时滞动态补偿方法在泵车臂架液控系统中的应用研究

针对泵车臂架电液控制系统的非线性时滞问题,提出一种适用于泵车臂架结构的动态时滞补偿方法。该方法以泵车臂架末端振动位移历史数据为基础,通过时间序列法对此后某段时间内的泵车臂架的振动姿态提前预测,对系统中的非线性时滞进行动态补偿,为泵车臂架末端位置控制系统提供可靠的反馈数据,为液压阀控缸的位置和速度控制系统提供实时的参考输入。外场试验验证了该时滞补偿算法在提高泵车臂架操控平顺性和阀控缸响应速度方面的有效性。     

高空带电机器人臂架稳定性优化控制仿真研究

以高空带电机器人的臂架变幅液压系统为研究对象,介绍臂架结构和变幅液压控制系统。针对该高空带电机器人作业时出现的臂架振动、抖动现象,采用PID控制器对臂架液压控制系统进行优化。建立平衡回路数学模型,运用多领域仿真软件AMESim 对变幅液压缸动态过程进行仿真,对比优化前后液压缸的动态特性。通过搭建实验平台对PID优化的控制系统进行实验。结果表明: PID优化控制能大大缩短液压缸活塞杆速度波动时间和降低速度波动幅度,可以有效改善臂架系统工作过程中出现的振动、抖动问题,提高臂架的稳定性。     

基于预测可信时间的往复压缩机振动信号非参数预测方法

对具有分形特征的复杂非线性时间序列的预测,核心问题表现为初始条件敏感性对系统动力模型的影响,该敏感性又决定了最大预测可信时间,忽略最大预测可信时间而得到的仅包含有限离散振动幅值的预测,对具有周期震荡趋势信号的特征识别与寿命分析意义甚微。笔者从信息熵角度计算预测可信时间,在对振动时序局部均值分解(Local Mean Decomposition,LMD)的基础上,建立基于KNN(K Nearest Neighbor)非参数改进预测算法,从能量角度选择LMD主分量和影响权值,对主分量做相空间重构并构造预测序列,以最大预测可信时间为重构间隔,对不同特征模态相空间重构以实现对模型的变参数寻优;采用上述预测算法对2D12往复式压缩机轴承振动序列计算并提取故障特征分量,对比分析表明,该算法能较准确预测序列演化趋势并为寿命预测提供有效支撑。     

基于小波核最小二乘支持向量机的齿轮磨损预测

针对齿轮在磨损过程中的磨损程度,可以用振动信号来表征,并通过对磨损过程中振动信号的预测来实现磨损预测,提出了一种基于小波核的支持向量机磨损预测算法。首先,分析了最小二乘小波在磨损预测中建模方法,其核函数采用小波核,改善了系统非线性性能;然后用量子行为粒子群优化算法（ QPSO）优化SVM参数,具有较快的搜索速度并保持了时间序列的特征。验证实验中用齿轮箱振动信号的统计指标表征齿轮磨损状态。实验结果表明,该预测方法能够有效地进行齿轮磨损预测。     

基于多体系统理论的数控机床加工精度几何误差预测模型

针对多轴联动数控机床加工精度误差补偿问题,从分析数控机床误差产生机制和建立精度误差补偿模型的角度,提出基于多体系统理论的数控机床加工精度几何误差预测模型。分析B-A摆头五轴龙门数控机床的拓扑结构关系、低序体阵列、各典型体坐标变换,推导出B-A摆头五轴龙门数控机床的精度几何误差预测函数模型。采用平动轴十二线法误差参数辨识算法,计算出B-A摆头五轴数控机床21项空间几何误差,为精度几何误差预测函数提供有效的误差参数。该精度误差参数建模方法,对不同结构和运动关系的数控机床具有通用性,为后续数控机床误差动态实时补偿提高切削加工精度提供了理论基础。     

工业过程多变量时滞系统的预测函数控制

为提高工业过程中多变量、时滞和强耦合系统的动态特性和耦合能力,文章将预测函数控制与解耦控制相结合,给出了一种新的多变量时滞系统预测函数控制算法.该法首先给出了解耦控制算法,通过对解耦后的对象幅频和相频特性分析,获得对象的一阶加纯滞后模型;然后根据预测函数控制原理对解耦后的多个单变量时滞对象设计控制器;最后仿真结果表明,该控制方法具有在线计算量小、跟踪快速和精度高等特点,能够实现复杂多变量系统的更有效控制.     

基于改进支持向量机的产品服务系统客户流失预测模型

为协助设计师能精准地为客户提供有效的产品服务系统整体解决方案,针对其客户流失预测问题,提出了一种改进粒子群算法与支持向量机相结合的客户流失预测方法(IPSO-SVM)。该方法包括构建了产品服务系统客户流失模型及IPSO-SVM算法模型。首先,IPSO-SVM算法采用粒子位置表示支持向量机的参数,并基于Sobol序列对粒子群位置与速度初始化,然后位置更新时引入动态自适应非线性惯性权重的方法。最后,以某高档数控机床公司客户流失状态为案例,通过与BPNN、SVM、PSO-SVM进行比较,验证所提方法在该数控机床产品服务系统客户流失模型中的有效性与可行性。     

含间隙非线性的工业机器人关节振动特性分析

为了探明关节间隙对工业机器人振动特性的影响，建立含间隙非线性的关节机电耦合动力学模型，对该系统间隙稳定性进行数值分析，随后对关节重要零部件开展扭转振动特性仿真研究，并搭建单关节摆臂试验台进行间隙测试。根据采集到的电流信息参数，提出一种基于力矩观测器的间隙补偿策略。间隙实验测试结果与关节系统谐振频域响应的仿真结果验证了所提含间隙关节模型的准确性，且通过补偿前后电流信号的实验结果证明了该补偿策略对提高关节系统稳定性有效。     

基于SimulationX的泵车臂架液压系统建模与仿真

混凝土泵车臂架液压系统作为泵车三大液压系统之一,且具有势能可回收性,为了研究其势能的回收,有必要对其臂架液压系统进行精确的建模与仿真分析。作者根据某型混凝土泵车的臂架液压系统原理图,通过多学科领域建模、仿真与分析软件SimulationX建立了臂架液压系统的仿真模型,并对系统进行了时域动态仿真分析。结果表明:此负载敏感系统简单、可靠,运行状况良好,符合后续研究势能回收所具备的所有要求。     

基于区域规划法的泵车臂架系统反解算法及自动浇筑轨迹

以五节臂混凝土泵车为研究对象,根据串联机器人理论,建立混凝土泵车臂架系统的D-H矩阵,并进行臂架系统运动学正解分析。提出基于区域规划法的泵车臂架系统末端的反解算法。对混凝土泵车臂架系统工作空间内的直线浇筑轨迹进行规划,并对2种典型的轨迹进行反解计算。结果表明：基于区域规划法的泵车臂架系统反解算法简化了臂架反解运算过程,且反解唯一、计算量小、实时性高,易于在工程机械运动控制器上实现。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.