. 结果表明,随着焊接速度和搅拌针旋转速度的增加,焊缝表面成形良好,接头不同区域未见气孔、裂纹等缺陷,物相主要由Mg₁₇Al₁₂,Mg₂Al₃和MgAl等组成,接头部位的晶粒尺寸得到明显细化,产生了动态再结晶,金属间化合物的形成有利于动态再结晶的形核. Mg/Al层合板双面FSW焊接头的拉伸强度和断后伸长率高于单面焊接接头的强度和断后伸长率,主要是由于接头部位金属间化合物的数量和分布不同,抑制接头部位金属间化合物的形成有利于提高Mg/Al层合板FSW接头的性能.     

SUS321不锈钢和6061铝合金激光搭接焊接头的组织和力学性能

焊接参数对钢铝异种接头质量影响明显。主要研究不同的激光功率和焊接速度对SUS321不锈钢和6061铝合金焊缝成形的影响,分析异种接头的微观形貌特征及组成,并对接头的断口形貌和力学性能进行了试验研究。结果表明,不同焊接速度和激光功率对于焊缝成形有着重要影响:当激光功率为2 200~2 400 W,焊接速度为30~35 mm/s时可以获得质量较高的焊缝;在焊接过程中,接头界面形成了FeAl、Fe_2Al_3和Fe_3Al等金属间化合物,它们的存在影响了接头的力学性能;接头在拉伸试验中发生韧性断裂,且裂纹最先在金属间化合物中萌生,并沿着钢铝反应界面进行扩展,直至整个接头发生断裂。     

Fluxless laser beam joining of aluminium with zinc coated steel

Abstract

A laser welding–brazing (LWB) process to join zinc coated steel and aluminium sheets in two different flange geometries is reported. The deep drawing steel sheets are covered by a zinc layer of maximum thickness 10 μm, and a zinc based filler wire was used in the welding experiments with a Nd–YAG laser. Because of the differences in melting temperatures between iron (1808 K), aluminium (933 K), and zinc (693 K), it is possible to weld the aluminium alloy only. Owing to the zinc coating on the steel side, a Zn–Al alloy can be brazed onto the steel without any flux agent. The inevitable formation of a Fe–Al intermetallic phase at the bondline of the weld seam and the steel can be limited to a thickness of less than 5 μm and to a proportion of the contact area only. Mechanical as well as dynamic tests show results comparable to those obtained via other joining techniques. Salt chamber corrosion tests of varnished specimens display minor damage and no decline in tensile strength.     

5052铝合金/镀锌钢涂粉CO2激光熔钎焊工艺特性

以5052铝合金和热镀锌ST04Z钢为研究对象,采用预置涂粉CO₂激光搭接熔钎焊方法进行工艺试验.利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和拉伸试验机对熔钎焊接头的微观组织和力学性能进行了研究.结果表明,涂助溶剂和粉末后,焊缝成形明显改善,镀锌层没有烧损;熔-钎焊接头过渡层最大厚度小于10 μm,针状Al-Fe金属间化合物没有向熔化的铝侧明显析出;接头具有较高的力学性能,最大机械抗载能力可达到208 MPa,约为5052铝合金母材抗拉强度的95.41%.     

LF2铝合金与Q235钢加入中间Cu层电子束焊接接头组织及形成机理

对2 mm厚的LF2铝合金和Q235钢平板试件进行了加入中间过渡层金属Cu的电子束对接焊接试验,利用光学金相、扫描电镜及能谱分析等方法研究了接头各区域的组织结构和成分分布.结果表明,接头可分为三个焊缝组织区域,其中靠近钢侧的焊缝区主要为Fe基固溶体,并含有少量金属间化合物;靠近铝侧的焊缝区为含有Fe-Al系及Al-Cu系金属间化合物的Al基固溶体;焊缝中部区为呈层带状分布的多种Fe-Al以及Al-Cu脆性金属间化合物混合区.分析认为虽然引入了铜过渡层,但在焊缝中依然有较多金属间化合物生成,特别是焊缝中部区域上,呈连续层带状分布的多种脆性金属间化合物的产生是影响接头强度的主要因素.在对接头组织结构分析的基础上,建立了描述LF2/Q235异种金属电子束对接接头形成过程的物理模型.     

