基于机器视觉的短轴零件圆度检测

针对目前人工测量轴类零件圆度存在的效率低、综合误差大等问题,搭建了一个基于机器视觉的轴类零件圆度检测平台,基于单目相机对工件轮廓进行三维重构,并提出一种基于最小包容区域原则的自适应搜索逼近法对得到轮廓关键坐标点进行了圆度评定,实现了轴类零件圆度误差的非接触在线测量。其测量结果与文献中极点法所测结果对比精度更高,且与三坐标测量仪测量结果值平均有7.6μm的误差,较准确地测出了轴的圆度误差,证明该检测平台以及测量评定方法可以成功的对轴类零件进行圆度检测。     

精密外圆磨削圆柱度在位测量与补偿工艺

圆柱度是评价轴类零件加工精度的重要指标,通过对精密轴类零件外圆磨削过程中圆柱度误差产生机制的研究,获得适用于精密外圆磨削的圆柱度误差在位测量工艺,并实现可视化定量在位补偿,大大提高了传统外圆磨削的精度和效率,减轻了对操作者经验的依赖程度。     

基于可视化编程的轴类零件形位误差的数据处理

在万能工具显微镜上用光学分度头对典型轴类零件的形位误差如圆度误差、同轴度误差等进行测量时,采用最小二乘法对测量数据进行处理,所得结果具有较好的数值稳定性和较高的求解精度。     

基于机器视觉的轴类零件几何尺寸测量

基于轴类零件的几何特征与CCD获取的零件图像,利用数字图像处理技术对轴类零件进行边缘检测,提出了一种自适应开关中值滤波算法,该方法滤除噪声效果明显,开发了轴类零件尺寸测量系统,实现了轴的尺寸及其参数的测量.实验结果表明,改进的滤波器可以较好的保存图像的二维边缘信息,且在允许误差范围内采用机器视觉的非接触测量方法可以实现对轴的基本参数的快速准确测量.     

细长轴类零件径向圆跳动测量数据处理方法研究

基于激光位移传感器三角测量技术,利用摩擦结构驱动轴转动,结合PLC对测量数据进行处理,在线实现细长轴杆类零件径向圆跳动测量。经试验测试,测量精度可达0.05mm,满足中小直径轴类零件的非接触式测量要求。     

轴类零件形位误差在机床上的测量技术研究

本文论述了采用误差分离技术在机床上测量轴类零件形位误差的原理，方法、给出了该方法的数据处理流程图和测量装置的组成简图，并对系统的测量准确度进行了分析。     

基于最小区域法的圆柱度几何误差评定

在建立圆柱度几何误差最小区域评定规划模型的基础上,将最小区域法应用于圆柱度几何误差的优化评定中,实现了利用最小区域法对圆柱度几何误差规划模型的优化求解.以轴类零件的圆柱度的测量评定为例,通过对实际测量数据的误差评定,并将评定结果与现有的优化算法结果进行对比,结果表明基于最小区域法的圆柱度几何误差评定具有评定精度高等优点,具有较强的应用性和推广性.     

分布曲线法误差分析的微机实现

采用调整法加工的批量（轴类或孔类）零件的尺寸误差常运用分布曲线法研究误差的大小及规律，在机床调整后，技术人员均要抽取一定数量的零件进行检测，统计分析，以期找出产生加工误差的原因并加以控制，由于统计分析计算较繁琐，本文就运用计算机[研究零件加工精度作了尝试与应用。     

一种用于数控车床的新型端面拨动顶尖

介绍用于数控车床进行轴类零件加工的新型端面拨动顶尖，该顶尖刚性强、定位精度高，能补偿由于被加工轴的中心孔误差所引起的轴向尺寸误差。工件在一次装夹中即可完成粗、精车，提高了加工精度和生产效率。     

轴类零件直径测量系统中摩擦驱动测力机构的设计

轴类零件直径快速精密测量系统专门用于检测轴类零部件直径和半径,其测量模块的设计质量直接影响整个仪器的测量精度.介绍了该系统的测试原理、测力机构选择及摩擦驱动测力机构的设计方法,分别从摩擦盘设计、调整机构设计和驱动机构设计等方面进行测力机构的设计,确保系统的测力大小及测量精度控制在允许的范围之内.     

