轮班作业对客轮驾驶员影响的研究

采用问卷调查法对 48名男性客轮轮班驾驶员的睡眠和健康状况进行调查 ,并分别在白班和夜班后对其中 1 5名驾驶员进行心电图、闪光融合频率、明视持久度和神经行为功能测试。结果表明 ,驾驶员与对照组公共汽车司机相比睡眠障碍积分增高 ,且存在明显焦虑症状 ;驾驶员夜班后心电图 T波波幅增高 ,但其它指标无明显变化。提示轮班作业对驾驶员的睡眠和身心健康存在一定的影响     

“12小时”轮班作业的实际应用

分析了传统的8小时轮班作业方式在生产中的局限性,介绍了两种12小时轮班模式在实际生产中的应用,着重描述了12小时轮班方法的具体实施方式以及与国内传统的8小时轮班作业方法在时间效率,工效及经济效益等方面的比较。说明采用此方法所需的条件及企业注意事项。     

轮班作业对健康的影响及对策

轮班作业对健康的影响及对策谢红兵毛福英（同济医科大学科研处武汉４３００３０）轮班作业（ｓｈｉｆｔｗｏｒｋ）是指两组或两组以上作业人员进行换班的一种工作制度（通常包括夜班）。近几十年来，随着经济的发展，工作制度逐渐发生变革，许多企业采取长白班工作制、弹...     

联合收获机驾驶员不同作业环节工作负荷对比研究

目的 为量化区分联合收获机驾驶员在直行和转向阶段的工作负荷,探究了联合收获机驾驶员在直行和转向阶段心电信号特征参数的差异性。方法 通过采集收获驾驶实验中10名联合收获机驾驶员的130 min心电信号,对比分析了驾驶初、中、后期直行和转向阶段的心率增长率、RMSSD、LF、HF、LF/HF和样本熵等指标的均值差异,应用两配对样本t检验的方法分析了驾驶初期直行和转向阶段各指标值的显著性差异。结果 联合收获机驾驶员转向阶段的心率增长率和LF/HF均值在驾驶初、中、后三个时期均比直行阶段的大,而转向阶段的RMSSD、LF和样本熵均值在三个时期均比直行阶段的小;驾驶初期直行阶段与转向时段的心率增长率、RMSSD、LF和LF/HF值存在显著性差异(显著性水平P<0.05)。结论 联合收获机驾驶员在转向阶段比直行阶段的工作负荷大,劳动强度高。     

昼夜生物节律对海船驾驶员行为的影响及对策探讨

在分析昼夜生物节律的生理学依据、海船驾驶员职业特点的基础上,揭示了人体昼夜市律的变化与海上事故发生在时间上的分布之间的关系,分析了昼夜生物节律对海船驾驶员行为的影响,探讨将目前海船驾驶员的值班时间顺延2h,即在保持值班时间长短不变的情况下,提高睡眠质量,减少由此产生的不安全行为。     

轮船驾驶紧张作业及工效学研究

选择客轮驾驶员44名为实验组、餐务员37名为对照组进行调查。结果表明，驾驶作业中表现出紧张／焦虑、疲劳／惰性的情绪明显多于对照组，且行为功能、瞬目次数、明视持久度、闪烁融合频率工后与工前存在显性差异，表明驾驶作业可引起视觉紧张和疲劳；驾驶员尿中神经递质含量高于对照组，反映紧张作业造成一定的职业应激反应；除气温、噪声外，驾驶室其它环境卫生条件均符合国家有关标准。室内各仪器设施基本上满足人-机工效学要求．但尚有改进之处。     

驾驶员对交通标志认知水平的试验研究

交通标志是道路交通系统的重要组成部分,在管制、引导交通流方面起着举足轻重的作用。本研究旨在探究各类交通标志在真实环境中的使用效果;本文通过城市道路实车试验和问卷调查相结合的试验方法,对驾驶员在日常驾驶中使用标志的情况和标志的认知水平进行了考察;研究认为,驾驶员对城市道路中设置的交通标志总体上是信赖的,并且,随着驾驶经验的积累,驾驶员对标志认知水平也在不断提高。     