铝合金/镀锌钢板Nd:YAG激光+MIG电弧复合热源熔-钎焊接头的组织与性能(英文)

基于铝合金和镀锌钢在熔点上的差异,以ER4043(AlSi5)为填充材料,采用大光斑Nd:YAG激光+MIG电弧复合热源焊接工艺实现两者的熔-钎焊接,研究熔钎焊接头组织和性能。铝合金/镀锌钢板熔钎焊接头分为熔焊接头和钎焊缝两部分,熔焊缝组织由α(Al)等轴晶和晶界上短棒状的Al-Si共晶组织组成,焊趾处的富锌区为α-Al-Zn固溶体和Al-Zn共晶组织。钎焊缝为Fe-Al金属间化合物层,厚度为2~4μm,金属间化合物包括FeAl2、Fe2Al5和Fe4Al13,其中FeAl2和Fe2Al5位于近钢侧的紧密层,而Fe4Al13则呈舌状或锯齿状向熔焊缝内生长。接头抗拉强度随着焊接电流和激光功率的增大呈先增大后减小的趋势,最高可达247.3 MPa。拉伸断裂位置一般位于熔焊缝的熔合区,为以韧性断裂为主的混合断裂。接头内硬度的最大值位于钎焊缝处,然后分别沿着两侧钢板和铝合金熔焊缝逐步降低。     

Influence of alloy elements on microstructure and mechanical property of aluminum–steel lap joint made by gas metal arc welding

5052 aluminum alloy sheets and galvanized mild steel sheets were joined in lap configuration by alternate-current double pulse gas metal arc welding with pure Al, Al–5Si, Al–12Si and Al–4.5Mg (wt%) filler wires. The effect of alloying elements on the microstructure of intermetallic compounds (IMC) layers formed between weld seam and steel, and tensile strength of the resultant joints were investigated. The thickness of IMC layer in all samples varied along the cross-section of the joint, the intermediate part of the IMC layer was thicker than the head and root parts. The diffusion of Si into Fe₂Al₅ sub-layer could restrain the growth of Fe₂Al₅ sub-layer and IMC layer, and joint's mechanical property improved with the increasing Si content in Fe₂Al₅ phase. Due to the high hot crack sensitivity of Al–4.5Mg alloy, cracks generated at the root of joint made with Al–4.5Mg filler, resulting in poor mechanical property.     

Materials flow and phase transformation in friction stir welding of Al 6013/Mg

Material flow and phase transformation were studied at the interface of dissimilar joint between Al 6013 and Mg, produced by stir friction welding (FSW) experiments. Defect-free weld was obtained when aluminum and magnesium were placed in the advancing side and retreating side respectively and the tool was placed 1 mm off the weld centerline into the aluminum side. In order to understand the material flow during FSW, steel shots were implanted as indexes into the welding path. After welding, using X-ray images, secondary positions of the steel shots were evaluated. It was revealed that steel shots implanted in advancing side were penetrated from the advancing side into the retreating side, whereas the shots implanted in the retreating side remained in the retreating side, without penetrating into the advancing side. The welded specimens were also heat treated. The effects of heat treatment on the mechanical properties of the welds and the formation of new intermetallic layers were investigated. Two intermetallic compounds, Al₃Mg₂ and Al₁₂Mg₁₇, were formed sequentially at Al6013/Mg interface.     

Microstructural characterization and mechanical properties of aluminum 6061-T6 plates welded with copper insert plate (Al/Cu/Al) using friction stir welding

Friction stir welding was used to join two aluminum 6061-T6 plates with an insert of a pure copper plate (Al/Cu/Al), and then the influence of the copper insert on the joint performance was studied. The dissimilar welding results were also compared with AA 6061 friction stir welds produced without copper insert (Al/Al). Optical and scanning electron microscopes were used for the microstructural observations of the welded samples. X-ray diffraction analysis was used to analyze phase component of the Al/Cu/Al specimen. A defect-free joint was observed for the Al/Cu/Al joint at a rotational speed of 950 r/min and a welding speed of 50 mm/min. Microstructural observation of the weld nugget zone (WNZ) demonstrates the formation of composite-like structure which promotes metallurgical bonding of aluminum and copper. XRD results show the formation of intermetallic compounds (IMCs), such as Al₄Cu₉ and Al₂Cu. Furthermore, it was observed that the hardness of the weld with the Cu insert plate is higher than that of other samples due to more dislocation density and a distinct rise in hardness values was observed due to the presence of IMCs. The ultimate tensile strength of the joint with copper insert plate is higher than that of the other sample due to the strong metallurgical bonding between Al and Cu.     

