新型微波等离子体化学气相沉积金刚石薄膜装置

微波等离子体化学气相沉积（ＭＰＣＶＤ）是制备金刚石薄膜的一种重要方法。为了获得金刚石薄膜的高速率大面积沉积，在国内首次研制成功了５ｋＷ带有石英真空窗的天线耦合水冷却不锈钢反应室式ＭＰＣＶＤ装置。初步用该装置成功在硅基片上沉积得到了金刚石薄膜。     

基片位置对MWPCVD制备金刚石薄膜的影响

在石英钟罩式微波等离子体化学气相沉积实验装置中研究了基片位置对金刚石薄膜沉积质量的影响。扫描电子显微镜显微形貌观察和激光喇曼谱分析表明，对微波等离子体化学气相沉积制备金刚石薄膜而言，基片位置处于近等离子体球下游区域将有利于改善金刚石薄膜沉积质量。     

基片预处理对MWPCVD金刚石薄膜的影响

利用自行研制的石英钟罩式微波等离子体化学气相沉积金刚石薄膜装置，研究了硅基片的不同预处理方式对沉积结果的影响。通过扫描电子显微镜形貌观察和喇曼谱分析表明，基片预处理能提高形核密度；用于预处理的金刚石研磨膏的粒度不同，影响金刚石薄膜沉积时的形核密度，晶形和薄膜的质量；表面划痕对沉积金刚石薄膜的影响具有双重性。     

液相电沉积金刚石薄膜的研究进展

评述了液相沉积(类)金刚石薄膜的研究现状,介绍了液相合成(类)金刚石薄膜的装置、液态源及薄膜的性能,分析了如何更好地提高(类)金刚石薄膜质量,并在此基础上提出了一种可能制备出高质量金刚石薄膜的脉冲电弧放电沉积装置.     

基片预处理对MWPCVD金刚石薄膜的影响

利用自行研制的石英钟罩式微波等离子体化学气相沉积金刚石薄膜装置，研究了硅基片的不同预处理方式对沉积结果的影响。通过扫描电子显微镜形貌观察和喇曼谱分析表明，基片预处理能提高形核密度；用于预处理的金刚石研磨膏的粒度不同，影响金刚石薄膜沉积时的形核密度、晶形和薄膜的质量；表面划痕对沉积金刚石薄膜的影响具有双重性。     

基片位置对MWPCVD制备金刚石薄膜的影响

在石英钟罩式微波等离子体化学气相沉积实验装置中研究了基片位置对金刚石薄膜沉积质量的影响。扫描电子显微镜显微形貌观察和激光喇曼谱分析表明 ,对微波等离子体化学气相沉积制备金刚石薄膜而言 ,基片位置处于近等离子体球下游区域将有利于改善金刚石薄膜沉积质量。     

金刚石薄膜的性质、制备及应用

金刚石有着优异的物理化学性质，化学气相沉积金刚石薄膜的研究受到研究人员和工业界的广泛关注。通过评述金刚石薄膜的性质、制备方法及应用等方面的研究成果，着重阐述化学气相沉积金刚石薄膜技术的基本原理，分析了各种沉积技术的优、缺点。结合对金刚石薄膜应用的讨论，分析了金刚石薄膜在工业应用中存在的问题和制备技术的发展方向。分析结果表明：MWCVD法是高速率、高质量、大面积沉积金刚石薄膜的首选方法；而提高金刚石的生长速度、降低生产成本等是进一步开发刚石薄膜工业化应用所需解决的主要问题。     

氧气-乙炔火焰法在Al2O3陶瓷上沉积金刚石薄膜

用氧气－乙炔火焰法在氧化铝陶瓷片上沉积出了金刚石薄膜，并观察了薄膜的形貌结构及其在基片上的分布规律。对基片进行了适当的预处理，可以提高金刚石薄膜在基片上的成核密度。认为氧化铝陶瓷片与沉积金刚石薄膜之间易形成过渡层，初步探讨了在氧化铝陶瓷片上沉积金刚石薄膜的机理。     

沉积气压对MW—PCVD制备金刚石薄膜的影响

利用石英钟罩式微波等离子体化学气相沉积（ＭＷ－ＰＣＶＤ）实验装置研究了不同沉积气压对金刚石薄膜沉积结果的影响。扫描电子显微镜（ＳＥＭ）显微形貌观察及喇曼光谱（ＲＡＭＡＮ）分析表明沉积气压的提高有利于改善ＭＷ－ＰＣＶＤ制备金刚石薄膜的质量。     

金刚石晶粒和薄膜的侧向沉积

将传统的灯丝热解化学气相沉积系统改装成侧向沉积系统，并在其中进行了金刚石薄膜的正、侧向沉积。研究表明，侧向沉积的成核密度和生长度与正向沉积的情况基本相同，崦侧向沉积系统中金刚石颗粒和薄膜的沉积速率要比传统的沉积系统的高，但结构更趋复杂。讨论服基底对金刚石成核和生长过程的影响，深化了厂金刚石沉积机理的理解。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...