驾驶员行为对交通噪声的影响

基于微观交通流仿真,结合ASJ-RTN 2008单车噪声排放模型,研究驾驶员行为对交通噪声的影响。通过敏感性分析得知,拥堵状态下的交通噪声对驾驶员跟驰行为和信号反应较为敏感,其中跟驰行为对交通噪声影响高达2.07 dB;而在畅通状态下,驾驶员行为对交通噪声的影响极小。受驾驶员行为变化的影响,区域噪声排放总能量与路旁L Aeq值的变化趋势相似,单位出行里程噪声排放能量与路旁L Aeq值的变化趋势相反。     

基于任务分层的地铁驾驶员应急处置作业工作负荷评价

目的 从任务的不同层次探究地铁驾驶员应急处置作业的工作负荷。方法 首先从应急处置作业的结构分析出发,将其分解为行为单元层和多任务层。行为单元层采用主观评价法标定其工作负荷量化的视觉-听觉-认知-执行(VACP)量表;多任务层综合考虑执行任务的时间消耗、行为单元工作负荷及时间压力等因素,构建了基于时间占用率的工作负荷评价模型;最后以12项应急处置作业为例进行实证分析。结果 本文标定的行为单元层VACP量表具有较好的信度(Cronbach’sα=0.71)和效度(KMO=0.75),并结合美国航空航天局任务负荷指数(NASA-TLX)量表验证了本文提出的地铁驾驶员应急处置作业工作负荷评价方法的准确性(r=0.7938,P<0.05)。结论 本文构建的基于时间占用率的多任务层工作负荷评价模型与NASA量表吻合较好,验证了模型的有效性,对于评估地铁驾驶员工作负荷,降低运营风险有较大的现实意义。     

心理负荷对驾驶员刺激检测的影响

复杂的道路交通状况以及智能车机交互系统会增加驾驶员的心理负荷,降低其对刺激的检测绩效,从而增加驾驶安全风险、导致事故发生。本文从负荷理论出发,综述了心理负荷对于驾驶员刺激检测的影响,以及其它因素的调节作用。(1)不同类型的心理负荷会对驾驶条件下刺激检测造成一定影响。一方面,不管在单通道还是跨通道条件下,高知觉负荷都会降低驾驶任务中的刺激检测绩效,主要通过影响驾驶员注意选择发生的阶段。另一方面,认知负荷也会影响驾驶员的刺激检测,主要通过影响驾驶员内源性注意的执行控制能力从而决定驾驶员对于刺激检测的次序。(2)心理负荷对驾驶员刺激检测的影响还会受到驾驶员年龄差异、对刺激检测的反应方式以及特殊刺激等其它因素的调控。未来可从心理负荷机制的角度研究各因素对驾驶员刺激检测产生的影响,以及各因素之间可能存在的交互作用。     

Ergonomic criteria for the evaluation of shift schedules

Evaluation and design of working time arrangements gain importance due to economical changes and overall reduction of working time. Especially outside the industrial area, a variety of innovative arrangements of working time have been established. These processes underline the need for ergonomic criteria for the evaluation and design of shift schedules. There is general agreement that, due to varying side conditions, it is impossible to devise the one best shift schedule. Planning of shift schedules must reconcile diverse intentions and goals. Although the one best shift schedule does not exist, under the pre-condition of certain organizational, staff- and work-related features, different schedules could be ergonomically compared. A proposal is presented based on theoretical considerations following the lines of destabilization theory comprising of 10 comparative laws and 10 related principles for design and evaluation of working time arrangements. Because of varying and complex conditions found in the diverse economical sectors down to single plants and facilities, these principles must be complemented by a co-operative implementation strategy.     

Internal locus of control and shiftwork effects

A range of situational, biological and psychological individual differences have been suggested to modify the impact of shift and night work. This paper discusses the development and application of a construct firmly based in the psychological/behavioural domain. The overall aim is to offer a theoretical standpoint with practical implications. Locus of Control theory has an extensive research history. In line with the evolution of thinking about this construct in terms of application in a context-specific sense, this paper describes the origins of internally-oriented Shiftwork Locus of Control (SHLOC) and presents its relationships with typically reported shiftwork-related outcomes. The SHLOC measure has been shown to be psychometrically robust and has demonstrated consistent patterns of relationships with shiftwork related variables that include sleep quality, fatigue, alertness, interference with family and social life, psychological well-being and perceived stress. In general, higher shiftwork-specific internality is associated with more positive outcomes (e.g. better sleep quality, lower fatigue, higher alertness) than lower shiftwork-specific internality. These findings hold true across a range of shiftwork situations and occupational groups. The construct has practical potential as an addition to shiftworker monitoring procedures that may be used to identify those individuals who may be more susceptible to the negative effects of shiftworking and, thereby, could benefit from targeted intervention.     

