运载火箭海上动平台起竖系统动力学建模与仿真

针对运载火箭海上发射平台箭体起竖问题,综合运用船舶耐波性和多体动力学理论,建立海上发射平台运动模型。将解析法求解得到的起竖载荷变化与0级海况下动力学仿真结果进行对比,验证了起竖力学模型的正确性。为了模拟复杂海况环境下的起竖问题,采用船舶耐波性理论分析得出的平台运动函数条件,开展发射平台垂荡、纵摇、横摇耦合运动的动力学仿真,获得不同海况和不同起竖方向下起竖装置所受载荷的变化规律。研究结果可以为起竖系统的抗风浪设计以及液压和控制系统的设计提供一定的参考。     

基于柔性打捞的波浪补偿系统设计与试验

为提高高海况下救助打捞成功率与起吊过程安全性,介绍一种基于高海况柔性网具救助打捞系统的方法,提出一种以变幅油缸为执行机构的主被动复合波浪补偿方案,采用模糊自适应PID算法控制器,控制变幅油缸伸缩位移,抑制船舶横摇对伸缩吊臂的影响。根据相似准则对打捞系统进行模型设计并建立波浪补偿系统缩比模型试验,通过液压摇摆台模拟船舶横摇角度,测试变幅油缸的响应时间、运动的平稳性及缩比模型的补偿精度,预测原型样机的波浪补偿效果。实验结果表明:模型试验系统运行稳定可靠,补偿效果良好,打捞吊机跟随模拟平台做-15°～+15°的正弦摇摆,吊臂的波浪补偿运动误差维持在±1°内。该方法原理和试验数据可为原型样机的设计提供参考。     

电液伺服稳定平台建模与实验

由于风浪的影响,海上作业的船舶会产生不规律的横摇、纵摇和升沉运动,这严重影响船载设备的安全。因此,在船舶上建立一个稳定平台显得尤为重要[1]。介绍了一种六自由度稳定平台的工作原理和实际用途,通过逆解算法得到每个液压缸的运动规律,最后通过实验平台对稳定平台及其反解算法进行验证。实验表明,稳定平台对船舶的横摇、纵摇和升沉的稳定效果明显,具有广泛的工程应用前景。     

主动补偿平台单通道控制系统研究

船舶在海上作业时,需要通过稳定平台对船舶的摇摆进行补偿。稳定平台工作过程中,需要采用控制算法对各个通道进行控制。由于液压缸和电液伺服阀等机械元件惯性的影响,采用常规PID算法时,系统响应具有滞后性,降低了稳定平台的补偿精度。为此,提出一种前馈PID控制算法,该算法既具有常规PID算法简单易操作的优点,又能解决系统响应的滞后性问题。以稳定平台单通道为研究对象,采用仿真与实验相结合的方式,证明前馈PID控制算法的有效性。     

基于AMESim的浮式钻井平台钻柱升沉补偿系统仿真研究

针对海浪升沉运动对钻柱和钻压的影响,设计基于电液比例阀控制非对称油缸的海洋浮式钻井平台钻柱升沉补偿系统。通过对系统中电液比例阀和液压缸进行分析,搭建了基于AMESim软件的主动补偿和半主动补偿系统仿真模型,运用PID控制算法进行仿真研究。仿真结果表明,设计的补偿系统具有较好的补偿效果。该模型可为升沉补偿系统研究提供参考。     

船舶起重机减摇装置液压回路的设计与试验

针对船舶起重机海上作业时存在的吊重摇摆问题,提出了一种新型机械式船舶起重机减摇装置,利用减摇索在减摇环处形成稳定的力三角形,并有效地减小吊重的摆幅,进而达到抑制吊重摇摆的目的。对减摇装置的原理进行叙述,根据起重机及减摇装置的动作要求设计了液压系统,利用AMESim软件对船舶横摇4°下减摇马达的响应进行仿真分析,结果表明:液压马达的响应良好,验证了液压系统的合理性。搭建试验平台进行试验分析,得到减摇马达响应适时,验证了液压系统的可行性。     

神经网络PID控制的液压驱动主动升沉补偿预测控制研究

为了提高船舶在海面上作业时补偿精度,采用BP神经网络PID控制方法,并对船舶升沉运动输出误差进行仿真。建立船舶主动升沉补偿系统简图,分析船舶升沉运动工作原理,给出液压缸驱动传递函数。引用BP神经网络算法,采用梯度下降法对BP神经网络加权值进行修正,通过学习速率来补偿控制系统输出误差,从而实现PID控制器参数在线调节。在受到不同负载影响状况下,采用MATLAB软件对船舶升沉运动补偿精度进行仿真,并且与PID控制补偿精度进行对比。结果表明:采用PID控制器,船舶升沉运动输出误差较大,控制系统反应速度较慢;而采用BP神经网络PID控制器,船舶升沉运动输出误差较小,控制系统反应速度较快,同时,随着负载质量的增加,输出误差就会增大。采用BP神经网络PID控制系统,响应速度快,补偿精度高,提高了船舶在海面上作业定位精度。     

最优控制理论在电液力矩伺服系统中的应用研究

船舶减摇水舱试验台架是研究和设计减摇水舱的重要试验设备，能否准确的模拟船舶在海浪中的运动是设计试验台架的关键，本文设计了用于驱动船舶减摇水舱试验台架的电液力矩伺服系统，针对这一系统设计了最优控制器，仿真结果表明系统具有很好的跟踪性能，系统符合设计要求。     

TSC型动态无功补偿半物理仿真系统设计

针对在研究冲击性负荷的无功补偿策略时面临的实验条件苛刻、成本高、危险性大等问题,提出了一种基于QuaRC平台和DSP控制器的TSC型动态无功补偿半物理仿真系统。根据典型冲击性负荷——点焊机的实际工况,在仿真环境中建立了实验对象,选取了一种无功补偿策略并在DSP控制器中实现。仿真结果符合实际情况,验证了本系统设计方案的合理性。     

基于摆动油缸的电液力矩伺服控制系统设计

船舶减摇水舱试验台架是研究和设计减摇水舱的重要试验设备，能否准确的模拟船舶在海浪中的运动是设计试验台架的关键，本文设计了用于驱动船舶减摇水舱试验台架的电液力矩伺服控制系统，在伺服系统中用摆动油缸代替液压马达，建立了摆动油缸的数学模型，仿真结果表明系统符合设计要求。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。