A TWO-PARAMETER DRIVING FORCE FOR FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH

在考虑载荷循环中裂纹尖端塑性变形导致柔度变化的基础上, 对结构钢SM400B进行了疲劳测试. 提出了基于两参量修正的裂纹驱动力模型: ΔK　rm drive=(K max)n(ΔK^)1-n. 在预测应力比对裂纹扩展速率的影响时, 该模型比文献中报道的ΔK=K max-K min, ΔK eff=K max-K op和Δ K*=(K max)α(Δ K+)1-α更有效     

SiC颗粒对SiC_p/2009Al复合材料疲劳短裂纹扩展的影响

采用粉末冶金法制备15%(体积分数)SiC_p/2009Al复合材料,研究该材料的微观组织、力学性能、高周疲劳性能以及疲劳断口形貌.结果表明:在SiC_p/2009Al复合材料的疲劳短裂纹扩展阶段,SiC颗粒及其表面包覆的2009Al薄层在裂纹扩展面上形成"丘陵"状形貌,使疲劳断口的粗糙度增大,裂纹的闭合效应也随之增大:同时"丘陵"状形貌可以引发疲劳裂纹扩展路径偏析,使裂纹扩展的有效驱动力减小并使裂纹扩展路径增加;上述裂纹迟滞效应使SiC_p/2009Al复合材料在短裂纹扩展阶段具有较高的疲劳裂纹扩展抗力.     

团聚颗粒对SiC/AZ91D复合材料裂纹萌生和扩展行为影响的研究

基于复合材料真实微观结构,在颗粒与基体界面引入内聚力单元,建立了4种不同颗粒团聚分布的有限元模型(均匀分布、三处团聚、两处团聚和一处团聚),研究了颗粒团聚对SiC/AZ91D复合材料裂纹萌生和扩展机制的影响。结果表明:当裂纹萌芽时,应力在基体中分布很不均匀,最大应力值出现在颗粒群尖角处,颗粒团聚程度越严重,裂纹萌生最大应力值越大;当裂纹扩展时,颗粒团聚程度越严重,基体内最大应力值越大,裂纹扩展程度越高;当裂纹完全断裂时,随着颗粒团聚程度的加剧,颗粒应力最大值逐渐增加,而基体应力最大值变化不大。颗粒团聚加速裂纹萌生扩展过程,颗粒应均匀分布于基体中。复合材料裂纹萌生扩展机制是由于SiC颗粒群边界和尖角处应力集中严重,导致基体损伤,萌生微裂纹,微裂纹沿着切应力最大方向扩展汇集成主裂纹。     

晶粒尺寸对42CrMoVNb钢超高周疲劳性能的影响

研究了不同热处理制度下得到的3种具有不同晶粒尺寸的42CrMoVNb高强度钢的超高周疲劳性能. 结果表明, 超高周疲劳强度和疲劳强度比并不随晶粒尺寸的减小而单调提高, 中等晶粒尺寸的试样具有最高的疲劳强度和疲劳强度比. SEM断口观察表明, 绝大部分试样的疲劳裂纹起源于夹杂物. 随着疲劳断口裂纹源夹杂物处应力强度因子幅ΔK_inc的减小, 疲劳寿命N_f增加; 而在夹杂物周围的粗糙粒状区域(GBF)的应力强度因子幅ΔK_GBF并不随N_f变化而变化, 基本为一常数, 且粗晶粒试样的ΔK_GBF高于细晶粒试样. 这表明, 细化晶粒对高强度钢的超高周疲劳性能有着复杂的影响,存在一个合理的细化晶粒范围.     

