板状SiC增韧Al_2O_3的R－曲线行为

本工作用刻痕弯曲强度技术研究了板状ＳｉＣ增韧的热压Ａｌ２Ｏ３材料的Ｒ－曲线行为。随着裂纹的扩展，其断裂韧性显著地增加，最后趋向于平稳值约８．５ＭＰａ·ｍ１／２。这个结果与已报告过的纯Ａｌ２Ｏ３和ＳｉＣ晶须增强Ａｌ２Ｏ３的断裂阻力进行了比较。     

TiB2／SiCw复合材料增韧机理的微观分析

在ＴｉＢ２／ＳｉＣｗ基体中加入适量的ＳｉＣｗ可以明显地提高其断裂韧 性ＫＩＣ，其它机械性能也有不同程度的改善。ＳＥＭ、ＴＥＭ微观分析表明：在具有较高ＫＩＣ值的ＴｉＢ２／ＢｉＣｗ陶瓷复合材料中，ＳｉＣｗ与ＴｉＢ２晶粒之间有较适宜的界面结合，两相之间未发现有明显的界面化学反应用，当该复合材料发生断裂时，其内部出现晶须拔出，裂纹桥连，裂纹偏转三种增韧机制。     

SiC晶须增韧氧化铝复合材料的韧性和温度的关系

研究了ＳｉＣ晶须增韧氧化铝复合材料在空气中80 0℃ ,10 0 0℃ ,130 0℃和 140 0℃下的增韧机理。结果表明 ,在室温时 ,其增韧机理主要是由于裂纹面晶须的桥接作用。随着温度的升高 ,由于ＳｉＣ晶须和氧化铝基质介面残余应力的减小 ,桥的牵引作用被削弱。最终 ,高于 130 0℃时 ,复合材料的Ｒ 曲线几乎是平坦的 ,表明桥的牵引力消失。10 0 0℃以上 ,主裂纹周围发现一个微裂纹带。形成原因认为是ＳｉＣ晶须和氧化铝基质颗粒介面发生的氧化反应 ,导致了空洞的扩散 ,并且界面的空洞与穿晶的空洞联接起来 ,在应力增强时 ,微裂纹带对主裂纹起盾护…     

SiCw/3Y-TZP/ZrSiO4复相陶瓷的力学性能

在考查ＳｉＣｗ－ＴＺＰ各自对锆英石陶瓷的强化增韧领航物基础上,研究了二者对锆英陶瓷的协同补强增韧行为。结果发现：在补强剂引入量相同的情况下,ＳｉＣ晶须和３Ｙ－ＴＺＰ同时引入产生的增韧效果明显高于二者单独引入锆英石基体所产生的增韧效果之和,表明在锆英石英基体中ＳｉＣ晶须和３Ｙ－ＴＺＰ的增韧行为具有协同效果。在采用ＸＲＤ,ＴＥＭ和ＳＥＭ等手段对复相材料的相组成和显微结构进行研究和观察的基础上提出：二者     

SiC晶须对Al2O3／TiB2／SiCw陶瓷刀具材料高温断裂韧性的影响

研究了不同ＳｉＣ晶须含量的Ａｌ２Ｏ３／ＴｉＢ２／ＳｉＣｗ陶瓷刀具材料的断裂韧性随温度的变化规律。结果表明：Ａｌ２Ｏ３／ＴｉＢ２／ＳｉＣＷ陶瓷材料的Ｋ１Ｃ在１０００℃内随温度的升高而增大；晶须含量越大，通过计算分析表明，随温度的升高粘裂时拔出的晶须大大增多，当晶须体积含量（下同）为２０％时，Ａｌ２Ｏ３／ＴｉＢ２／ＳｉＣｗ陶瓷在室温时只有长径比小于２．８７的晶须在断裂时才有可能产生拔出，而在９００℃时     

陶瓷复合体中晶须的作用研究

研究了ＳｉＣ，ＴｉＮ晶须增韧Ａｌ２Ｏ３＋ＴｉＣ，Ｓｉ３Ｎ４＋ＴｉＣ基陶瓷复合体的力学行为，验证和讨论了Ｐ．Ｆ．Ｂｅｃｈｅｒ提出的晶须增韧方程，并通过实验对晶须增韧陶瓷复合体的机械性能和切削性能进行了研究。     

