含荧光增白剂织物的三波段法配色

由于荧光增白剂的特殊光学性能,使得含有荧光增白剂的织物配色困难。通过分析荧光增白剂的反射率曲线,应用发射区荧光染料的反射率计算公式,研究了荧光增白剂的配色方法,提出了荧光增白剂计算机配色的三波段法———即对荧光增白剂的配色分发射区、激发区和无影响区分别进行。通过20个拼色试样的染色实验和计算,证明本方法适用于荧光增白剂的配色,且方法简便。最大色差为3.94。     

荧光分光光度法无损检验纤维上的染料

探讨法庭科学研究中浅色纤维的检测方法.采用荧光分光光度计测定浅色纤维上的染料,根据荧光光谱的峰数、峰位、峰形和峰强来鉴别浅色纤维上的染料.它是法庭科学实验室中分析浅色纤维简便而迅速的方法.     

荧光腈纶纱线的荧光性能

针对荧光腈纶纱线经过普通工艺染色后荧光效果大大降低的问题,以荧光腈纶纱线为主要研究对象,分析染色工艺因素、三原色染料的单色染色以及荧光增白剂的加入对其荧光效果的影响。通过荧光反射率测试,确定纱线最佳染色工艺为染色温度85 ℃,染色时间75 min,染色pH值3.5;同时通过荧光光谱分析,研究纱线染色工艺与荧光性能的关系。试验结果表明,通过优化染色工艺并筛选合适的染料能获得具有较好荧光效果的有色荧光腈纶纱线,加入荧光增白剂后有助于进一步提高荧光黄10GFF和艳红X-5GN染色纱线的荧光效果。     

荧光染料的计算机测配色的研究

荧光染料有特殊的光学性能,使得通常的配色软件不能直接用于荧光染料.通过对上染织物的荧光染料的光学特征的研究,将James S.Bonham的方法用于仅含一种荧光染料没有其它染料影响的织物的配色中,得到了很好的效果.     

荧光染料发射区量子效率及其配色

荧光染料有特殊的光学特性,本文应用发射区荧光染料反射率表达式,对荧光染料配色问题进行了研究,并得到较理想的效果。     

锦纶的酸性和分散荧光染料染色性能

探讨酸性和分散荧光染料染锦纶时,上染条件对染色的影响,分析荧光染料染锦纶的上染速率、吸附等温线和染色牢度等,并研究热定形对织物色光的影响。试验结果表明,pH值对酸性荧光染料染色织物的表观色深值影响较大;黄色荧光染料反射率高于红色荧光染料;酸性荧光染料的上染速率快于分散荧光染料;酸性和分散荧光染料在锦纶上的吸附等温线分别符合Langmuir和Nernst模型;酸性荧光染料的耐光色牢度及分散黄8GFF的耐水洗牢度较差,其它色牢度均较好。热定形对染色织物的色光影响不大。黄色荧光染料满足高可视警示服欧洲标准要求,红色荧光染料则不在标准范围内。     

锦纶织物荧光染料染色的研究

在不同的荧光染料用量、pH值和荧光增白剂等条件下对锦纶织物进行染色,研究织物荧光反射率的变化及规律。结果表明,荧光染料用量提高,织物荧光反射率增加;在弱酸性介质中(pH=5)染色,织物荧光反射率最大;加入荧光增白剂能明显提高荧光染料的荧光反射率。     

荧光染料的色品特征

应用CIE193 1(x ,y)色品图研究了三种荧光增白剂和两种荧光染料的颜色特征 ,计算了主波长、色纯度和色度坐标 ,以直观地表示其颜色特征 ;并比较了荧光染料和非荧光染料的色品特征     

荧光增白剂的发展趋势

美国的各类染料生产中,荧光增白剂的产量仅次于分散染料和还原染料,为染料的一大品种。国外荧光增白剂广泛用于合成、洗涤剂、纺织、塑料和造纸工业等。从资料统计,全世界荧光增白剂的33.3%用于造纸工业,22.2%用于纺织工业,44.4%用于合成洗涤剂。11.2%用于塑料工业。目前世界各国染料生产公司正致力于荧光增白剂的研究工作,新品种开发中心研究以制品的荧光不褪色为主,并力求原料易得、合成容易、无污染等实用强的品种。     

涤纶丝荧光染料染色的荧光性能研究

在不同荧光染料用量、pH值、荧光增白剂等条件下对涤纶纤维进行染色,研究纤维荧光反射率的变化。     

基于观测光源的打样颜色一致性研究

本文将印刷品观测光源信息引入印刷色彩管理流程,通过获取观测光源的相对光谱功率分布,采用不同光源下颜色光谱反射率转换的计算方法,在不同观测光源下分别计算印刷和打样输出标准色靶色块的可见光谱的光谱反射率,生成观测光源下的印刷设备ICC特性文件和打样设备ICC特性文件.采用两种ICC特性文件分别输出样张,在不同的观测光源下,达到打样样张与印刷样张在颜色视觉上的最佳匹配.     