基于分布位错法研究多条微裂纹对偏折主裂纹的影响

目的 采用理论方法求解多条微裂纹对偏折主裂纹的影响,重点分析偏折主裂纹尖端的力学行为及微裂纹对主裂纹扩展角度和闭合区域的影响等问题,为实际的工程应用提供理论依据。方法 运用叠加原理将主问题分解成2个子问题,通过材料力学方法求解子问题一;基于分布位错方法求解子问题二。进一步建立关于位错密度的奇异积分方程,利用Gauss-Chebyshev数值求积分法解决位错密度方程的奇异性问题,并通过计算机编写程序,最终得到相关力学参量的数值解。结果 得到了偏折主裂纹附近的应力场以及微裂纹长度、微裂纹个数对偏折主裂纹尖端应力强度因子的影响等相关力学参量。分析了主裂纹不同偏折角度时的闭合区域,以及微裂纹的方位角、微裂纹个数等对偏折主裂纹扩展角度的影响。结论 裂纹面对拉应力有屏蔽作用,导致拉应力在裂纹面附近应力松弛,而裂纹尖端对拉应力有放大作用,随着应力增加将导致裂纹的扩展。一条微裂纹位于主裂纹尖端约–30°<θ<50°时,将使主裂纹尖端应力强度因子增加,促进主裂纹的扩展,而微裂纹位于50°<θ<90°或–90°<θ<–30°时,将使主裂纹尖端应力强度因子减小,抑制主裂纹的扩展。主裂纹尖端应力强度因子随微裂纹长度的增加而变大,随微裂纹与主裂纹间距离的增加而减小。     

喷射沉积Al-Si/SiCp制动盘材料的热疲劳微裂纹扩展行为

采用V形缺口试样,研究喷射沉积Al-Si/SiCp复合材料制动盘在25(450 ℃热循环下的热疲劳行为.通过金相显微镜和扫描电镜观察了复合材料的组织和热疲劳裂纹形貌,研究热疲劳裂纹形成与扩展机制.结果表明:热疲劳主裂纹主要从V形缺口处萌生;在同样的热循环次数下,热处理前的试样要比热处理后的试样先出现裂纹,且裂纹扩展的速率较快;裂纹绕过Si颗粒向前扩展以及裂纹穿过Si颗粒向前扩展是裂纹与Si颗粒相互作用的主要机制;SiC颗粒与热疲劳裂纹有明显的交互作用.因此,改善Si相的形态和分布以及加强Al/SiC颗粒间的界面结合有利于提高热疲劳裂纹扩展的抗力.     

喷丸残余应力对裂纹闭合效应影响的数值仿真

基于裂纹闭合效应,利用ABAQUS软件建立用于预测残余应力场中疲劳裂纹扩展特性的弹塑性有限元模型。考虑塑性和残余应力场对裂纹闭合的作用,分析残余应力、应力比和裂尖单元尺寸对裂纹闭合效应的影响。研究结果表明:未喷丸试样的裂纹闭合类型为塑性诱导裂纹闭合,喷丸残余应力场中的裂纹闭合为塑性和残余压应力共同作用,且裂纹张开力的大小与残余应力的分布相对应;正应力比越大,裂纹闭合效应越不明显,疲劳裂纹扩展速率越快;裂尖单元尺寸小于塑性区范围时可以真实反映裂尖的闭合状态;喷丸残余压应力通过提高裂纹闭合力,增强裂纹闭合效应,抑制疲劳裂纹扩展。     

SiC_p及Al_2O_(3w)增强铸态混杂金属基复合材料的疲劳裂纹扩展机理(英文)

研究了一种SiCp及Al2O3w增强铸态混杂金属基复合材料(MMC)的疲劳裂纹扩展(FCG)机理,同时对比研究了Al2O3w增强铸态金属基复合材料和铸态铝合金的疲劳裂纹扩展机理。在研究近临界和裂纹稳定扩展区域的疲劳裂纹扩展(FCG)机理时,发现混杂MMC的临界应力强度因子?Kth值高于其他两种材料的?Kth值,说明应力强度因子?K值较低时混杂MMC可以更好地抵抗裂纹扩展。随着?K值的降低,两种MMC在近临界区域显示出相似的FCG机理,即主要由增强相–基体界面的剥离控制,随后由铝基体中空隙的形核与合并控制;在裂纹稳定或中等扩展区域,?K值较高时FCG除了受界面上周期性裂纹扩展引起的增强相–基体界面剥离的影响之外,还显著受到铝基体中疲劳条带的影响。此外,在高?K值下,因为局部失稳断裂机制,可见铝基体中空隙的形核与合并以及SiCp和Al2O3w中的穿晶断裂。对于铸态铝合金,在低?K值下,FCG主要受空隙的形核与合并所控制;在高?K值下,FCG主要受铝晶粒的疲劳条带控制,随后受Si团簇中空隙的形核与合并控制。     

