羧基化聚苯乙烯微球的制备及其自组装行为研究

采用分散聚合法,以乙醇、水为分散介质,苯乙烯为共聚单体,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）为稳定剂,AIBN为引发剂,丙烯酸（AA）为功能共聚单体,制备了粒径为100—1000nm羧基化聚苯乙烯微球,研究醇水比、分散剂、引发剂用量对微球粒径及分布的影响,分析微球表面形貌、粒径分布、表面羧基含量,结果表明,胶体晶体是面心立方密排结构,微球单分散性好,表面光滑,球形度好,表面羧基含量最高可达到0．206mmol／g。同时,用垂直沉积法制备出较大范围内呈现高度有序的密排结构聚苯乙烯胶体晶体。     

沉淀聚合法制备(甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯-co-二乙烯基苯)功能聚合物微球

以偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)为引发剂,甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(GMA)和二乙烯基苯(DVB)为共聚单体,采用沉淀聚合法制备了Poly(GMA-co-DVB)聚合物微球。考察了振荡方式和配比对聚合物微球形貌和产率的影响,采用扫描电镜(SEM)和红外光谱对微球进行表征,并测定了聚合物微球的环氧基含量。结果表明:在功能单体GMA为20%～60%(摩尔分数)时,合成了稳定、表面光滑、粒径为2.49～3.67μm的单分散功能微球;随着GMA投料比增加,C=O峰面积与C=C峰面积之比逐渐增加,环氧基的特征吸收峰逐渐增强。微球表面环氧基含量从0.9266mmol/g增至2.9122mmol/g。聚合物微球的水解进一步证明在微球表面有反应性的环氧基。     

Fe3O4/PNIPAM纳米复合微球的制备

用化学共沉淀法制备Fe₃O₄磁性纳米粒子,以N-异丙基丙烯酰胺（NIPAM）、N,N′-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺（MBA）和偶氮二异丁腈（AIBN）为原料,用种子乳液聚合法制备了具有温敏性的Fe₃O₄/PNIPAM纳米复合微球。用红外光谱仪（FTIR）、透射电镜（TEM）、热重分析仪（TGA）及Zeta粒度仪（DTS）等手段对复合微球进行了表征,研究了单体（NIPAM）、交联剂（MBA）、乳化剂（SDBS）用量对复合微球粒径及磁含量的影响。结果表明:Fe₃O₄/PNIPAM纳米复合微球呈球形,具有温敏性,反应条件对复合微球的结构和形貌有较为显著的影响,其粒径和磁含量随着单体浓度的减少、交联剂和乳化剂用量的增加而变小。     

微米级聚苯乙烯微球合成过程反应条件的优化

用分散聚合法合成4~8μm的单分散聚苯乙烯微球,实验考察反应温度对体系的黏度、微球分子量及微球密度等结构参数的影响,同时考察反应温度以及单体、引发剂和稳定剂等分散聚合的主要组分对所合成的聚合物微球粒径及粒径分布的影响。结果表明,反应温度为70℃时,制备的单分散聚苯乙烯微球结构最致密,微球产率较高,微球耐有机溶剂的能力较强;随着初始单体浓度、引发剂用量的增加和反应温度的升高,最终得到的聚苯乙烯微球粒径虽有所增大,但微球粒径分布变宽;随着稳定剂用量的增加,最终微球粒径减小,粒径分布变窄。     

氧化乐果分子印迹微球的制备及其性能研究

以氧化乐果为模板分子,甲基丙烯酸（MAA）为功能单体,利用悬浮聚合法制备了粒径分布范围较窄的氧化乐果分子印迹微球（MIPMs）和空白对照微球（NMIPMs）。通过紫外光谱及红外光谱说明了MAA与氧化乐果之间的结合作用,并利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）观察了所制微球的外观形态和粒径分布。静态吸附实验证明MIPMs对氧化乐果的吸附量明显大于NMIPMs。Scatchard分析表明,MIPMs在识别氧化乐果过程中存在两类结合位点：高亲和位点的解离常数KD1=0.131mmol/L,最大表观结合量Qmax1=3.890μmol/g,低亲合位点解离常数为KD2=5.178mmol/L,最大表观结合量Qmax2=62.232μmol/g。选择性吸附实验结果表明MIPMs对氧化乐果的吸附量最大,具有很好的选择性能。     