微轴零件自动测量及双工位码盘控制系统设计与实现

传统数控走心机下料后,微轴类零件的尺寸测量以及分选码盘几乎都是由人工作业完成,效率低下,容易出错.针对以上问题,提出一款稳定可靠、生产高效的自动化测量与双工位码盘机械设备.该控制系统基于西门子S7-300 PLC和博途软件开发,硬件组态、多语言混合编程、人机界面等都在该平台下统一设计,实现了微轴零件皮带输送、方向校正、...     

A new method to quantify radial error of a motorized end-milling cutter/spindle system at very high speed rotations

The radial error motion of a machine tool cutter/spindle system is critical to the dimensional accuracy of the parts to be machined. The spindle's radial error motions can be measured by mounting a sphere target onto the spindle as a reference. A set of sensors is used to measure displacements of the reference sphere in various directions to determine spindle error motions. This measurement technique can be reliably carried out when the spindle is at rest or at low rotational speeds. However, at very high speeds, the reference sphere must be carefully centered and balanced to avoid introducing additional error motions. In addition, the sensors must be held with very rigid mounts in order to avoid measurement errors caused by vibrations. For high-speed end milling spindles, the spindle is operated with a cutter. The cutter must be removed when mounting a reference sphere. Because the cutter itself can introduce errors due to centering and unbalancing effects, the error motions measured by the reference sphere method do not include the error caused by the cutter. This paper introduces a new and practical method to provide an indicator of the radial error of a motorized end-milling cutter/spindle system at very high speed rotations without the need of a reference sphere. This indicator of the radial error is based on the size of the cutting marks produced by the end mill, which is attached to the spindle. The cutting marks are circular, and their diameters are related to the radial error of the cutter/spindle system. Quantitative precision analysis was carried out to confirm the accuracy and repeatability of this new measurement technique. This technique has been implemented in order to determine the effects of the spindle speed, the level of unbalanced mass, and the spindle stiffness on the cutter/spindle's radial error. The results reveal that the centrifugal force generated by the unbalanced mass is the main factor causing the increase in radial error. One way to compensate for the effect of unbalanced mass is to increase the spindle stiffness. Experimental results confirm that a higher front bearing preload can render the spindle stiffer, thus reducing the radial error of the cutter/spindle system. Finally, it should be pointed out that the proposed cutting mark measurement cannot replace the sphere method because it cannot provide time-resolved or angle-resolved information as those obtained from polar charts. However, the proposed cutting mark measurement can provide the characterization of the spindle with the cutter attached. As a result, both methods can complement each other to provide a more complete picture of the behavior of the cutter/spindle system at high speeds.     

非接触式转轴扭矩测量系统偏心误差的修正研究

轴系运转状态在线监测的主要内容为转轴扭矩的测量。对于基于非接触式转轴扭矩的测量方法,能否精确地测量轴系扭转角度将决定扭矩和功率测量结果的准确性。分析了原系统的偏心误差,以及码盘安装偏心对光电检测器扫过码盘扇形通光孔的时间的影响,并通过几何分析以及运动分解给出了码盘扇形通光孔的通光时间的偏移的具体数学表达式,以此消除测量系统的偏心误差。研究结果对转轴扭矩测量仪的设计提供了理论指导,有利于提高此类设备的测量精度。     

Radial error measuring device based on auto-collimation for miniature ultra-high-speed spindles