Effect of effluent generated from coffee processing plant on the water bodies and human health in its vicinity

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of wastewater produced from coffee processing plant on nearby water bodies and human health. A study was conducted around the coffee processing plant in Zimma zone (Ethiopia) to assess the physico-chemical characteristics of effluent generated from this plant. Analysis of the water samples taken from the surrounding water bodies had also been done. It was found, from the present investigation, that the wastewater from coffee processing plant was heavily polluted with organic matter as it showed high concentration of COD (upstream 25,600mg/l and downstream 15,780mg/l), BOD (upstream 14,200mg/l and downstream 10,800mg/l), phosphate (upstream 7.3mg/l and downstream 4.6mg/l), nitrate (upstream 23mg/l and downstream 10.5mg/l) and suspended solids (upstream 5870mg/l and downstream 2080mg/l) and these concentrations were much higher than the permissible limits prescribed by WHO. It was also found, from this study, that the people residing in the vicinity of this plant were consuming this polluted water and as a result suffered from many diseases like skin irritation, stomach problem, nausea and breathing problem.     

Short and long sleep duration and risk of drowsy driving and the role of subjective sleep insufficiency

Experimental sleep restriction increases sleepiness and impairs driving performance. However, it is unclear whether short sleep duration in the general population is associated with drowsy driving. The goal of the present study was to evaluate whether individuals in the general population who obtained sleep of 6 h or less are more likely to report drowsy driving, and evaluate the role of perceived sleep sufficiency. Data exploring whether subgroups of short sleepers (those who report the most or least unmet sleep need) show different risk profiles for drowsy driving are limited. From the 2009 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (N = 31,522), we obtained the following self-reported data: (1) sleep duration (≤5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or ≥10 h/night); (2) number of days/week of perceived insufficient sleep; (3) among drivers, yes/no response to: “During the past 30 days, have you ever nodded off or fallen asleep, even just for a brief moment, while driving?” (4) demographics, physical/mental health. Using 7 h/night as reference, logistic regression analyses evaluated whether self-reported sleep duration was associated with drowsy driving. Overall, 3.6% reported drowsy driving. Self-identified short-sleepers reported drowsy driving more often, and long sleepers, less often. Among those who perceived sleep as always insufficient, drowsy driving was reported more often when sleep duration was ≤5 h, 6 h, or ≥10 h. Among those who perceived sleep as always sufficient, drowsy driving was reported more often among ≤5 h and 6 h sleepers. Overall, drowsy driving was common, particularly in self-identified short-sleepers as a whole, as well as subgroups based on sleep insufficiency.     

Specific sleepiness symptoms are indicators of performance impairment during sleep deprivation

Drivers are not always aware that they are becoming impaired as a result of sleepiness. Using specific symptoms of sleepiness might assist with recognition of drowsiness related impairment and help drivers judge whether they are safe to drive a vehicle, however this has not been evaluated. In this study, 20 healthy volunteer professional drivers completed two randomized sessions in the laboratory – one under 24 h of acute sleep deprivation, and one with alcohol. The Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) and a 30 min simulated driving task (AusEdTM) were performed every 3–4 h in the sleep deprivation session, and at a BAC of 0.00% and 0.05% in the alcohol session, while electroencephalography (EEG) and eye movements were recorded. After each test session, drivers completed the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) and the Sleepiness Symptoms Questionnaire (SSQ), which includes eight specific sleepiness and driving performance symptoms. A second baseline session was completed on a separate day by the professional drivers and in an additional 20 non-professional drivers for test–retest reliability. There was moderate test–retest agreement on the SSQ (r = 0.59). Significant correlations were identified between individual sleepiness symptoms and the KSS score (r values 0.50–0.74, p < 0.01 for all symptoms). The frequency of all SSQ items increased during sleep deprivation (χ² values of 28.4–80.2, p < 0.01 for all symptoms) and symptoms were related to increased subjective sleepiness and performance deterioration. The symptoms “struggling to keep your eyes open”, “difficulty maintaining correct speed”, “reactions were slow” and “head dropping down” were most closely related to increased alpha and theta activity on EEG (r values 0.49–0.59, p < 0.001) and “nodding off to sleep” and “struggling to keep your eyes open” were related to slow eye movements (r values 0.67 and 0.64, p < 0.001). Symptoms related to visual disturbance and impaired driving performance were most accurate at detecting severely impaired driving performance (AUC on ROC curve of 0.86–0.91 for detecting change in lateral lane position greater than the change at a BAC of 0.05%). Individual sleepiness symptoms are related to impairment during acute sleep deprivation and might be able to assist drivers in recognizing their own sleepiness and ability to drive safely.     