纯铝中间层厚度对铝/钢点焊接头性能的影响

采用纯铝作为中间层对铝合金与低碳钢进行了电阻点焊,分析中间夹层厚度对界面反应层厚度和接头抗拉强度的影响。在钢/中间夹层界面观察到有界面反应层生成,其主要由靠近钢侧的Fe2Al5和靠近中间夹层铝侧的FeAl3两种金属间化合物组成。与不加中间夹层相比,利用纯铝作为中间夹层点焊的铝合金与低碳钢的接头具有较薄的界面反应层和较高的接合强度。随着中间夹层厚度的增加,界面反应层厚度逐渐减小,而接头抗拉强度则呈增大趋势。结果表明,采用纯铝作为中间夹层点焊铝合金与钢具有一定的有效性。     

钛/铝复合板爆炸焊接技术研究进展

通过爆炸焊接技术制备的钛/铝复合板可兼具钛合金耐腐蚀性和铝合金低成本的优点。对钛/铝复合板爆炸焊接技术的研究进展进行介绍,论述了炸药种类、质量比R、基覆板间距及爆炸焊接窗口等主要工艺参数对钛/铝复合板组织和性能的影响;分析了影响钛/铝复合板结合界面的主要因素——金属间化合物种类、扩散层和界面波形;对钛/铝复合板硬度、抗剪切强度、抗拉强度及拉伸断口的研究进行了汇总分析。最后,指出了钛/铝复合板爆炸焊接工艺研究的重点发展方向。     

Microstructural and mechanical characteristics of laser welding of Ti6Al4V and lead metal

Titanium alloy Ti6Al4V and lead metal were welded using a continuous wave Nd:YAG laser. The influences of laser power, scanning velocity, and laser beam offset on weld morphology were investigated. Microstructure, chemical composition and mechanical properties of the joints were evaluated. Experimental results showed that fusion weld formed at the upper part of the weld and brazing weld with solder of Pb formed at the lower part of the weld under appropriate process condition. Interfaces were formed between mixed fusion zone and liquid lead zone in molten pool during laser welding of Ti6Al4V and lead. Reasons for interface formation may be different driving force of various regions in molten pool, and the miscibility gap of Ti and Pb binary system. Ti-Pb intermetallic compound Ti₄Pb was detected at the fusion weld zone, which made the microhardness of the weld seam was higher than that of the base materials. The strength of the joint was at least equal to or larger than that of lead base material.     

Ni在钢/铝电阻点焊中的作用

以DC01钢板与5082铝合金板为基材,在电极压力3 kN、焊接时间300 ms、保持时间100 ms条件下,研究了电阻点焊中焊接电流(9～12 kA)及Ni镀层对接头剪切力、正拉力、界面相组成的影响。结果表明,随焊接电流的提高,熔核尺寸增大,接头力学性能提高。剪切力比正拉力高一个数量级。在10 kA焊接电流下,镀Ni钢/铝接头的剪切力和正拉力均比钢/铝直接焊接时强度明显提高,这与钢/铝界面形成了Al3Ni合金相,抑制了脆性Fe2Al5金属间化合物的生成有关。     

