改进的分水岭算法在医学图像分割中的应用

分水岭算法是一种常用的图像分割方法,由于分水岭算法是基于的图像灰度梯度,对噪声很敏感,直接运用分水岭算法分割图像,很容易产生过分割。为了去除过度分割,为此本文提出了一种改进的分水岭分割方法,首先利用中值滤波消除噪声,再用形态学基本运算得到梯度图像,然后利用形态学开、闭操作重建梯度图像,最后通过实验证明,基于数学形态学的分水岭算法分割医学图像效果优于传统的分水岭算法。     

基于最大期望算法的电阻抗成像系统的图像重建

电阻抗成像EIT(Electrical impedance tomography)技术利用不同媒质具有不同的电导率这一物理基础,通过测量目标场在一定电刺激下所呈现出的电特性,推导出目标场内部的电导率分布信息,进而推知该场中媒质的分布情况。EIT图像重建问题是一个非线性的病态逆问题,且测量系统往往存在噪声,使重建图像中存在伪影,传统的正则化方法对重建图像伪影的抑制能力有限。本文将一种统计学方法,即最大期望EM(expectation maximization)算法应用于EIT逆问题求解。它将EIT的数学模型转化为非负约束极小化问题,并通过梯度投影简化牛顿算法GPRN(gradient projection-reduced Newton iteration method)求解该问题。与传统的Tikhonov算法和共轭梯度算法CG(conjugate gradient)相比,有效地抑制了重建图像中伪影的产生。仿真和实验结果表明,EIT系统可以通过EM算法获得高质量的重建图像。     

基于贝叶斯理论快速ERT图像重建算法

针对电阻层析成像系统中图像重建不适定问题,与现有ERT图像代数重建算法不同,提出一种基于贝叶斯理论快速一步动态图像重建算法。在阐述电阻层析成像的理论基础上,利用有限元方法建立敏感场数学模型,得到灵敏度矩阵和投影数据。在分析贝叶斯理论基础上,推导出快速一步动态图像重建模型,并将介质分布的先验信息和噪声随机信息等统计信息引入到图像重建中,实现对电导率的重建。分析了不同分布先验概率参数和不同噪声信噪比等影响因子对算法重建结果的影响,并与高斯牛顿迭代、贝叶斯迭代重建算法相比较。结果表明,所提算法重建速度有很大提高,并能较好反映被测介质的相对位置。     

基于多分辨率分析与形态学分水岭算法的图像分割

由于分水岭算法存在着过分割的问题,本篇论文提出了一个有效解决该问题的方法。首先,在图像预处理过程中先对图像进行小波分解;其次,采用形态学求梯度的方法得到小波分解后的低频图像的梯度图并对其进行开闭重建,在保留区域重要轮廓的同时去除噪声和图像细节;第三,对重建后的低频梯度图像进行基于标记约束的分水岭分割,并将低分辨率的分割结果图像向全分辨率映射。试验结果表明该方法能够很好地抑制过分割,同时通过结构元素的选择而具备一定的灵活性,整个过程无需进行合并处理,从而降低了分割的复杂性。     

基于小波收缩和正逆扩散结合的优质中值先验图像重建算法

针对最大后验(MAP)法对重建图像造成的过度平滑或出现阶梯状边缘伪影等问题,提出了一种基于混合模型的中值先验图像重建算法。首先在中值先验分布的MAP重建的基础上,在每次中值滤波之前引入结合小波收缩和正逆各向异性扩散的滤波器。另外,对于背景区域仍残留有少量噪声的情况下,可以在迭代间的最后,选择加入只针对图像较小梯度阈值区域进行非线性扩散平滑的优良滤波器,从而进一步优化图像。仿真结果表明,该算法在抑制噪声和保持边缘效果方面具有很好的表现,与其他经典传统算法相比,信噪比(SNR)可提高0.9dB~3.8dB。     

