城市构筑物暴雨内涝分层模拟技术及应用

气候变化和城市快速发展,导致我国城市洪涝问题日益突出。城市洪涝模拟是当前城市洪涝灾害风险管理领域研究热点,但国内外依然缺乏针对城市多层构筑物的精细模拟技术和方法。城市立交桥,是一种典型的城市多层构筑物,极易遭受洪涝灾害,并对城市交通造成严重影响。以城市立交桥为代表,在现有全分布式城市暴雨内涝模型基础上,结合城市立交桥的特点,提出一种分层模拟技术,并从网格分层构建、分层产汇流计算、地表与管网分层耦合和上层网格排水等方面详细阐述了分层模拟技术。将该分层模拟技术应用于深圳市罗芳立交桥2018年“8.29”暴雨积水过程模拟,与单层模拟方法相比,多层模拟结果更接近上报积水信息。研究表明,分层模拟技术更能准确表达城市复杂多层建筑物的实际暴雨内涝过程。     

An integrated approach for urban water quality assessment

This paper introduces an integrated approach for the assessment of receiving water quality and the relative contribution of the urban drainage system to perceived receiving water quality problems. The approach combines mass balances with relatively simple receiving water impact models. The research project has learned that the urban drainage system is only one of the determining factors with respect to receiving urban water quality problems. The morphology of the receiving waters and the non-sewer sources of pollution, such as waterbirds, dogs, or inflow of external surface water might be equally important. This conclusion underlines the necessity to changes today's emission based approach and adopt an integral and immission based approach. The integrated approach is illustrated on a case study in Arnhem, where the receiving water quality remained unsatisfactory even after retrofitting a combined sewer system into a separated sewer system.     

Analysis of scenarios for wastewater and urban drainage systems in Brazil based on an integrated modeling approach.

Brazil is currently facing widespread problems in the urban environment associated with inadequate wastewater and urban drainage systems, particularly for low-income communities. These problems are promoted by the rapid and often unplanned urbanization process in developing cities and are compounded by a lack of funding, absence of planning, ineffective institutional arrangements, and inappropriate policies to provide the framework for integrated wastewater and stormwater management. Because planning for the provision of wastewater and urban drainage systems is a complex task, an integrated-modeling approach is proposed to provide a practical methodology for sanitation and urban drainage planning in Brazilian cities. In the model development, as well as technical aspects, other aspects related to institutional, financial, socio-economic, environmental and public health issues were also taken into account.     

An alternate approach for transient flow modeling in urban drainage systems

Implementing control structures such as gates at suitable locations in the urban drainage network enables its improved utility by actively controlling and optimizing the flow during a flood event. The successful operation of the control structure is fully governed by the suitability and efficiency of the control strategy adopted, which in turn depends on the response characteristics of the urban drainage system under different flow conditions. For an extreme rainfall event, it is necessary to model the transient flow in the urban drainage system. However, such an exercise is mostly restricted by the limited data and lack of in-depth survey of urban drainage systems in most of the developing countries like India. Taking this into consideration, an alternate approach has been presented in this paper for modeling the transient flow in the urban drainage system under limited data availability. The results obtained have also been compared with the finite difference model using four-point implicit scheme in time domain. The developed model can be used for the computation of temporal distribution of water surface profile with special consideration of lateral inflow. The application has been demonstrated by applying it to a representative catchment in Mumbai, India.     

An integrated approach for solving urban water and wastewater crises in the Arabian Gulf States.

Various environmental and economic aspects of urban water and wastewater crises in a number of the Arabian Gulf States are discussed. An integrated approach, which considers simultaneously the problems of urban waters (shortage of water supply and problems associated with urban drainage) and those in connection with wastewater (i.e. environmental impact) is proposed. The feasible link between the main factors affecting these problems and the anticipated results encourage the implementation of the proposed approach. The conclusions suggest immediate municipal legislation.     

An integrated inundation model for highly developed urban areas.

A numerical model is developed in this study with various components for simulating the complex flow phenomena in urban drainage basins. The model integrates the HEC-1 model, a 1-D dynamic channel-flow model, a 2-D non-inertia overland-flow model and the SWMM model to reflect the hydraulic processes in areas with different characteristics. The inundation of underground infrastructure during flood is also considered in the model. The typhoon Nari event in 2001, which resulted in severe flood in downtown Taipei, is simulated by the model. The result is compared with the survey records of flooded areas, which reveals the storage effect of underground infrastrucures is significant to the simulation results of highly developed urban areas.     

