焚烧灰渣的资源化利用将是比较符合中国实际的方法

近年来，城市垃圾的产生量日益增加，已对环境造成了越来越大的影响。为了使城市生活垃圾达到减量化，无害化，焚烧技术已被广泛利用。我国已有不少城市，如：上海、武汉、福州、常州等，开始兴建大型生活垃圾焚烧厂。焚烧可大大减少生活垃圾的存量（减少约90％的体积），但仍有20％～30％的质量留在了焚烧灰渣当中。如此大量焚烧灰渣的产生，带来了处置的困难。     

利用生活垃圾焚烧发电厂炉渣制备免烧砖的研究

在对广州李坑生活垃圾焚烧发电厂炉渣的成分和特性分析的基础上,进行了利用该炉渣制备焚烧炉渣免烧砖的初步研究,探讨了不同激发剂(Na2SiO3、Na2SO4、NaOH)对焚烧炉渣免烧砖性能的影响,分析了焚烧炉渣砖的环境安全性.研究结果表明,当焚烧炉渣和Na2SiO3的掺量分别为原料总量的70%和5.5%时,28 d抗折强度和抗压强度分别达3.24 MPa和20.56 MPa,其重金属溶出量符合GB 3838-2002<地表水环境质量标准>V类水要求.这为城市生活垃圾焚烧炉渣的高效资源化利用提供了一种技术途径.     

城市生活垃圾处置现状综述

近年来,我国城市生活垃圾产生量不断增长,而城市生活垃圾处理能力发展相对滞后。这里客观地评价了卫生填埋、焚烧、堆肥这三种传统处理方法的优缺点,介绍了汽化熔融焚烧技术、微生物垃圾处理技术、资源化垃圾建材技术等处理方法,提出了三点改进措施,即加强城市生活垃圾分类、构建垃圾处理收费体系、建立完善的城市生活垃圾处理制度。     

推广项目指南简介

城市生活垃圾焚烧处理技术该技术是国家“八五”科技攻关成果。该技术工艺过程是将城市生活垃圾投入垃圾炉内 ,在高温条件下 ,垃圾中可燃成分与空气中的氧进行剧烈化学反应 ,放出热量 ,转化成高温燃烧气体和性能稳定的固态炉渣。余热锅炉产生的蒸汽 ,可供汽轮发电机组发电和对外供热。该技术适用于热值不低于3349ｋＪ/ｋｇ ,水分不高于 5 5 %且未经分洗的城市生活垃圾。该技术获得国家科技进步二等奖。技术依托单位 :深圳市市政环卫综合处理厂城市生活垃圾流化床焚烧新技术及示范工程采用异重度流化床稳定燃烧技术。该技术是由重度差异较大…     

信息超市

新产品新技术焚烧垃圾炉渣制砖项目通过鉴定上海浦东御桥生活垃圾焚烧发电厂每天焚烧垃圾发电后产生200多吨炉渣，这些炉渣无法再作处理，堆积起来，既占用大量土地，又会造成新的环境污染。上海浦东环保部门牵头组织的一项国家建设部科研攻关项目——焚烧垃圾炉渣制砖项目，经过科研技术人员历时两年多的刻苦攻关，反复试验，终于获得成功。这些焚烧后的垃圾炉渣，经过六七道工序加工后，变成一块块高强度的马路道砖。9月25日，上海浦东环保部门焚烧垃圾炉渣制砖科研攻关项目正式通过专家鉴定。参与鉴定的专家认为：这种炉渣经过预处理后作…     

青岛市生活垃圾无害化处理及资源化利用思考

随着城市生活垃圾产生量大幅度增加,如何合理处理生活垃圾,日益引起人们的关注,人们对于生活垃圾的无害化、资源化处理的要求也越来越高。论文阐述了生活垃圾无害化处理的迫切性,介绍了生活垃圾无害化填埋、焚烧发电、垃圾堆肥技术,分析了青岛市目前生活垃圾资源化利用现状及存在问题,并根据青岛市实际情况,对今后生活垃圾处理中应解决的问题提出了一些建议。     

防辐射涂料登场

上海浦东御桥生活垃圾焚烧发电厂每天焚烧垃圾发电后产生2-0多吨炉渣，这些炉渣无法再作处理，堆积起来，既占用大量土地，又会造成新的环境污染。上海浦东环保部门牵头组织的一项国家建设部利研攻关项目——焚烧垃圾炉渣制砖项目，     

城市垃圾焚烧底灰的综合利用

随着中国城市化的进程日益加快,城市生活垃圾的产生量日益增加,对人们的生活质量的提高和社会的可持续发展产生了阻碍。焚烧处理技术的应用可大大降低生活垃圾的存量,但由此产生了大量的焚烧灰渣。该文对垃圾焚烧灰渣的基本特性和资源化利用的研究现状进行了综合评述,提出比较适合我国经济条件与环境要求的灰渣管理与利用策略是在建筑工程和填埋工程中进行资源化利用。     

