Dietary intakes of lead and other metals: a study of young children from an urban population in the UK

In a 7-day duplicate diet study of 97 pre-school age children from the Birmingham area, mean dietary lead intakes of 0.185 mg/week were found compared with values of 0.15 and 0.11 mg/week found from similar studies carried out previously elsewhere. Nine per cent of the children at Birmingham exceeded the current Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake for lead for the one week of study. None of these children however exceeded the DHSS advisory action level for lead in blood (25 micrograms/dl). Dietary intakes of other metals (cadmium, copper, iron, lead, nickel, tin and zinc) were generally similar to or less than those found from previous studies.     

用荷移光度新方法测定茶叶及茶饮料中咖啡因的含量

用分光光度法研究了咖啡因作为电子给予体与电子接受体四氯对苯醌的荷移反应。确定了反应及测定的条件为:在硼砂与NaOH构成的缓冲溶液中,咖啡因分别与四氯对苯醌混匀于(20±1)℃的水浴中恒温20 min,可形成1:2的稳定荷移络合物,其可见光区内的最大吸收波长为λ_(max)=536 nm,表观摩尔吸光系数ε= 1.684×10~4L/mol·cm,最低检测限为1.9μg/mL,在1×10~(-5)～3.0×10~(-4)mol/L内符合比耳定律,线性方程为△A=1.485 6×10~4-0.0406(r=0.997)。该法对市售的茶叶和茶饮料中咖啡因含量测定的结果与GB/T 16344—1996法一致,回收率在99.1%～102.8%,RSD为2.0%～3.3%,茶叶经热水漫泡处理和茶饮料的直接测定与CHCl_3萃取处理的效果一样,茶叶和茶饮料中共存的其他组分不干扰测定。     

Measured versus simulated dietary pesticide intakes in children

Children's dietary pesticide intakes can be measured directly through duplicate diet samples, but instead are frequently estimated using national residue data. We compared organophosphorus and pyrethroid pesticide intakes from conventional fruit, fruit juices and vegetables measured for two cohorts of children aged 3–11 years in the Children's Pesticide Exposure Study (CPES) with corresponding intakes simulated using CPES consumption and body weight data and residue data from the US Pesticide Data Program (PDP). We calculated daily measured pesticide intakes by multiplying grams eaten with measured concentrations and dividing by body weight. For the simulated intakes we combined the CPES consumption and PDP residue data, randomly sampling the PDP data 500 times in order to create distributions of daily intakes for each cohort, including 95% uncertainty intervals for each percentile. In all cases, the measured medians fell below the lower uncertainty bounds of the simulated medians, reflecting the lower detection limits of CPES versus PDP and the high number of non-detects in each. Upper percentile measured intakes were generally lower as well, except for higher measured intakes of phosalone from watermelon. This work shows that using PDP data could generate probabilistic estimates of dietary pesticide intakes that do not differ appreciably from measured intakes except in some cases.     

美国乳清蛋白在即饮饮料中的应用

乳清在乳制品加工中的应用前景非常广阔,本刊特邀美国乳品出口协会合作开辟专栏,就乳清在食品中应用的最新资讯进行专题系列报道。     

Organophosphate pesticide exposure and neurodevelopment in young Shanghai children

A large amount of organophosphate pesticides (OPs) is used throughout China. Animal studies have suggested that even moderate doses are toxic to neurodevelopment, but there are a few studies in humans. We investigated both the urinary levels of OP metabolites in children and their relationship with child neurodevelopment. Participating 301 young children (23-25 months of age) were recruited from two community hospitals in Shanghai between February and October 2008. We measured five nonspecific dialkyl phosphate (DAP) metabolite levels of OPs in the children's urine and examined their association with the children's developmental quotients (DQs) based on the Gesell Developmental Schedules (GDS). The creatinine-adjusted geometric means (GMs) of OP metabolites in urine samples were 11.27 μg/g for DMP; 6.99 μg/g for DMTP; 7.96 μg/g for DEP; 14.19 μg/g for DETP; and 4.55 μg/g for DEDTP. The children had relatively higher levels of OP urinary metabolites compared with those reported in developed countries, no association was found between child urinary levels of OP metabolites and any of the DQ scores. However, our results should be interpreted with caution, and more studies of children living in China are warranted given the relatively high levels of child OP urinary metabolites in Shanghai.     