城市内涝的集合应对体系

<正>受全球气候变化和城镇化进程加快的双重影响,近年来城市内涝突发、频发、广发,逢暴雨就内涝和城市看海成为大众口头禅。城市内涝已严重威胁到城市居民生命和财产安全,危害城市生态文明建设,成为制约城市健康与可持续发展的瓶颈。笔者认为,在城市内涝问题上,关键是如何科学应对。工程措施是根本,非工程措施不可或缺,为此,提出一套集预估-预报-预警-预案为一体的城市内涝四预集合应对体系。     

流域综合管理研究述评

通过对国内外有关流域综合管理的概念、要素、内容和功能的辨析,认为流域综合管理是一个复杂系统的决策制定过程,在流域的不同空间尺度和决策层面表现出不同的内容和特点,并发展为适应性综合管理的新趋势。进一步讨论了流域综合管理的信息系统建立原则和数据转化2个共性问题和流域综合管理中社会维度的价值和内容。最后,对流域综合管理的研究现状进行总结评述,并针对中国流域管理现状提出几点展望。     

An integrated urban drainage system model for assessing renovation scheme

Due to sustained economic growth in China over the last three decades, urbanization has been on a rapidly expanding track. In recent years, regional industrial relocations were also accelerated across the country from the east coast to the west inland. These changes have led to a large-scale redesign of urban infrastructures, including the drainage system. To help the reconstructed infrastructures towards a better sustainability, a tool is required for assessing the efficiency and environmental performance of different renovation schemes. This paper developed an integrated dynamic modeling tool, which consisted of three models for describing the sewer, the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and the receiving water body respectively. Three auxiliary modules were also incorporated to conceptualize the model, calibrate the simulations, and analyze the results. The developed integrated modeling tool was applied to a case study in Shenzhen City, which is one of the most dynamic cities and facing considerable challenges for environmental degradation. The renovation scheme proposed to improve the environmental performance of Shenzhen City's urban drainage system was modeled and evaluated. The simulation results supplied some suggestions for the further improvement of the renovation scheme.     

Emerging approaches to integrated urban water management: cluster scale application.

Integrated Urban Water Management (IUWM) seeks to extend Water Sensitive Urban Design to a total water cycle approach that includes reuse of wastewaters. This paper investigates the appropriateness of environmental technologies for application at a cluster scale in IUWM. Many environmental technologies are economically or physically unsuited to use on a municipal or unit scale. Cluster scale is a middle ground that will allow such environmental technologies to achieve full potential. The concept of cluster scale and the application of environmental technologies at this scale are discussed along with some examples of suitable technologies.     

流域集成化水管理研究

文章从分析我国流域水资源管理现状入手,以系统论为基础,着眼于“流域水资源是个系统”这一基本出发点,提出了一种新的流域水资源管理模式———流域集成化水管理,并在综合集成方法研究与解决问题路线的指导下,先从人、部门、信息各自集成进行研究,在此基础上,研究“人、部门与信息”三者的集成。     

A life cycle approach to modeling sea lamprey population dynamics in the Lake Champlain basin to evaluate alternative control strategies

Sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) is a nuisance species in the Laurentian Great Lakes and Lake Champlain that has devastated native fish populations and hampered sport fisheries development. We developed a modified stage-based life history matrix for sea lamprey to analyze the effects of various management efforts to suppress sea lamprey population growth in Lake Champlain. These efforts targeted different life stages of the sea lamprey life cycle. A beta distribution was used to distribute stochastic larval populations among twenty sea lamprey-bearing tributaries and five deltas to Lake Champlain, from which sea lamprey that survive through larval metamorphosis were then pooled into a lake-wide parasitic-phase population. Parasitic-phase survival to the spawning stage was evaluated based on proximity to the natal tributary and on the size of the resident larval population in each tributary. Potential control strategies were modeled at egg to emergence, larval, and spawning stages to reduce vital rates at each stage, with the goal of suppressing parasitic-phase production. Simulations indicate that control of the larval stage was essential to achieving this goal, and with supplemental effort to reduce the vital rates at early life stages and at the spawning stage, the parasitic-phase population can be further suppressed. Sensitivity simulations indicate that the life history model was sensitive to egg deposition rate, abundance of parasitic-phase sea lamprey from unknown, uncontrolled sources, and the method in which parasitic-phase sea lamprey select tributaries for spawning. Results from this model can guide management agencies to optimize future management programs.     

Estimating water deficit and its uncertainties in water-scarce area using integrated modeling approach

Accurate assessment of water deficit and related uncertainties in water-scarce areas is strategically important in various fields of water resources management. This study developed a hybrid approach integrating conceptual water balance model and econometric regression to estimate water shortage and its related uncertainties in water-scarce areas. This hybrid approach was used to assess the agricultural water deficit of Beijing, an extremely water-scarce area in China. A predictive model of agricultural water demand was developed using the stepwise multiple regression method, and was validated by comparing the predicted values with observed data. Scenario analysis was employed to investigate the uncertainties of agricultural water shortage and agricultural water demand. This modeling approach can assist water administration in creating sustainable water allocation strategies in water-scarce areas.     

An integrated measurement and modeling methodology for estuarine water quality management

This paper describes research undertaken by the authors to develop an integrated measurement and modeling methodology for water quality management of estuaries. The approach developed utilizes modeling and measurement results in a synergistic manner. Modeling results were initially used to inform the field campaign of appropriate sampling locations and times, and field data were used to develop accurate models.Remote sensing techniques were used to capture data for both model development and model validation. Field surveys were undertaken to provide model initial conditions through data assimilation and determine nutrient fluxes into the model domain. From field data, salinity relationships were developed with various water quality parameters, and relationships between chlorophyll a concentrations, transparency, and light attenuation were also developed. These relationships proved to be invaluable in model development, particularly in modeling the growth and decay of chlorophyll a. Cork Harbour, an estuary that regularly experiences summer algal blooms due to anthropogenic sources of nutrients,was used as a case study to develop the methodology. The integration of remote sensing, conventional fieldwork, and modeling is one of the novel aspects of this research and the approach developed has widespread applicability.     