都市垃圾熔渣用作混凝土细骨料的研究

都市垃圾处理与生活环境的优化密切相关。以往的做法多将城市垃圾运往城郊堆积场或进行深埋,但均无法避免对环境的污染以及用地的不断扩大。为此相应开发了不同的焚烧垃圾技术,不仅可以使垃圾减容、避免扩大用地、利用焚烧余热,而且有利于实现垃圾处理的工厂化和工业化。但     

城市生活垃圾焚烧底灰的特性研究

介绍了国内城市生活垃圾的产生及处理现状,分析了焚烧垃圾底灰的特性,针对垃圾的炉排型和流化床型两种焚烧工艺,取底灰样品若干,进行了样品的能谱分析(EDX)对比,分析研究表明,两种焚烧工艺的垃圾焚烧底灰都以C,O,Ca为主,与砂类土性质类似,且具有利用价值.     

Recycling of municipal solid waste incinerator ash in hot-mix asphalt concrete

This research investigated the use of incinerator ash as a partial replacement of fine aggregate in hot-mix asphalt concrete. Municipal solid waste (MSW) Incinerator ash was obtained from an incinerator facility at Sultan Qaboos University. Physical tests were performed on the incinerator ash to determine its gradation and specific gravity, as well as chemical composition of the leachate from the ash. MSW ash was used in the mixture of hot-mix asphalt with a percentage of up to 40% by total aggregate weight. Optimum mixtures were evaluated for moisture susceptibility and raveling potential. The results indicate the potential use of the MSW ash in asphalt concrete mixtures for surface and base course mixtures with percentages of 15 and 20 ash substitution, respectively.     

利用垃圾焚烧炉内循环处理垃圾焚烧飞灰的技术研究

将垃圾焚烧厂的垃圾焚烧飞灰作为球核主料和含碳还原剂以及必要的吸氯剂和催化剂制成复合球团,投入到垃圾焚烧炉进行高温还原分解二噁英,重金属形成玻璃态熔渣。从而对垃圾焚烧飞灰进行无害化处理,实现了垃圾焚烧飞灰在焚烧炉自身完整的闭路内循环处置,为处理垃圾焚烧飞灰提供了最佳技术路线。     

Estimation of the mass-balance of selected metals in four sanitary landfills in Western Norway, with emphasis on the heavy metal content of the deposited waste and the leachate

A worst-case simulation of the mass-balance for metals in the waste deposited during 1 year and the levels of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), chromium (Cr) and iron (Fe) in the leachate was calculated for four sanitary landfills in Western Norway. Estimates of the levels of metal content in mixed municipal solid waste (MSW) were found by using recent literature values calculated in a mass-balance study at a Norwegian waste incinerator plant. Leachate from the landfills were sampled and analyzed monthly during 1 year, and from these measurements the total annual discharge of the selected metals through the leachate was determined. The levels of the measured heavy metals in the leachate were low. For Cd less than 0.06%, for Pb less than 0.01% and for Hg less than 0.02% of the estimated year's deposited mass of metals were leached from the landfills during the year of investigation. The high retention of these metals are most likely due to sulfide precipitation, but also due to the immobile condition of the metals in their original deposited solid state (plastics, ceramics, etc.). The percentage of Cr leached was relatively higher, but less than 1.0% per year. The mass balance of Fe suggests that this element is more mobile under the prevailing conditions. The percentage of Fe leached varied and was estimated to be between 1.9% and 18%. The present study clearly supports the theory that MSW only to a small extent will lead to discharge of metals if deposited at well-constructed sanitary landfills with top layers.     

城市生活垃圾处理的可持续性发展

人类进入21世纪后，面临社会、经济、环境等诸多问题，可持续发展已成为人类的必然选择。文中对城市生活垃圾现状及卫生填埋、堆肥、焚烧等处理方法的优缺点进行了阐述，指出必须对垃圾进行减量化、无害化、资源化处理，为我国21世纪的可持续发展打下良好的基础。     

Influence of bacteria on lanthanide and actinide transfer from specific soil components (humus, soil minerals and vitrified municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash) to corn plants: Sr-Nd isotope evidence

Experiments have been performed to test the stability of vitrified municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerator bottom ash under the presence of bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and plants (corn). The substratum used for the plant growth was a humus-rich soil mixed with vitrified waste. For the first time, information on the stability of waste glasses in the presence of bacteria and plants is given. Results show that inoculated plant samples contained always about two times higher lanthanide and actinide element concentrations. Bacteria support the element transfer since plants growing in inoculated environment developed a smaller root system but have higher trace element concentrations. Compared with the substratum, plants are light rare earth element (LREE) enriched. The vitrified bottom ash has to some extent been corroded by bacteria and plant activities as indicated by the presence of Nd (REE) and Sr from the vitrified waste in the plants. (87)Sr/(86)Sr and (143)Nd/(144)Nd isotope ratios of plants and soil components allow the identification of the corroded soil components and confirm that bacteria accelerate the assimilation of elements from the vitrified bottom ash. These findings are of importance for landfill disposal scenarios, and similar experiments should be performed in order to better constrain the processes of microbially mediated alteration of the MSW glasses in the biosphere.     

