基于AFCM-SVM的滚动轴承退化状态评估与剩余寿命预测

针对支持向量机模型状态数需要人为设定的不足,提出了一种基于自适应模糊C均值-支持向量机(AFCM-SVM)的滚动轴承退化状态评估与剩余寿命预测方法。该算法采用相对特征建立敏感特征数据集,利用聚类评价指标构造自适应函数,实现了模型聚类结果的自动更新,获得了轴承运行过程中的最佳状态数;基于AFCM-SVM模型与各个运行状态的一一对应关系,确定轴承在不同退化状态下的时间间隔,实现轴承的健康等级评估与寿命预测。根据美国NSFI/UCR智能维护中心提供的滚动轴承全寿命数据对所提算法进行了验证。结果表明,不受轴承个体差异的影响,AFCM-SVM能有效实现自动聚类,识别结果符合轴承退化演变规律;与分层狄利克雷(HDP)和K-means算法相比,AFCM-SVM具有更快的运算速度和更准确的辨识能力。     

基于多目标和声搜索优化SVM的伺服电机滚动轴承性能退化评估

针对传统的支持向量机(SVM)算法参数往往根据经验设定,难以建立最优模型以准确地检测出伺服电机滚动轴承早期故障的问题,研究一种基于多目标和声搜索优化SVM的伺服电机滚动轴承性能退化评估方法。首先提取轴承振动信号的时域、时频域特征作为原始特征集,采用堆叠稀疏自编码器对原始特征集进行更深层次的特征提取,得到最终的特征向量。之后以轴承退化曲线的趋势性和单调性作为适应度函数,采用多目标和声搜索算法对SVM的参数进行优化,建立最优评估模型,得到轴承的性能退化指标。实验结果表明:该方法能准确地检测出轴承的早期故障,相比于传统的轴承SVM性能退化评估方法具备更好的趋势性和单调性。     

基于GA随机共振的模糊SVDD轴承性能退化评估

提出了一种基于遗传算法随机共振与模糊支持向量数据描述相结合的轴承性能退化评估方法。首先结合遗传算法,应用稳定约束条件下的自适应随机共振方法对轴承故障微弱信号进行提取,在保证收敛性的条件下得到所需的特征集;然后从得到的特征集中选取多个特征作为模糊支持向量数据描述的输入,利用训练样本得到超球体模型,进一步提出一个轴承退化综合性能评估指标。最后利用不同方法对实验数据进行评估对比验证了该方法能够更早的检测出轴承的性能退化时刻,并且能够更加形象的描述轴承性能退化过程。     

基于时间编码信号处理与识别的滚动轴承性能退化程度评估

滚动轴承是最常见的机械设备之一,对其进行性能退化评估是实现视情维修的基础。近年来滚动轴承监测技术已经取得了一定的成果,但找到一个能够对轴承故障进行早期预警且具有可信度高、高效率的监测系统是一大挑战。提出了一种基于时间编码信号处理与识别(TESPAR)的设备性能退化评估方法,并将其运用于滚动轴承不同故障程度实验与全寿命实验。结果表明:TESPAR分析不仅能准确分辨不同故障程度,且对轴承故障的变化具有敏感性。     

基于小波包能量与模糊C均值聚类的轴承退化状态预测

滚动轴承在发生严重故障前会经历不同的退化状态,针对时域和频域故障特征不能表征早期故障的问题,提出了小波包能量结合高斯混合模型的轴承性能退化指标提取方法。该方法以小波包能量比例值向量作为原始特征,引入高斯混合模型,以计算出的小波包能量比例值对数似然概率作为性能退化指标,通过实验验证该方法能发现早期故障,还能很好的跟踪轴承退化趋势。在此基础上,由于退化状态难以界定识别,利用模糊C均值聚类对性能退化指标模糊聚类,从而识别轴承性能退化状态,通过滚动轴承退化实验验证了该方法的有效性。     

基于改进聚类评价的特征选择和轴承故障诊断方法

针对滚动轴承故障特征提取过程中存在低相关特征和特征信息冗余的问题,提出一种基于调整互信息(Adjust Mutual Information,AMI)和标准差(Standard Deviation,SD)的特征选择方法,量化评价统计特征并选择和故障状态相关度较高的统计特征用来进行轴承状态的判识;对于高维故障特征集采用线性判别分析方法实现数据从高维到低维的映射,提升基于支持向量机和极限学习机构建的故障诊断模型的性能。采用变负载情况下的12种滚动轴承故障数据进行实验验证所提方法的有效性和适应性,实验表明,所提方法能够有效筛选出相关特征,实现滚动轴承故障状态的准确识别,并具有良好的适应性。     

基于特征融合与HPO-RVM的滚动轴承剩余寿命预测

为准确预测轴承的剩余使用寿命,提出基于特征融合与猎食者-猎物优化(HPO)算法优化相关向量机的轴承剩余寿命预测方法。提取时域、频域和时频域特征准确描述轴承的退化状态,利用综合评价指标对提取的特征进行筛选得到敏感特征集;采用核熵成分分析对敏感特征进行自适应融合,得到轴承的退化特征;构建混合核函数作为相关向量机的核函数以提高模型预测性能;最后,利用HPO算法得到混合核函数的参数,将寻优得到的参数用于寿命预测模型的训练。通过对轴承加速退化数据集进行实验,结果表明：所构建的寿命预测模型优于BP、ELM、SVM等模型,构造的混合核函数模型优于高斯核函数模型,采用的优化算法优于粒子群、遗传算法等。     

基于小波去噪和最小二乘支持向量机的滚动轴承故障诊断研究

针对滚动轴承故障,提出了基于相关原则优化阈值的小波去噪和最小二乘支持向量机相结合进行滚动轴承故障诊断的方法,采用相关原则优化阀值的小波对轴承早期故障特征进行提取,运用能量-特征法提取出信号特征,然后利用最小二乘支持向量机多分类算法进行故障类型的识别。实验与仿真结果表明:基于相关原则优化阈值的小波变换和最小二乘支持向量机相结合的故障诊断方法能有效地诊断出滚动轴承的典型故障。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.