帽式饮品探索饮料行业市场变通性发展新空间

二十一世纪中国饮料工业迅猛发展,行业市场发展达到一定高度的鼎盛繁荣时代,饮料产品种类样式日趋繁多,虽然包装材料样式各有不同,但在饮用方法上均是手拿饮用方式,在外出时存在一些不便之处。帽式饮品设计开发为解决这一问题提供了方法,同时将饮料包装容器自身材料结构优势和多功能性展现出来,率先开始了向饮料行业市场变通性发展新空间的探索,而更贴近生活的多功能包装饮料结合市场多元化发展会促进多行业变通性发展新格局。     

Safety factors and establishment of acceptable daily intakes.

The acceptable daily intake (ADI) of food additives and other foreign compounds is derived usually by the application of a 100-fold safety factor to the 'no observable adverse effect' level in animal experiments. This safety factor is recognized as comprising two 10-fold factors to allow for possible differences between animals and humans, and for possible differences between individual humans. This paper reviews the adequacy of these safety factors in relation to published data on inter-species and inter-individual differences in both the kinetics and dynamics of foreign compounds. Although the 100-fold factor is reasonable, situations can be envisaged where the scientific data base indicates that considerably higher or lower factors would be more appropriate. A scheme is proposed that would allow structured flexibility to be available in the choice of safety factor to be used in the regulation of foreign compounds.     

Metabolism and nutrition of young children in a children's home

Certain parameters of protein and fat metabolism, as well as provision with vitamins A, B1, B2 and mineral substances (calcium, phosphorus and magnesium) were studied in infants aged 1-3 years, at the Tartu Children's Home No. 2. Simultaneously, the infants' nutrition and development were investigated. It was found that the mean parameters of the protein and fat metabolism were within the normal limits, however, vitamin A, B1, D and unsaturated fatty acids deficiency was recorded in the infants studied. Food imbalance, that was greater in spring, led to metabolic disorders, vitamin and mineral deficiency resulted in the infants' growth retardation. It is recommended that infants in the children's homes should be given higher amounts of vegetables, fruit, milk and vegetable oil rich in vitamins, and vitamins in concentrated form, in prophylactic doses.     

国际饮料及冷饮品市场的发展趋势及食品行业危害分析及关键控制点体系简介

彼得·李万先生是澳华达公司的高级技术顾问 ,本文是他在该公司郑州产品技术推介会上的发言 ,本刊编辑认为发表此文会对应用企业有所帮助。     

冷饮生产中存在的主要问题与解决方法

对冷饮生产中存在的主要问题进行了详细地阐述，并对这些主要问题提出了解决方法，为冷饮厂家提高冷饮产品品质提供参考。     

葡萄糖氧化酶及其在酒中的应用

葡萄糖氧化酶在氧化葡萄糖的过程中消耗氧。酿酒工业利用葡萄糖氧化酶的这一特征广泛应用于啤酒的抗氧化和混浊。保持葡萄酒的稳定性、平衡性。还可以用来酿制低醇葡萄酒。     

First-derivative spectrophotometric and gas-liquid chromatographic determination of caffeine in foods and pharmaceuticals. I. Rapid determination of caffeine in coffee, tea and soft drinks

A simple and rapid spectrophotometric method is described for the determination of caffeine in coffee, tea and soft drinks. To exclude the irrelevant absorptions, due to the presence of some accompanying naturally occurring ingredients in the analysed multicomponent drinks, the derivative method is found to be superior. Another gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) procedure for the quantitation of the analeptic agent, in bulk form and in the same drinks, is also investigated. The recovery testing of the proposed methods gives good percentage mean recoveries with relatively low deviations. The results of the methods described are compared with those obtained by direct UV-spectrophotometry as well as by applying an official pharmacopoeial procedure for caffeine.     