LID改造对城市内涝与面源污染的影响

为了探究低影响开发(LID)措施对城市雨水-径流-污染过程的改善效果,以广州市某区域为例,提出了4种LID改造措施(绿色屋顶、生物滞留池、透水铺装、3种LID组合),并构建了SWMM模型来模拟分析5种暴雨重现期下不同LID改造措施的水文水质效应。结果表明：单一LID改造措施下,暴雨重现期较大时透水铺装效果最好,该情景下洪峰削减率、峰现时间延迟和总流量削减率都达到了最大;3种LID组合对总流量削减率最高,为26-12%~34-40%;单一LID改造措施下,透水铺装对COD与NH3-N质量浓度峰值削减和峰现时间延迟效果最佳;3种LID组合对COD和NH3-N总量削减率最高,分别为50-51%~60-83%和53-16%~58-47%。LID改造措施对城市内涝、COD和NH3-N都有不同程度的减轻或削减,其中LID组合改造措施的效果最好。     

流域水资源统一管理体制建立探讨

长期以来,随着经济发展、人口不断增加,加之我国水管理的低效率运作,水资源问题日益成为中国社会经济发展的重要制约因素。从自然基础、社会基础与理论基础方面论证了流域水资源统一管理的必要性,提出了以流域为单元、以流域内水资源统一管理为核心、对我国水资源实施垂直管理的全新的水资源管理体制框架。     

基于SWMM模型的沿海城市内涝模拟研究

沿海地区台风过境时的短历时强降雨可迅速形成地表径流,易导致城市内涝,造成严重的经济损失和人员伤亡。为缓解该问题,本文以福州晋安河流域为例,构建了基于SWMM管网和地面二维积水的城市内涝模拟模型,以研究该区域城市内涝成因及应对策略。实例研究表明,上游库湖泄水抬高内河水位,下游外江涨潮使内河排水不畅,是形成内涝灾害的主要原因。为此提出库湖闸站联合错峰调度方案,有效防止下游江水倒灌。以苏迪罗台风降雨为例,采用该调度方案可减少管网节点溢流量27.44%,缩小淹没面积29.73%,降低内涝严重区河道最高水位1.02 m,有效缓解地表淹没。本研究成果可为福州城市内涝的科学调度提供技术支撑,同时对其他沿海城市的防洪调度具有参考价值。     

城乡水务一体化管理的制度分析

本文分析了我国自20世纪末以来由于经济和社会变化产生的水问题,即包括城市化进程不断加快所导致的城市用水量的不断增加,以及城乡之间水事关系的日益密切;然后从制度的角度分析了水管理模式的改革,即要求改变过去的层级分解一信息包裹模式,建立一定的协调机制或合并有关机构;最后指出在实施城乡水务一体化管理以后,仍然需要正确协调和处理水的资源管理、服务管制和环境管理之间的关系。     

Evaluation of water security: an integrated approach applied in Wuhan urban agglomeration, China

To evaluate water security, the Water Resources Sustainability Evaluation Model has been developed. The model employs four criteria (economic development, flood control security, water supply security, and water environment security) and has 22 indicators, integrating them using their relative weights. The model is applied to evaluate the water security of Wuhan urban agglomeration, China. The values of the indicators are normalized using the exponential efficacy functions based on the law of diminishing marginal utility. The evaluation results show that, overall, the state of water security in Wuhan urban agglomeration is good, which is in good agreement with the true situation. The comparison between the results of the model and other three evaluation methods by the Spearman coefficient of rank correlation verifies the science and reliability of the developed model. Consequently, it is concluded that the model can be an effective tool for evaluating the states of water security and provide a basis on which to create policies for improving inadequacies in water security.     

An integrated approach for improving the wastewater discharge and treatment systems

Since treatment plants have been built all over Germany during the last decades, the water quality of receiving streams has been improved remarkably. But there are still a lot of quality problems left, which are caused e.g. by combined sewer overflows (CSO), treatment plant effluents or rainwater discharges from separate sewer systems. At present different efforts are undertaken to control sewer systems in order to improve the operation of urban drainage systems or more generally, design processes. The Emschergenossenschaft and Lippeverband (EG/LV) are carrying out research studies, which are focusing on a minimization of total emissions from sewer systems both from wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents and from CSO. They consider dynamic interactions between rainfall, resultant wastewater, combined sewers, WWTP and receiving streams. Therefore, in an advanced wastewater treatment, a model-based improvement of WWTP operation becomes more and more essential, and consequently a highly qualified operational staff is needed. Some aspects of the current research studies are presented in this report. The need and the use of an integrated approach to combine existing model components in order to optimize dynamic management of combined sewer systems (CSS) with a benefit for nature are outlined.