新型复相陶瓷刀具材料Jx-2-I协同增韧补强机理的研究

本文研制成功的新型陶瓷刀具材料—ＳｉＣ晶须（ＳｉＣｗ）增韧和ＳｉＣ颗粒弥散增韧Ａｌ２Ｏ３陶瓷刀具Ｊｘ－２－Ｉ,该刀具材料具有高的抗弯强度和断裂韧性等优点;对比Ａ（Ａｌ２Ｏ３）、ＡＰ（Ａｌ２Ｏ３／ＳｉＣｐ）、ＡＷ（Ａｌ２Ｏ３／ＳｉＣｗ）、Ｊｘ－１（Ａｌ２Ｏ３／ＳｉＣｗ）和Ｊｘ－２－１（Ａｌ２Ｏ３／ＳｉＣｐ／ＳｉＣｗ）等陶瓷材料的力学性能可以看出,在Ｊｘ－２－Ｉ材料中具有明显的增韧补强叠加效应;本文在热失配分析和微观结构观察的基础上详细研究了Ｊｘ－２－Ｉ刀具材料的增韧补强机理,系统研究了Ｊｘ－２－Ｉ中各种增韧补强机理之间的协同效应。     

氮化硅超细粉原位生长“无缺陷”a—氮化硅晶须

研究了用加压氮化法（ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇ ｐｒｅｓｓｕｒｅ ｎｉｔｒｉｄａｔｉｏｎ，简称ＩＰＮ法）制备高活性、高纯度的氮化硅超细粉。用这种超细粉在一定温度范围内原位生长出“无缺陷”的ａ－Ｓｉ３Ｎ４晶须，其截面直径×长的尺寸分别为（０．１￣０．３ｕｍ）×（１０￣３０ｕｍ）。在氮化硅基体中加入“无缺陷”ａ－ＳｉＮ４晶须后，材料的断裂韧性ＫＩｃ达１０．５±０．９ＭＰａ·ｍ＾１／２；室温强度ａｆＲＴ达９２     

粉末SBR—g—s的制备及其对PS的增韧作用

用凝聚法制备了粒径小于１ｍｍ的粉末ＳＢＲ－ｇ－ｓ,研究了粉末ＳＢＲ－ｇ－ｓ对ＰＳ的增韧效果,结果发现粉末ＳＢＲ－ｇ－ｓ与ＰＳ共混体的冲击强度与ＳＢＲ－ｇ－ｓ的交联程度,接枝率和组成比有关,当ＳＢＲ－ｇ－ｓ的溶胀指数为２４．３,接枝率为２８．１％,ＳＢＲ／ｇ－ｓ的比率为６５／３５（质量）时的ＰＳ有良好的增韧效果,当这种粉末ＳＢＲ－ｇ－ｓ与ＰＳ的共混比为３５／６５（质量）其共混体的冲击强度可达４８．５     

几类典型结构陶瓷材料的冲蚀磨损行为研究

研究了几类典型结构陶瓷材料，如Ａｌ２Ｏ３，ＳｉＣ，Ｓｉ３Ｎ４陶瓷，Ａｌ２Ｏ３－ＺｒＯ２系相变增韧陶瓷（ＺＴＡ，ＴＺＰ）和ＳｉＣｗ／Ｓｉ３Ｎ４系晶须补强陶瓷（ＷＲＳＮ）有９０ｍ／ｓ下的冲蚀磨损性能，以及其与材料性能（硬度，断裂韧性）和冲蚀条件（粒子硬度，冲击角度）之间的关系，分析了冲蚀磨损机制。陶瓷材料的低角冲蚀磨损机制主要包括：研磨状损伤，犁沟状微切削损伤和晶粒剥落。低角冲蚀磨损率随材料硬度的增加     

R-Curve Behavior in a Silicon Carbide Whisker/Alumina Matrix Composite

R -curve measurements were performed on a SiC whisker/Al₂O₃ matrix composite. A controlled flaw/strength technique was utilized to determine fracture resistance as a function of crack extension. Rising R -curve behavior with increasing crack extension was observed, confirming the operation of wake toughening effects on the crack growth resistance. Observations of crack/microstructure interactions revealed that bridging by intact whiskers in the crack wake was the mechanism responsible for the rising R -curve behavior.     