This study has developed a radial error measuring device for miniature ultra-high-speed spindles because it is very difficult to measure the radial error motion of miniature ultra-high-speed spindles by the conventional measurement method using capacitive-type displacement sensors. The authors have proposed an optical measurement method based on auto-collimation, which evaluates the radial error motion according to the movements of a laser beam reflected from a target sphere attached to the spindle end. This optical measurement method is suitable for radial error measurements of miniature ultra-high-speed spindles because of its applicability to a small target sphere, high-speed response and minor susceptibility to electric noise. In this paper, the measurement principle, and basic characteristics of the optical measurement method in addition to an approximate analysis are shown. The radial error motion of a miniature ultra-high-speed spindle with a steel ball 1 mm in diameter are measured by an optical measuring device designed and manufactured to implement the proposed method. The measurement results show that the optical measuring device is able to measure the radial error motion of ultra-high-speed spindles with a maximum rotational speed of 200 krpm.     

应用误差分离理论对轴（孔）类工件表面缺陷进行涡流检测的研究

提出了一种应用误差分离理论对轴（孔）类工件表面缺陷进行涡流无损检测的新方法,建立了基于该理论的提取轴（孔）类工件表面缺陷信息的数学模型,并以此为理论依据,设计了轴（孔）类表面缺陷涡流检测实验系统。从实验结果可以看出,被测工件表面的缺陷信息被明显地提取出来,从而验证了系统的正确性。     

轴承套硬车加工的径向热变形研究

热变形的大小受零件的形状、材料以及表层残余应力等因素的影响。针对风电机组主轴轴承的内圈,基于工程弹性力学和热力学原理分析了精车加工中轴承套圈产生的表层残余应力对几何形体热变形的影响,并对加工过程中由残余应力产生的径向变形进行了定量分析,建立了套筒类零件的基于残余应力的热变形数学模型,并通过理论计算和实验测试,对套筒类零件的热变形数学模型进行了验证,实验数据与数学模型大致吻合。     

提高电火花磨削加工一致性性的新方法

采用块状工具电极的精密电火花磨削加工法是低刚度轴和微细轴类零件电火花加工的主要方法之一，该方法过去采用的径 给方式。由于是损耗的因素，使得工件的形状和尺寸的一致性不好，且对生产率也有影响。本文采用一种新的块状工具电极的进给方式－切向进给方式，利用伺服进给自动补偿电极损耗，大大地提高了成批加工工件的一致性和生产率。     

Investigation of the tribological behavior of radial shaft rings and soft turned shafts under the influence of abrasive particles

Nowadays, radial shaft seals are more and more used in many products with a short or very short life cycle. As a consequence of the reduced durability, the demands on the sealing system decrease so that system components with a significantly lower resistance against wear can be used compared to conventional components. However, changing the resistance against wear of the radial shaft seals does not lead to any cost advantage. The situation in the production of the mating surface of the seal is quite different. Conventional manufactured shaft surfaces, for the use of dynamic radial seals have to be hardened and ground in a complex way, which increases the costs. By reducing these manufacturing processes to a pure turning procedure, a large part of the production costs can be saved.     

齿轮轴激光熔覆轴变形的分析与控制

建立齿轮轴齿面激光熔覆过程中的应力场数值计算模型,利用有限元计算分析软件ANSYS对激光熔覆过程中齿轮轴的径向变形量进行了数值分析。计算结果表明,在采取顺序熔覆的工艺条件下,齿轮轴的径向变形将无法避免,且变形量随着扫描次数的增加而加剧,若无其他控制形变的措施,则必然导致其形变超出允许范围。采取对称熔覆工艺,可对轴的径向变形产生一定的补偿和抵消效果,有益于控制齿轮轴形变。对采用两种熔覆工艺后的轴径向变形分别进行了试验和测量。试验结果表明,采取对称熔覆工艺后,其径向跳动量小于顺序熔覆工艺条件下的1/3,计算分析与试验结果吻合,说明该工艺具有较好的控制齿轮轴形变的作用,可以推广应用于其他轴类零部件的激光熔覆修复工作。