SiCp及Al2O3w增强铸态混杂金属基复合材料的疲劳裂纹扩展机理（英文）

研究了一种SiCp及Al2O3w增强铸态混杂金属基复合材料(MMC)的疲劳裂纹扩展(FCG)机理,同时对比研究了Al2O3w增强铸态金属基复合材料和铸态铝合金的疲劳裂纹扩展机理。在研究近临界和裂纹稳定扩展区域的疲劳裂纹扩展(FCG)机理时,发现混杂MMC的临界应力强度因子?Kth值高于其他两种材料的?Kth值,说明应力强度因子?K值较低时混杂MMC可以更好地抵抗裂纹扩展。随着?K值的降低,两种MMC在近临界区域显示出相似的FCG机理,即主要由增强相–基体界面的剥离控制,随后由铝基体中空隙的形核与合并控制;在裂纹稳定或中等扩展区域,?K值较高时FCG除了受界面上周期性裂纹扩展引起的增强相–基体界面剥离的影响之外,还显著受到铝基体中疲劳条带的影响。此外,在高?K值下,因为局部失稳断裂机制,可见铝基体中空隙的形核与合并以及SiCp和Al2O3w中的穿晶断裂。对于铸态铝合金,在低?K值下,FCG主要受空隙的形核与合并所控制;在高?K值下,FCG主要受铝晶粒的疲劳条带控制,随后受Si团簇中空隙的形核与合并控制。     

SiC维纤增强钛基复合材料的疲劳裂纹扩展速率

用箔-纤维-箔法制备SiC纤维增强Ti-6Al-4V复合材料,研究复合材料在加载频率f=10Hz、应力比R=0.1、最大应力σmax=300MPa条件下的疲劳裂纹扩展速率(da/dN),并采用扫描电子显微镜对疲劳破坏断口进行观察和分析。结果显示,在该加载条件下,复合材料第Ⅱ阶段疲劳裂纹扩展速率符合高斯函数。断口观察表明,复合材料的基体在裂纹稳态扩展区出现明显的疲劳条带,复合材料的疲劳损伤可以分为纤维断裂、基体开裂和纤维/基体界面脱粘等多种形式。     

Fatigue crack growth mechanism in cast hybrid metal matrix composite reinforced with SiC particles and Al2O3 whiskers

The fatigue crack growth (FCG) mechanism of a cast hybrid metal matrix composite (MMC) reinforced with SiC particles and Al₂O₃ whiskers was investigated. For comparison, the FCG mechanisms of a cast MMC with Al₂O₃ whiskers and a cast Al alloy were also investigated. The results show that the FCG mechanism is observed in the near-threshold and stable-crack-growth regions. The hybrid MMC shows a higher threshold stress intensity factor range, ΔK_th, than the MMC with Al₂O₃ and Al alloy, indicating better resistance to crack growth in a lower stress intensity factor range, ΔK. In the near-threshold region with decreasing ΔK, the two composite materials exhibit similar FCG mechanism that is dominated by debonding of the reinforcement–matrix interface, and followed by void nucleation and coalescence in the Al matrix. At higher ΔK in the stable- or mid-crack-growth region, in addition to the debonding of the particle–matrix and whisker–matrix interface caused by cycle-by-cycle crack growth at the interface, the FCG is affected predominantly by striation formation in the Al matrix. Moreover, void nucleation and coalescence in the Al matrix and transgranular fracture of SiC particles and Al₂O₃ whiskers at high ΔK are also observed as the local unstable fracture mechanisms. However, the FCG of the monolithic Al alloy is dominated by void nucleation and coalescence at lower ΔK, whereas the FCG at higher ΔK is controlled mainly by striation formation in the Al grains, and followed by void nucleation and coalescence in the Si clusters.     