Al2O3-TiO2对铝合金表面激光熔覆NiAl涂层组织性能的影响

目的 进一步提高6061铝合金表面的硬度、耐磨性。方法 应用脉冲Nd:YAG激光器在6061铝合金表面制备了NiAl合金涂层和NiAl/Al2O3-TiO2复合涂层。通过SEM、X射线衍射仪系统研究了Al2O3-TiO2陶瓷相添加对NiAl熔覆层组织形貌、成分分布、物相组成的影响。利用HVS-1000硬度测试仪及HSR-2M高速摩擦磨损机,对熔覆层硬度分布及耐磨性进行测试分析。结果 Al2O3-TiO2陶瓷颗粒加入使涂层宏观成形质量明显提高,表面平整光滑、波纹均匀,熔覆层枝晶间距减小,组织结构明显细化。与NiAl熔覆层相比,在NiAl/Al2O3-TiO2复合涂层中,具有较高硬度的Al3Ni、Al3Ni2硬质相含量增大。同时,高硬度Al2O3和良好韧性的TiO2、NiTi金属间化合物在复合涂层内部形成。NiAl/Al2O3-TiO2复合涂层的显微硬度平均可达650HV0.2,相比NiAl涂层提高了300HV0.2;磨损体积仅为铝合金基体的1/9,相比NiAl涂层降低了35%。干摩擦条件下,NiAl/Al2O3-TiO2复合涂层的犁削、剥落现象显著降低。结论 在细晶强化、硬质相弥散强化及良好韧性的NiTi金属间化合物共同作用下,6061铝合金表面硬度和耐磨性得到显著提高。     

几种铝钢异种金属熔钎焊工艺的对比与分析

采用脉冲旁路耦合电弧MIG焊、CMT及激光焊方法实现铝/镀锌钢板搭接焊,对焊缝界面微观组织、形貌及元素成分进行了观察分析,并测试了其力学性能.结果表明,三种焊接方法均可以实现铝/镀锌钢板异种金属的优质连接,获得成形良好的焊缝,搭接接头的抗拉剪强度均可以达到铝合金母材的80%以上,拉伸试样断裂在焊缝铝合金母材热影响区.当母材热输入及工艺合适时,三种方法下搭接接头界面处均形成一主要成分为Fe₂Al₅和FeAl₃,平均厚度约为8 μm的金属间化合物,而且控制金属间化合物的生成是获得铝/钢焊接优质接头的关键.     

Microstructures of electron beam welding joint of CNTs/ Al composites

Carbon nanotube(CNT) reinforced aluminum metal matrix composites were welded by electron beam welding and the microstructures of welded joints were investigated.The result showed that the interfacial reaction happened between the CNTs and Al matrix,which resulted in producing brittle Al4C3 compounds in electron beam welds.The extent of interfacial reaction varies gradually in the depth and width direction.The length of the reactants Al4C3 became short duo to the temperature gradient in the molten pool.The quantity and size of Al4C3 compounds increased with the increase of beam current and the decrease of welding speed in the middle zone of weld.However,no needle-like phase Al4C3was observed in HAZ.     

镁铝异种金属激光-TIG复合热源焊焊接性分析

采用激光-TIG复合热源和TIG焊接异种金属镁和铝，利用X射线衍射仪、金相显微镜和扫描电镜研究镁和铝焊接接头的微观组织、元素分布。结果表明，TIG焊接镁和铝形成连续的金属间化合物层，导致镁和铝接触的界面开裂，不能实现有效的连接。激光-TIG复合热源由于其焊接速度高和对熔池的快速搅拌作用，使镁和铝形成的金属间化合物由连续的层状变成弥散的状态，改善了异种金属镁和铝的焊接性。镁和铝激光-TIG复合热源焊接的焊缝成形均匀，美观。     

铝合金/镀锌钢异种材料薄板的超声波点焊

为了实现铝合金和钢板的高效连接,对3003铝合金和镀锌钢板进行了超声波点焊. 研究了接头的显微组织特征、焊接参数对接头性能的影响以及焊缝区的温度变化过程. 结果表明,超声波焊接可以对3003铝合金与镀锌钢板进行有效连接;镀锌层被不规则挤出,铝合金与钢直接接触区形成了FeAl₃和Fe₂Al₅相;在一定范围内,随着焊接时间的增加,接头抗拉强度先增加后减小,其减小的原因是过长的焊接时间诱导显微组织演变;当焊接时间为240 ms,焊接压力为0.4 MPa时,获得接头的最大抗拉力为673.05 N;在文中试验条件下,焊接区最高温度达到390 ℃.