Consistent flavor naming predicts recognition memory in children and young adults

The relationship between flavor naming and recognition memory was evaluated in groups of children and young adults who either self-generated flavor names or chose flavor names from a list of four alternatives. The adults were more successful at naming and remembering the flavors, with the age differences in naming performance tending to be larger than differences in memory performance. Differences in recognition memory among the age groups were modest, ranging from 3% to 12%. Providing flavor labels improved naming accuracy, but not naming consistency or memory for younger children (4-7 years old). Labels improved naming accuracy and consistency for the older children (8-11 years old), and showed a trend toward improving memory. Labels improved naming accuracy, consistency and recognition memory in adults. Consistent naming was a powerful predictor of recognition memory for each age group and test condition. Consistently named flavors were remembered correctly on 88% of the trials while inconsistently named flavors showed no evidence of memory. It was concluded that flavor recognition memory and naming consistency were both rooted in successfully matching flavor percepts to a multi-dimensional flavor representation that includes semantic information.     

Estimation of exposure to food-packaging materials. 2: patterns of intakes of packaged foods in Irish children aged 5-12 years.

In the European Union (EU), many assumptions are employed to calculate the intake of migrating chemicals from food packaging. However, very little is known about the actual intake of packaged food, the type of this food and the type of packaging used for this food. The objective of the current study was to examine intakes of packaged food in children aged 5-12 years to provide information on the types of food that are packaged and the type of packaging used. To do this, a food-consumption database, which also recorded information on packaging, was merged with a packaging database, which provided information on the contact layers of packaging. Foods were classified into EU Food categories according to European Council Directive EC 85/575/EEC (European Council 1985), which determined their food type (i.e. aqueous, acidic, alcoholic and fatty). The mean daily intake of all packaged food was 1195 g day-1 with an upper intake of 1959 g day-1 (97.5th percentile); the intake of food packaged in plastic was 993 g day-1 with an upper percentile of 1692 g day-1 (97.5th percentile). The mean daily intake of fat from all packaged food was 62 g day-1, with an upper intake of 100 g day-1 (97.5th percentile). When this was investigated further, it was found that the mean fat intake from packaged 'fatty' foods only was 32 g day-1, with an upper intake of 61 g day-1 (97.5th percentile). The food that contributed most to fat intake was milk. As many food chemical intake assessments are moving towards probabilistic methods, probabilities of a food being packaged and the probability of the type of packaging used were determined. The probability of food being packaged was 0.88. Some foods not 100% packaged included fruit, vegetables, liquid beverages non-alcoholic (includes water) and bread. Probabilities were also derived for the packaging types used for food. It can be concluded that not all the individual assumptions used in the EU exposure assessment are conservative, but in combination they are conservative.     

Prevalence of digital dermatitis in young stock in Alberta,Canada, using pen walks

Digital dermatitis (DD), an infectious bacterial foot lesion prevalent in dairy cattle worldwide, reduces both animal welfare and production. This disease was recently identified in replacement dairy heifers, with implications including increased risk of DD and decreased milk production in first lactation, poor reproductive performance, and altered hoof conformation. Therefore, a simple and effective method is needed to identify DD in young stock and to determine risk factors for DD in this group so that effective control strategies can be implemented. The objectives of this study were to (1) determine prevalence of DD in young stock (based on pen walks); and (2) identify potential risk factors for DD in young stock. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 28 dairy farms in Alberta, Canada; pen walks were used to identify DD (present/absent) on the hind feet of group-housed, young dairy stock. A subset of 583 young stock on 5 farms were selected for chute inspection of feet to determine the accuracy of pen walks for DD detection. Pen walks as a means of identifying DD lesions on the hind feet in young stock had sensitivity and specificity at the animal level of 65 and 98%, with positive and negative predictive values of 94 and 83%, respectively, at a prevalence of 37%. At the foot level, pen walks had sensitivity and specificity of 62 and 98%, respectively, with positive and negative predictive values of 92 and 88%, respectively, at a prevalence of 26%. Pen walks identified DD in 79 [2.9%; 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 2.3–3.6%] of 2,815 young stock on 11 (39%; 95% CI: 22–59%) of 28 farms, with all 79 DD-positive young stock ≥309 d of age. Apparent within-herd prevalence estimates ranged from 0 to 9.3%, with a mean of 1.4%. True within-herd prevalence of DD in young stock, calculated using the sensitivity and specificity of the pen walks, ranged from 0 to 12.6%, with a mean of 1.4%. On the 11 DD-positive farms, the proportion of young stock >12 mo of age with DD lesions was 9.9% (95% CI: 7.8–12.0%). Multilevel logistic regression was used to assess associations with potential risk factors for DD lesions, including age, leg cleanliness, and lactating herd DD prevalence. Presence of DD in young stock increased as their age increased and was associated with increased prevalence of DD in the lactating herd. Pen walks can be used to identify specific young stock with DD or groups where management practices can be implemented to prevent disease proliferation and transmission.     