纤维状样品测色方法的研究

对纤维状样品的测色方法进行了深入的研究,并自制了测试装置,对测试装置存在的系统误差进行了分析,并指出了光学镜片的镜面反射是产生误差的主要原因。在此基础上,推导出修正公式,使修正后的表观反射率与样品的实际表观反射率相一致。     

Combining multispectral reflectance and fluorescence imaging for identifying bruises and stem-end/calyx regions on Golden Delicious apples

As a part of the project for detecting bruises on Golden Delicious apple using vision system, the present paper shows a method that could separate the stem-end/calyx regions from the true bruises by combining the information of hyperspectral reflectance and fluorescence images. The images were scanned between 400 nm and 1,000 nm with a hyperspectral imaging system. Different light sources were constructed for capturing the reflectance and fluorescent images. Compared to the reflectance signal, the fluorescence signatures are much less intense, so that only the fluorescence of chlorophyll waveband was further examined (i.e., 685 nm). The analysis showed that the Principal Components scores images, which were based on the reflectance images, can be used for separating the bruised areas as well as the stem-end/calyx regions from the sound apple tissues; whereas only the stem-end/calyx was able to be recognized from the fluorescence images. For the samples investigated in this study, no stem-end/calyx regions were misrecognized as bruises; however, about 12% of bruised surfaces were misclassified as stem-end or calyx regions. All of the healthy tissues were correctly recognized as non-stem-end/calyx regions. The classification results indicated that combining multispectral reflectance and fluorescence imaging may help to identify the stem-end/calyx regions from the true bruised tissue and therefore to improve the accuracy for bruise detection on Golden Delicious apples.     

Composition and color stability of carbon monoxide treated dried porcine blood

Color stability of swine blood was studied over 12 weeks of storage in plastic bags, after pH (7.40, 6.70, or 6.00) adjustment, saturation with carbon monoxide (CO) and spray-drying. CO-treated dried blood presented a redder color and higher reflectance between 610 and 700 nm, compared to a brownish-red color and lower reflectance of untreated samples. As indicated by reflectance spectra, blood pH adjustment did not influence (P > 0.05) the initial color of dried blood but influenced (P < 0.05) its color stability (browning index). During storage, CO-treated blood showed a reduction in reflectance percentages as well as in CIE L^∗ and a^∗ values, which was more pronounced in polyethylene (OTR = 4130 cm³/m²/day/atm) packaged samples. After 12 weeks of storage, CO-treated samples packaged in high OTR bags presented color indexes similar to those of the untreated dried samples. CO-treated samples packaged in nylon-polyethylene (OTR = 30–60 cm³/m²/day/atm) bags showed a smaller rate of discoloration and color difference (ΔE^∗) between the CO-treated and untreated samples. Even with some darkening, packaging CO-treated dry blood in low OTR bags still gives an acceptable reddish color after 12 weeks of storage while untreated dry blood has a brownish color just after drying.     

Advances in the study of the kinetics of color and fluorescence development in concentrated milk systems

The kinetics of color and fluorescence development in systems containing whole milk powder (WMP), sucrose (S) and water were studied; the influence of three design variables: pH (6, 7 and 8), temperature (105, 122.5 and 140 °C) and WMP/S ratio (R = 0.3, 0.68 and 1.06) being particularly investigated. The Kubelka-Munk index (K/S), luminance or lightness (L), optical density (OD) and fluorescence (F), were measured at different reaction times. Reaction pseudo-order (n) varied between 0 and 1 and reaction rate constants for the development of fluorescence and the color parameters were found to be more dependent on temperature than on R at all measured pH values. Temperature dependence of CP was analyzed through the activation energy (E_a) values. The variables F and OD, which are related to the molecular aspects of the systems, showed the extreme values of E_a, while than K/S and 100/L, related to the macroscopic appearance or reflectance, showed intermediate E_a values and lower dependence with R and pH. When compared to the variables related to brown pigment development, fluorescence development showed a higher relative change, which shows its higher sensitivity as a reaction marker. The variables that most affected color and F development were temperature and protein concentration, respectively.     