An index for quantifying the aerobic reactivity of municipal solid wastes and derived waste products

The organic matter contained in municipal solid waste (MSW) and in the MSW fractions obtained by mechanical separation has strong environmental impact when the waste is used as landfill. This is partly due to the biological activity that occurs under anaerobic conditions. Negative effects on the environment include unpleasant odors, biogas, leachate and biomass self-heating. Measuring the biological reactivity of waste with the help of indicators is an important tool to prevent waste impact. The aim of this study was to develop an index capable of describing the aerobic reactivity of waste, using both biological and chemical indicators. To develop this index, 71 MSW and MSW-product samples, including biologically treated MSW and mechanically separated MSW fractions, were analyzed. Fifty of the 71 samples analyzed represented MSWs and their derived products collected from a number of Italian waste plants and sites. The remaining 21 were MSW samples collected at different times during 8 different full-scale aerobic biological processes in four treatment plants used to reduce the biological reactivity of wastes. Five of these processes used the entire (unsorted) MSW, while the remaining three used the organic fraction of the MSW obtained by mechanical pre-treatment (waste sieving). Respirometric activity (Dynamic Respiration Index, DRI) and eluates characterization (chemical oxygen demand--COD, and 5 days biological oxygen demand--BOD5) were used as indicators of waste strength, as they had previously been reported to be indirect measures of waste impact on landfill. Summarizing all studied indicators, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to develop the Putrescibility Index (Ip). The results revealed Ip index of 204+/-33 (mean+/-standard deviation) and 159+/-14 for the organic fraction of MSW and MSW untreated waste respectively, and of 106+/-16 and 101+/-22 for the corresponding biologically treated waste.     

Life cycle assessment of municipal solid waste management with regard to greenhouse gas emissions: Case study of Tianjin, China

The environmental impacts of municipal solid waste (MSW) management have been highlighted in China, due to the continually increasing amount of MSW being generated and the limited capacity of waste treatment facilities. Of particular interest is greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation, aided by the Kyoto Mechanisms. China is an important case study for this global issue; however, an analysis of the entire life cycle of MSW management on GHG emissions is not available for China. This study evaluates the current and possible patterns of MSW management with regard to GHG emissions, using life cycle assessment (LCA), based on the Tianjin case. We assess the baseline scenario, reflecting the existing MSW management system, as well as a set of alternative scenarios, five exploring waste treatment technology innovations and one exploring integrated MSW management, to quantitatively predict potentials of GHG mitigation for Tianjin. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis is used to investigate the influence of landfill gas (LFG) collection efficiency, recycling rate and methodological choice, especially allocation, on the outcomes. The results show GHG emissions from Tianjin's MSW management system amount to 467.34 Mg CO₂ eq. per year, based on the treatment of MSW collected in the central districts in 2006, and the key issue is LFG released. The integrated MSW management scenario, combining different improvement options, shows the highest GHG mitigation potential. Given the limited financial support and the current waste management practice in Tianjin, LFG utilization scenario would be the preferred choice. The sensitivity analysis of recycling rate shows an approximately linear relation of inverse proportion between recycling rate and total GHG emissions. Kitchen waste composting makes a considerable contribution to total GHG emissions reduction. Allocation choices result in differences in total quantitative outcomes, but preference orders and contributions analysis are found to be robust, suggesting LCA can support decision making.     

北京市建筑垃圾减量化规划应对策略研究

我国城市已进入快速发展阶段,城市建设量增加,导致城市建筑垃圾产生量逐年递增,对环境造成巨大压力,因此建筑垃圾减量化处理刻不容缓.通过阐述国外建筑垃圾治理模式,分析北京市建筑垃圾处理现状及问题,最后从建筑垃圾治理与城市国土空间规划体系相衔接、构建建筑垃圾全过程减量化模式、完善建筑垃圾治理法律法规体系3个方面,提出北京市建...     

Estimation of heavy metal transformations in municipal solid waste

The behaviour of heavy metals bound to municipal solid waste (MSW) and exposed to 2 decades of anaerobic waste stabilization processes have been estimated. Heavy metal solid forms in a waste degradation residue have been compared with a reconstructed waste similar to that initially disposed of in 1973. The initial waste was composed of a mixture of shredded MSW (95% dry wt.) and anaerobic sewage sludge (5% dry wt.). A sequential chemical extraction method has been used to fractionate the heavy metals into five categories of available and reactive solid forms. The results imply that these forms can be ascribed to approximately 30% of the total content of the heavy metals in the degraded waste and the portion of heavy metals bound to oxidizable solid forms seems to be higher in the degraded than the fresh MSW. The bulk of the remaining heavy metals are assumed to be less available and bound into resistant lattice structures, such as metal and polymer items. A comparison between fractionation patterns of the waste in this study and of a few sediments collected from different environments imply similarities between the fresh MSW and an oxic sediment from one site and the sewage sludge and anoxic sediments from another site. Fractionation patterns of the degraded waste are found to be quite similar to those of the anoxic sediments, except for Pb, Ni and Cd which are more similar to fresh MSW.