Fatigue crack growth resistance of SiC<Subscript>p</Subscript> reinforced Al alloys: Effects of particle size,particle volume fraction,and matrix strength

The main aim of this work was to study the effects of particle size, particle volume fraction, and matrix strength on the long fatigue crack growth resistance of two different grades of Al alloys (Al2124-T1 and Al6061-T1) reinforced with SiC particles. Basically, it was found that an increase in particle volume fraction and particle size increases the fatigue crack growth resistance at near threshold and Paris regimen, with matrix strength having a smaller effect. Near final failure, the stronger and more brittle composites are affected more by static modes of failure as the applied maximum stress intensity factor (K _max) approaches mode I plane strain fracture toughness (K _IC).     

Cyclic Fatigue Fracture Behavior of Spray-Deposited SiCp/Al-Si Composite

The cyclic fatigue characteristics of spray-deposited SiC_p/Al-Si composite were investigated in comparison with the unreinforced Al-Si alloy. The as-extruded specimens were cyclically deformed with fully reversed loading under a range of total strain amplitudes. The results show that the cyclic response characteristics for the reinforced and unreinforced materials are similar to each other. Both the composite and matrix alloys display cyclic hardening under total strain amplitude of 0.35-0.5%. Otherwise, the composite exhibits higher degree of strain hardening than that of the matrix alloy. Dislocation substructure developed during cyclic deformation was analyzed using transmission electron microscopy. The discrepancy between dislocation substructures obtained from processing compared to its development during cyclic strain loading is thought to give rise to the observed cyclic stress response behavior. Fractographic analysis shows that particle/matrix debonding and particle cracking are the main mechanisms of failure in the SiC particle-reinforced composite.     

Fatigue crack growth and wear behaviors in rheocast Al−Si−Mg alloys

Rheocast aluminum alloys, which consist of globular α-Al cells, refined grains and eutectic Si particle, were used to investigate fatigue crack growth and wear characteristics. The Si particles were systematically varied from coarse and acicular shapes to small and globular ones. At low ΔK fatigue crack growth rates decreased in samples consisting of acicular Si particles of large grain size, which induced a large amount of crack closure. Large and acicular Si particles were easily cracked and separated the particle/matrix interface, which promoted to fracture at smaller ΔK. On the other hand, small Si particles made fatigue crack grow, even at a high ΔK region, and increased the fracture toughness of the alloy. However, in the wear test, small eutectic Si particles were pulled out by friction force during sliding wear and the wear loss amount increased with increase in sliding distance.     

Kinetics of γ’ precipitation and its influence on fatigue crack growth behavior of a new single-crystal nickel- based superalloy (cmsx-4g) at room temperature

An investigation was carried out to determine the growth kinetics of γ precipitates in a newly developed single-crystal nickel-base superalloy containing rhenium (CMSX- 4G). The investigation also examined the influence of γ’ precipitates (size and distribution) on fatigue crack growth behavior of the material in a room-temperature ambient atmosphere. The influence of load ratio on fatigue threshold of the material and crack growth mechanisms in fatigue was also studied. Compact tension specimens were prepared from a single-crystal nickel-base superalloy, CMSX-4G, with the (001) crystallographic direction. These specimens were given two different heat treatments to produce two different γ’ size precipitates. Fatigue crack growth behavior of these materials was studied at three different load ratios (R = 0.10, 0.50, and 0.90) in room-temperature ambient atmosphere. The results of the present investigation demonstrate that rhenium additions in CMSX-4G substantially lowers the γ coarsening kinetics of this alloy. The smaller γ’ precipitate size was found to be beneficial for fatigue resistance and has resulted in a higher fatigue threshold and lower fatigue crack growth rate in the threshold region. The fatigue threshold was found to decrease with an increase in load ratio. The crack growth mechanism in the threshold region was found to occur by a combination of microvoid coalescence and striations.     