偏色光源下物体真实颜色还原方法的研究

提出了一种有效的颜色还原方法,特点是可以还原数码相机在彩色光源下捕获图像的真实颜色。分析了颜色还原的原理及实现过程,用计算机语言编制了该专业软件,并对之进行了实验研究。对比研究了三种彩色光源下,物体颜色被还原的外貌效果,并给出了量化的颜色对比数据。研究表明,用该方法处理后得到的物体颜色值与外界的光源无关且能真实反映物体的颜色外貌,其还原过程与人眼的颜色适应过程相似。     

Evaluation of internal defect and surface color of whole pickles using hyperspectral imaging

Hyperspectral imaging operated under simultaneous reflectance (400–675 nm) and transmittance (675–1000 nm) modes was studied for non-destructive and non-contact sensing of surface color and bloater damage in whole pickles. Good and defective pickles were collected from a commercial pickle processing plant. Hyperspectral images of these pickles were obtained using a prototype of on-line hyperspectral imaging system, operating in the wavelength range of 400–1000 nm. Principal component analysis was applied to the hyperspectral images of the pickle samples for bloater damage detection. Color of the pickles was modeled using tristimulus values calculated based on the hyperspectral images. There were no differences in chroma and hue angle of good and defective pickles. The average chroma of good and defective pickles was 15.5 and 15.0, respectively, and the hue angle 94.0° and 93.8°, respectively. Transmittance images at 675–1000 nm were much more effective for internal defect detection compared to reflectance images for the visible region of 500–675 nm. An overall defect classification accuracy of 86% was achieved, compared with an accuracy of 70% by the human inspectors. With further improvement, the hyperspectral imaging system could meet the need of bloated pickles detection in a commercial plant setting.     

Potential of Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy for Analysis of Silage Composition, ,

A wide range of ensiling conditions were simulated to test the capability of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy to determine the chemical composition of undried silages. Fifty-seven different grass and legume silages were produced by adding varying amounts of water, sucrose, and formate to hays differing in species, maturity, cutting, or location. The material was ensiled for 21 d in airtight, evacuated plastic bags prior to analysis. Standard errors of calibration (as received basis) and coefficients of determination were, respectively: DM (1.80, .98); total N (.070, .98); insoluble N (.035, .98); acetate (.064, .78); butyrate (.078, .70); lactate (.328, .82); pH (.208, .77). The results indicate that near infrared reflectance has the potential to measure true DM, total N, and insoluble N in ensiled forages.     

赛络纺缎彩纱质量控制体会

为开发赛络纺缎彩纱,通过分析赛络纺缎彩纱的纺纱原理及特点,对细纱机进行了相关改造,针对纺纱过程中出现的色差、缺股、粗细节纱、有色纤维混入本色纱线等问题采取了一系列措施,使赛络纺缎彩纱得以顺利生产.指出:赛络纺缎彩纱具有独特的风格,但生产中质量控制有一定难度.只有从原料、工艺、管理等各方面采取有效措施才能生产出高质量的纱线.     

Prediction of energy balance in high yielding dairy cows with test-day information

This study used a previously developed model to predict herd mean energy balance of the first 12 wk of lactation from test-day information. The predictions were compared with calculated energy balance based on feed analysis and to changes in body weight. Seven independent feeding trials including 43 diets (519 lactations, 254 cows; 1987 to 1996) were used. Conventional diets were discriminated from nonconventional diets by significant differences between mean calculated energy balance of subtrial diets versus control diets. The total difference between group means of predicted minus calculated energy balance was positive throughout the observed lactation period. It was lowest (5 to 9 MJ of net energy for lactation) during negative energy balance of the conventional diets in wk 2 to 7 when 18 to 50% of the total difference was due to random variation. Because of this difference, both predicted and calculated energy balances were compared to body weight change as a reference for true energy balance. Body weight change was adjusted for rumen fill. While calculated energy balance tended to be negative at times when cows gained weight, predicted energy balance was positive. Cows fed nonconventional diets gained weight, while calculated energy balance was extremely negative, whereas predicted energy balance based on test-day information was positive. We concluded that the prediction difference was relatively small when standard rations were used, and that nonconventional rations biased predicted energy balance to a lesser extent than calculated energy balance. Estimating energy balance based on test-day information appears feasible.