Toughening Behavior of a Two-Dimensional SiC/SiC Woven Composite at Ambient Temperature: I, Damage Initiation and R-Curve Behavior

The damage initiation and R -curve behavior for a two-dimensional (2-D) SiC/SiC woven composite are characterized at ambient temperature and related to in situ microscopic observations of damage accumulation and crack advance. Matrix cracking and crack deflection/branching are observed and dominate fracture behavior in the early loading stage such that primary crack extension occurs at apparent stress intensity values as high as 12 MPam^1/2. Linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM), though questionable, was assumed to be valid in the early stages of damage initiation prior to primary crack advance, but was clearly invalid once primary crack extension had occurred. Such a high primary crack extension toughness value is confirmed by a renotch technique whereby the crack wake is removed and the fracture resistance drops close to the initial value. Based on microstructural observations, multiple matrix cracks are found to be arrested at fiber bundles. The key to toughening appears to be associated with the mechanics of crack arrest at fiber bundles in the woven architecture. Toughening mechanisms include multiple matrix cracking (similar to microcracking), crack branching, and crack deflection in the crack frontal zone. Application of models to evaluate toughening based on these mechanisms results in values comparable to experimental data. In the regime of primary crack extension, a J -integral technique was applied to investigate the R -curve behavior and results showed a rising J_R -curve which started at 1500 J/m² and reached 6150 J/m² after about 13 mm of primary crack extension. There was evidence of substantial crack bridging by fiber tows and fibrous pull-out in this regime of crack advance.     

Fracture Resistance of SiC-Fiber-Reinforced Si3N4 Composites at Ambient and Elevated Temperatures

The crack growth behavior in unidirectional SiC-fiber-rein-forced Si₃N₄-matrix composites fabricated in our laboratories was investigated as a function of fiber volume fraction and temperature. Both the stress-intensity factor and an energy approach were adopted in the characterization of the crack growth behavior. Crack resistance increased with crack extension ( R -curve or T -curve) as a result of bridging effects associated with the intact fibers. Large-scale bridging was observed, and was considered in the determination of the R -curves. Temperature and fiber volume fraction affected the crack propagation behavior. At room temperature a single crack was initiated at the notch tip; it then branched and delaminated upon further loading. In contrast, at 1200°C, little crack branching was observed. Increasing fiber volume fraction increased the degree of crack branching. Temperature and fiber volume fraction also affected the R -curve behavior. Raising the temperature to 1200°C did not significantly degrade the room-temperature R -curve effect. Increasing the fiber volume fraction from 14% to 29% substantially enhanced the toughening effect and the R -curve behavior.     

Improved fracture resistance and toughening mechanisms of GNPs reinforced ceramic composites

The R-curve behavior and toughening mechanisms of graphene nano-platelets (GNPs) reinforced ceramic composites are investigated. A toughening model is developed with the consideration of interface debonding, crack bridging and pull-out of GNPs, which can be used to quantify the contribution of different mechanisms to the improved toughness of ceramic composites. The theoretical results agree well with the experimental data when GNPs homogeneously dispersed in ceramic matrix. All prepared GNPs/ceramic composites exhibit a raising R-curve behavior owing to the toughening mechanisms induced by GNPs, and the curve becomes steeper with increasing GNPs content, indicating that the fracture resistance and flaw tolerance are improved. The dominant toughening mechanism is GNPs pull-out, which is followed by crack bridging and interface debonding. Furthermore, the analytical model suggests that improving GNPs properties, interfacial sheer strength and reducing GNPs thickness can improve the fracture toughness of ceramic composites.     

K R -Curve Behavior of Duplex Ceramics

The fracture toughness behavior during crack growth ( K ^R -curve behavior) of duplex ceramics is investigated. Different types of K ^R -curves can be distinguished depending on the microstructural designs of these materials which are characterized by the volume fraction and size of the dispersed pressure zones, and by their effective volume expansion. According to their K ^R -curve behavior, duplex ceramics can be subdivided into two groups consisting of "short-range" and "long-range" toughened materials. The experimental results are discussed regarding the appearance of different toughening mechanisms which are documented by crack path micrographs. An unusual toughening effect, a "crackbranching chain reaction," is documented by in situ observations. The critical stress to nucleate the observed process zone development is calculated and compared with the internal stress intensity factor K _i which has been previously proposed for these materials and with the material strength.     