Sleep apnea in hemodialysis patients: risk factors and effect on survival

Sleep disorders are common in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Using a simple questionnaire, we estimate the probability of sleep apnea in ESRD patients, determine the factors associated with a higher probability of sleep apnea, and determine the association between the probability of sleep apnea and cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Study design: Prospective cohort study. Setting and participants: prevalent hemodialysis patients (n=270) in 7 urban outpatient hemodialysis units. Predictor: Probability of sleep apnea as quantified by the Flemons questionnaire. Outcomes and measurements: Clinical, demographic, and dialysis-related characteristics were obtained at baseline. Total and cardiovascular mortality was ascertained after a median follow-up of 34 months. The probability of sleep apnea was low in 79 (29%) patients, moderate in 116 (43%) patients, and high in 75 (28%) patients. Male gender (odds ratio [OR] 5.13, p<0.001), obesity (BMI >30, OR 7.58, p<0.01), and interdialytic weight gain (OR 1.72/kg change, p<0.004) were independently associated with a high probability of sleep apnea. A high probability of sleep apnea at baseline did not predict total (hazard ratio [HR] 0.81, p=NS) or cardiovascular mortality (HR 0.9, p=NS). The Flemons questionnaire is validated in the general population, but has not been tested specifically in hemodialysis patients. The study may not be adequately powered to detect a difference in mortality. A high proportion of hemodialysis patients are likely to have sleep apnea; a simple bedside questionnaire can be used for screening to identify these patients. Excessive interdialytic weight gain is a potentially modifiable factor that increases the likelihood of sleep apnea. Despite the presence of a strong association between sleep apnea and mortality in the general population, a similar association could not be demonstrated in ESRD patients with a high prevalence of this condition.     

保健食品保质的包装研究

包装在食品保藏的基本作用是对食品起保护作用，保健食品的保质尤其重要。为提高保健食品保质效果，延长产品的货架期，进行了小红果，糙米米粉的保质包装材料的选择试验、充气包装试验、脱氧剂包装试验，结果表明小红果采用0.02mmLDPE包装材料最好，糙米米粉采用PET/Pe复合包装材料为最佳，充入CO2包装效果更理想。     

Fatigue on the flight deck: The consequences of sleep loss and the benefits of napping

The detrimental effects of fatigue in aviation are well established, as evidenced by both the number of fatigue-related mishaps and numerous studies which have found that most pilots experience a deterioration in cognitive performance as well as increased stress during the course of a flight. Further, due to the nature of the average pilot's work schedule, with frequent changes in duty schedule, early morning starts, and extended duty periods, fatigue may be impossible to avoid. Thus, it is critical that fatigue countermeasures be available which can help to combat the often overwhelming effects of sleep loss or sleep disruption. While stimulants such as caffeine are typically effective at maintaining alertness and performance, such countermeasures do nothing to address the actual source of fatigue – insufficient sleep. Consequently, strategic naps are considered an efficacious means of maintaining performance while also reducing the individual's sleep debt. These types of naps have been advocated for pilots in particular, as opportunities to sleep either in the designated rest facilities or on the flight deck may be beneficial in reducing both the performance and alertness impairments associated with fatigue, as well as the subjective feelings of sleepiness. Evidence suggests that strategic naps can reduce subjective feelings of fatigue and improve performance and alertness. Despite some contraindications to implementing strategic naps while on duty, such as sleep inertia experienced upon awakening, both researchers and pilots agree that the benefits associated with these naps far outweigh the potential risks. This article is a literature review detailing both the health and safety concerns of fatigue among commercial pilots as well as benefits and risks associated with strategic napping to alleviate this fatigue.