Fatigue crack retardation by silicon carbide powder paste infiltration under different cyclic stress conditions*

Fatigue crack retardation with infiltrated SiC paste into a crack is examined in low carbon structural steel. Two different sizes of SiC powders, whose average diameters are 15 and 53 μm, are used. The SiC powder mixed with oil is infiltrated into a through thickness fatigue crack from the crack mouth. Fatigue crack growth retardation is examined by the ΔK increasing test of R = 0.1, comparing with the base plate property, where ΔK is stress intensity factor range and R is stress ratio. Crack growth is retarded just after infiltrating SiC paste into the crack mouth, and the deceleration of crack growth rate to 1/50 of the base plate appears in the maximum. It is revealed that this crack retardation behaviour results from the crack closure induced by the wedge effect of the SiC particle into a crack. The crack retardation effect is investigated with several combinations of SiC particle size and cyclic stress conditions. The crack growth rate, da/dn and stress intensity factor, K_cl for the crack closure depend on both the maximum stress intensity factor, K_max, and the stress ratio, R. While the better retardation effect can appear in the higher K_max and the higher R ratio, it disappears in the R ratio over 0.7. The SiC paste with 15 μm powder brings the crack retardation effect in the wider cyclic stress condition more stable than in the SiC paste with 53 μm powder.     

Crack path morphology in dual-phase steel

Intercritical heat treatment (ICHT) and thermomechanical processing (TMP) were used on steel having 0.16% C to vary the morphology, distribution of ferrite, and martensite phases, in order to study the resistance to fatigue crack propagation and crack path morphology in dual-phase steel. A crack growth rate has been determined at ∼10⁻¹⁰ to 10⁻³ m per cycle in ICHT and TMP samples. The tortuous morphology of the crack path was observed in unrolled materials, which resulted in reduction of the crack driving force from crack deflection and increased the ΔK _th. In thermomechanical processed materials, the crack tended to cross the martensite and the crack path become less circuitous, resulting in decrease a threshold stress intensity factor (ΔK _th) as compared with unrolled material.     

Fabrication and fracture toughness of macro-toughening-designed composite

lINTR0DUCTIONParticleReinforcedMetalMatrixC0mp0s-ites(PMMCs)havehighspecificstrength,spe-cificmodulus,elevatedtemperatureproperties,res1stancetowearandlowcost.However,com-paniedlowductilityandtoughnessisonemainobstacletotheirapplicationforengineeringL','j.ManystudiesonSiCparticlereinforcedalu-.minum.ll.y.['v']showthattheadditionofpar-ticlenotonlyrefinesmatrixgrainbutalsoresultsinhighdensitydislocationsinthematrixneartheinterface.Particlesblocklong-distance-slipofthedislocationsinthema…     

ATIGUE CRACK GROWTH FEATURE OF Fe-Cr-Ni MATRIX COMPOSITE REINFORCED BY TITANIUM CARBIDE PARTICULATE AT 1023K

1.IntroductionRecently,thefabricati0nofcastFe-26Cr-14Nimatrixcomp0sitesreinf0rcedbytitaniumcarbideparticulatesynthesizedwithTi Cpowdersinhightemperaturemelthasbeenin-vestigatedbythepresentauth0rs[1-3].ThemicrostructureiscomposedofausteniteanduniformlydispersedtitaniumcarbidewithasizeofO.5-5pm-Fineinterfacialstructureisobtainedduetotheadvantageofinsitusynthesisoftitaniumcarbideinhightemperaturemelt.Theexperimentalresultsofthemechanicalpropertieshaveshownthatthecom-positewith10vol.%titaniumca…