Measurement of Rising R-Curve Behavior in Toughened Silicon Nitride by Stable Crack Propagation in Bending

A simple procedure for measuring the R -curve properties of ceramics by a stable fracture test in three-point bending is described. As a typical case, data are displayed for a Si₃N₄ material toughened by the presence of acicular grains in situ grown during the sintering process. The fracture mechanics specimen was a single-edge double-notched beam (SEDNB), whose notch was sharpened to a radius of <10 μm in order to reduce the amount of elastic energy stored at its root prior to crack extension. Furthermore, a stabilizer, specially designed for the bending geometry, was used to control crack stability. During stable extension, the crack could be easily arrested at selected locations of the load-displacement curve, the load quickly released, and the stable crack extension directly measured by the die-penetration technique. The crack resistance, K _R, of the material was calculated from the measured crack extent and the onset load value before unloading. This method enabled us to precisely monitor the critical load value at which the load-displacement curve deviated from linear behavior, as well as crack extensions from a few tens of micrometers to about 1 mm. As an application of this method, the fracture resistance of a Si₃N₄ material with rising R -curve behavior was measured and found to increase from about 5.5 to 9.0 MPaμm^1/2 within a 0.8-mm extension.     

Crack-Growth Resistance-Curve Behavior in Silicon Carbide: Small versus Long Cracks

Crack-growth resistance-curve (R-curve) behavior for small (<400 μm) surface cracks and long (>3 mm) through-thickness cracks is examined in two silicon carbide (SiC) ceramics that have sharply contrasting fracture properties. The first, an in-situ toughened material designated ABC-SiC, fails by intergranular fracture, whereas the second, a commercial SiC (Hexoloy SA), fails by transgranular cleavage. In the former microstructure, hot pressing with aluminum, boron, and carbon additives yields a network of plate-shaped grains, and the presence of an amorphous grain-boundary film that is ∼1 nm thick promotes debonding and crack deflection. The resultant grain bridging generates R-curve toughening; in contrast, no evidence of crack-tip shielding is observed in Hexoloy SA. R-curve behavior has been evaluated using two techniques for the different crack-length regimes: a small-crack R-curve has been deconvoluted from indentation-strength data and a long-crack R-curve has been directly measured using fatigue-precracked, disk-shaped compact-tension specimens. Although Hexoloy SA fails catastrophically at <3 MPa.m1/2, ABC-SiC exhibits much-improved flaw tolerance with significant rising R-curve behavior and a steady-state fracture toughness of ∼9 MPa.m1/2 after crack extension of ∼600 μm. In ABC-SiC, however, differences in the behavior of long and small cracks exist for crack sizes of less than ∼120 μm, with the small-crack measurements demonstrating much-reduced crack-growth resistance; this effect is not observed in Hexoloy SA. Microstructural sources of this behavior are discussed.     

Elevated-Temperature R-Curve Behavior of a Polycrystalline Alumina

The fracture behavior of a polycrystalline alumina was examined at temperatures ranging from ambient through 1400°C, using three-point bend bar test specimens. R -curves were determined at all temperatures studied, and when accompanied by renotching procedures, a wake removal technique, conclusive evidence was provided to support the existence of a following wake region in this monolithic ceramic material. The crack closure stresses identified in this region are responsible for all toughening with crack extension observed in this study. Room-temperature " K _IC" fracture toughness values of 4.5 MPa · m^1/2 for the chevron-notch specimen and 3.9 MPa · m^1/2 for the straight-notch configuration were obtained. The critical stress intensity factor of the renotched chevron-notch specimen compared very closely with that of the straight-notch specimen. These findings further confirm the toughening role of the microstructural features found in the following wake region. This paper considers, in detail, these observations in terms of the microstructure and its role in the toughening mechanism.     

Computer Simulations of R-Curve Behavior in Microcracking Materials

A computer program has been developed which simulates the process of microcracking in two-phase ceramic materials. This simulation provides a method of examining the complex interactions which occur between a propagating crack and the residually stressed particles around it. As the residual stresses near second-phase inclusions are relieved by microcrack formation, a process zone forms around the main crack, partially shielding it. The resulting crack resistance curves, or R curves, associated with crack shielding mechanisms are generated by the program. Three variables— the microcrack density (f_s), the dilatant strain associated with each microcracked particle (θ), and the orientation of the microcracks (Ψ)— were used to determine their influence on fracture toughness. The steady-state toughness was found to increase with second-phase particle additions, increased dilatant strain, and the formation of microcracks parallel to the direction of applied stress. However, the magnitude of toughening increase attained in these-simulations was generally lower than that predicted by continuum models. This discrepancy is attributed to the fact that interactions between microcracks produce frontal zones which result in a positive Δk , and hence, a lower steady-state toughness. This behavior is enhanced when microcracks link with the main crack to promote further extension.