微米级单分散聚苯乙烯微球的制备

用分散聚合法合成2～6μm单分散好的聚苯乙烯微球,分别考察单体、稳定剂的两步加料方式,以及初始单体浓度、引发剂用量、反应温度等对所合成的聚合物微球粒径及粒径分布的影响。结果表明:两步加料方式可以显著改善微球的单分散性;随着初始单体浓度、引发剂用量增加和反应温度的升高,最终得到的聚苯乙烯微球粒径虽有所增加,但微球粒径分布变宽。将反应液体积放大、单次合成聚苯乙烯微球量不低于250g时制备出的2～6μm系列的聚苯乙烯微球,用扫描电镜等进行表征可知,所制备的聚苯乙烯微球球形度均大于0.95,相对标准偏差均小于5%。     

SnO2纳米棒的制备及表征

在聚氧乙烯五醚（NP5），聚氧乙烯九醚（NP9），乳化剂（OP）和环己烷组成的微乳体系中制备二氧化锡前驱物。然后再经800－820℃熔烧2.5h，成功地制备了直径为30－90nm，长5－10μm的金红石结构的二氧化锡纳米棒，并用透射电子显微镜，电子衍射，X射线衍射对二氧化锡纳米棒的结构进行了表征。用熔盐合成机理对其形成进行了讨论，初步认为是成核、长大过程形成了二氧化锡纳米棒。     

种子溶胀法合成微米级单分散聚苯乙烯微球

采用种子溶胀法合成1~10μm单分散聚苯乙烯微球,研究单体与种子微球的不同质量比、聚合温度、分散介质中乙醇浓度以及搅拌速度对聚苯乙烯微球粒径和粒径分布的影响。结果表明,随着单体与种子质量比的增大和聚合温度的升高,微球粒径越大,粒径分布变宽;合成聚苯乙烯微球的适宜条件是单体与种子的质量比范围为0.5~3.5,聚合温度为70~75℃,搅拌速率为150~350 r/min,乙醇在分散介质中的质量分数为10%~15%;合成的粒径分别为6、7、8μm的聚苯乙烯微球的球形度大于96%,粒径相对标准偏差小于5%。     

聚脲微球表面粗糙度及水性涂层消光性调控

以异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯（IPDI）为聚合单体,2,4-二胺基苯磺酸钠（MPDSA-Na）为亲水单体,SiO₂作为表面粗糙剂,通过沉淀聚合法在水/乙腈体系中制备了不同粒径和表面粗糙度的聚脲微球。将其用作水性聚氨酯涂层消光助剂,通过调节MPDSA-Na用量、IPDI用量和SiO₂用量等来控制微球的粒径和表面粗糙度,进而调节涂层的光泽度。结果表明:增加MPDSA-Na用量可减小微球的粒径并提高其在水中的分散稳定性,而提高溶剂中乙腈的比例和增加IPDI用量可增大微球的粒径;作为表面粗糙剂,提高SiO₂用量使微球粒径和表面粗糙度增大,在反应体系开始浑浊时加入SiO₂,微球表面粗糙度最大;粒径介于1～2μm、表面粗糙度高的聚脲微球具有更好的消光效果,所制备水性聚氨酯涂层的光泽可调控至1.6°以下（60°入射角）。     

两性引发剂VA-057引发分散聚合制备PSG微球的研究

以苯乙烯(St)为主单体,甲基丙烯酸环氧丙酯(GMA)为功能单体,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)为分散剂,乙醇和水的混合物为反应介质,选用两性偶氮二(N-2-羧乙基-2-甲基丙脒)水合物(VA-057)为该体系的引发剂,分散聚合制备了单分散的聚(苯乙烯-甲基丙烯酸环氧丙酯)(PSG)高分子微球。考察了单体配比、引发剂及分散剂用量、醇水比等因素对高分子微球表面环氧基团浓度、粒径及单分散性的影响。研究表明,PSG微球粒径(6~9μm)和表面环氧基团浓度(2~4mmol/g)具有可控性。单体配比中GMA含量增加,PSG微球的表面环氧基团浓度和粒径均增大。乙醇/水介质中水含量增大或引发剂用量增多,粒径变大。分散剂用量增多,粒径变小。但引发剂浓度过高或单体St与GMA的质量比1时,会导致粒径分布变宽。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...