Survey of caffeine levels in retail beverages in Portugal.

The caffeine content of 85 retail beverage samples purchased from local supermarkets between 1995 and 2004 was determined. The potential intake of caffeine through the consumption of these beverages (but excluding coffee) was estimated for students of the University of Coimbra, Portugal. The caffeine content of the beverages ranged from 47.5 to 282.5 mg l(-1) for teas, from 20.1 to 47.2 mg l(-1) for tea extracts samples, and from 80.7 to 168.7 mg l(-1) for cola soft drinks. Caffeine was not completely absent from caffeine-free colas, and energy drinks had a far greater caffeine content than regular drinks, ranging from 21 to 2175 mg l(-1). Soft drinks were consumed by 72% of the individuals, although 14% of the survey participants did not drink any of the different types of the beverages studied. Contrary to expectations for this age group, no consumptions of energy drinks was reported. Daily caffeine intake was estimated to range from 4.7 to 200 mg day(-1), but with only 5% reporting a daily intake around 200 mg caffeine. Cola-type beverages were an important dietary source of caffeine for the population studied. Statistical differences in the caffeine intake between the male and female populations were found, with p = 0.014, being higher for the male population. Of the beverages studied, cola-type drinks showed statistical differences for the male population, p = 0.03, and tea showed statistical differences for female population p = 0.013, respectively.     

我国市售幼儿配方食品中可选择添加成分研究

目的了解我国12-36月龄幼儿配方食品中可选择添加成分的添加和分布情况,为相关标准修订提供参考。方法调查使用横断面研究,收集了164例近2年内我国市售不同品牌不同配方的幼儿配方食品,录入产品标签信息形成数据库,统计分析各可选择成分的添加和含量分布情况,并与我国标准相比较。结果在调查的164例产品中,几乎所有的幼儿配方中都添加了可选择添加成分,其中牛磺酸、二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)、胆碱的添加率较高,分别达到了92.7%、90.9%、89.6%,而1,3-二油酸2-棕榈酸甘油三酯(OPO)、乳铁蛋白、酪蛋白磷酸肽(CPP)、多聚果糖、聚葡萄糖的添加率较低,酪蛋白钙肽、棉子糖、酵母β-葡聚糖在所有调查产品中均未添加。幼儿配方食品中可选择成分的使用量除牛磺酸含量分布集中在标准范围中部外,其余成分普遍分布在标准范围的低区间,对于未设置下限值的营养素,如DHA、乳铁蛋白和酪蛋白磷酸肽(CPP),存在个别产品中含量值极低的情况。膳食纤维以低聚半乳糖(GOS)和低聚果糖(FOS)的添加比例最高,多数产品中GOS/FOS的比例为0.1~1。结论我国市售幼儿配方食品不同程度地使用了我国标准及相关规定允许添加的绝大多数可选择成分,但各个物质的使用频次存在很大的差别。部分可选择成分的分布较为分散,其余大多数分布在标准范围的较低区间。建议我国根据市场实际情况和国际最新评估结果,进一步修订完善幼儿配方食品标准中可选择成分的使用。     

保证中国啤酒和饮料的安全

对于啤酒和饮料,中国有着庞大的消费量。目前我国已经是世界主要的啤酒生产和消费大国,2005年产量已突破3000万吨,稳居世界首位。但是,2005年发生在我国啤酒行业的甲醛事件,以及2006年全球软饮料的苯含量超标问题等,使国内啤酒饮料行业的食品安全面临来自法律法规和消费者的双重挑战。本文主要介绍啤酒和饮料中的主要污染物及其解决办法。