基于序列子集共轭梯度的超分辨率图像重构

提出一种基于序列子集共轭梯度最优化算法的超分辨率图像重建算法。通过图像配准算法估计得到不同低分辨率图像间的平移和旋转量,结合期望图像的统计先验对问题进行规整,建立优化的代价函数。利用序列子集共轭梯度最优化迭代算法求解,得到高分辨率图像。仿真结果表明,该算法可以使内存降低15％,运算速度提高20％。     

不完全投影数据的ICT图像重建算法

为了解决不完全投影情况下的ICT图像重建质量不高和重建速度较慢的问题，文中介绍了两种以代数重建思想为基础的CT图像重建算法：基于共轭梯度法的快速迭代算法和多约束准则的遗传算法。经过实验验证，这两种算法能够在投影数据不完全的情况下，重建出令人满意的图像。     

亮度—梯度联合约束的车牌图像超分辨率重建

目的 受成像距离、光照条件、动态模糊等因素影响,监控系统拍摄的车牌图像往往并不具备较高的可辨识度。为改善成像质量,提升对车牌的识别能力,提出一种基于亮度与梯度联合约束的车牌图像超分辨率重建方法。方法 首先充分结合亮度约束和梯度约束的优势,实现对运动位移和模糊函数的精确估计;为抑制重建图像中的噪声与伪影,基于车牌图像的文字化特征,进一步确定了亮度与梯度联合约束的图像先验模型。结果 为验证该方法的有效性,利用监控系统获得4组车牌图像,分别进行模拟和真实的超分辨率重建实验。在模拟实验中将联合约束图像先验重建结果与拉普拉斯、Huber-Markov（HMRF）以及总变分（TV）先验的处理结果进行对比,联合约束先验对车牌纹理信息的恢复效果优于其他3种常见图像先验;同时,在模拟和真实实验中,将本文算法与双三次插值、传统最大后验概率、非线性扩散正则化和自适应范数正则化方法的超分辨率重建结果进行比较,模拟实验的结果表明,在不添加噪声情况下,该算法峰值信噪比（PSNR）和结构相似性（SSIM）指标分别为35.326 dB和0.958,优于其他4种算法;该算法在真实实验中,能够有效增强车牌图像纹理信息,获得较优的视觉效果,通过对重建车牌图像的字符识别精度比较,本文算法重建结果的识别精度远高于其他3种算法,平均字符差距为1.3。结论 模拟和真实图像序列的实验结果证明,基于亮度—梯度联合约束的超分辨率重建方法,能够降低运动和模糊等参数的估计误差,有效减少图像中存在的模糊和噪声,提高车牌的识别精度。该算法广泛适用于因光照变化、相对运动等因素影响下的低质量车牌图像超分辨率重建。     

基于正则化迭代的并行磁共振图像重建算法

为了解决并行磁共振成像过程的病态性和图像信噪比下降问题,降低重建过程中噪声放大和异常值的干扰造成的图像信噪比的损失,提出了一种基于正则化共轭梯度迭代的并行磁共振成像重建算法;该算法基于最小二乘理论,引入正则化,优化方程,进而进行迭代重建;采用了不同加速因子的人脑磁共振K空间欠采样数据以验证该算法的重建性能,仿真结果表明了该算法相较于最小二乘法,能较大限度地降低噪声对重建结果的干扰,具有信噪比更高、误差更小、成像效果更好等特征;重建图像质量得到了较好的改善,对临床诊断更具有适用性。     

基于局部结构相似与协同表示的超分辨率图像重建

提出一种基于局部几何结构相似性和协同表示的超分辨率图像重建算法.该算法利用l2范数正则化的协同表示和局部几何相似约束模型求解低分辨率图像块在低分辨率字典下的线性表示系数,并利用这一系数重构出高分辨率图像块.文中基于l2范数的系数求解模型可得到解析解而不涉及局部最小解,相较于l1稀疏性约束具有较低的复杂度.实验结果表明,该算法对小尺寸超分辨率图像重建可行且有效,并在重构效果上具有明显的优越性.进一步研究表明,在放大因子增大和存在噪声的情况下,该算法较传统算法重构效果也有显著提高.     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.