液滴冲击加热壁面沸腾现象特征分析

采用高速摄像仪对液滴冲击加热壁面过程进行实验观测,分析了不同实验流体的沸腾现象特征,探讨了中间射流及宝塔状气泡的形成机理。观测发现,壁温高于液体对应的Leidenfrost温度时水滴撞击后会出现暴沸现象,由于气泡夹带伴随强烈的核化作用,氯化钠溶液液滴撞击后可以观察到中间射流的产生,醇类液滴则发生完全反弹;壁温低于Leidenfrost温度时液滴在加热壁面会出现泡状沸腾现象,与半球形气泡不同,宝塔状气泡出现在液膜厚度较大的区域。此外定量考察了液滴在加热壁面完全反弹时的最大铺展因子,发现铺展因子仅受Weber数影响,与文献结果比较表明本研究得出的铺展因子经验公式可较好地预测液滴在加热壁面的铺展尺度。     

液滴撞击高温梯度表面的动态行为特性

以铜片为基底制备了微方孔结构浸润梯度表面,利用高速摄像技术对液滴撞击高温梯度表面的动态行为特性进行了研究。结果表明：在不同表面温度和韦伯数（We）下,液滴撞击在梯度表面上会出现5种不同的撞击模式,即润湿模式、接触沸腾模式、过渡模式、碎裂模式和反弹模式;当表面温度达到Leidenfrost温度时,液滴进入反弹模式,反弹液滴会沿着梯度能方向发生多次连续弹跳行为,且由于弹跳过程中能量的不断衰减,反弹高度逐渐减小直至趋于零。基于表面物理化学理论分析了液滴的定向弹跳行为,并利用图像处理技术,分析了弹跳液滴的动态特征。进一步地,通过液滴以相同We数撞击不同表面温度实验,研究了液滴在弹跳运动过程中反弹高度、铺展因子和运动的水平加速度变化特征,发现三者随反弹次数的增加具有相似的变化过程,即呈现先快速减小、后逐渐稳定的特征。水平加速度的与铺展因子的变化趋势具有一致性,从而验证了理论分析的合理性。     

乙醇水溶液单液滴碰撞热壁面的动态演化特性

乙醇添加剂能显著改变去离子水基液滴碰壁动态特性。本文设计并搭建了液滴碰壁动态演化及传热研究实验台,并就溶液表面张力、液滴韦伯数（We）、壁面温度等对液滴碰壁的特性影响进行了实验研究。结果表明乙醇添加剂能够有效增强液滴润湿特性,促进液滴的雾化和破碎现象,同时抑制液滴反弹能力。并且这一能力随着乙醇溶液浓度的增大而增强。润湿特性随着液滴We的增大呈现出先增强后发生反弹现象的趋势,乙醇添加剂能够有效地抑制这种反弹趋势,并使混合液滴继续发生铺展现象。壁面温度125℃时,当We由15增大到33时,水基液由铺展阶段过渡到反弹阶段,而添加乙醇使得液滴继续铺展,没有发生反弹现象。乙醇添加剂能够明显地提高液滴由铺展到反弹的临界转变温度（T_CHF）,扩大液滴核态沸腾对应的温度区域,延迟液滴进入过渡沸腾阶段。     

单液滴撞击超疏水冷表面的反弹及破碎行为

对直径2.8 mm的液滴撞击冷表面的动态行为进行快速可视化观测,对比研究单液滴撞击普通冷表面以及超疏水冷表面的动力学特性,同时对初始撞击速度以及冷表面温度对液滴动态演化行为的影响进行了对比分析。实验结果表明:与液滴撞击普通冷表面(温度-25~-5℃)发生瞬时冻结沉积相比,液滴撞击超疏水冷表面时均未发生冻结,而且伴随铺展、回缩、反弹以及破碎行为;撞击速度越大,普通冷表面上液滴铺展因子越大,而且液滴越易冻结。液滴低速(We≤76)撞击超疏水冷表面会发生反弹现象,但速度对液滴最大铺展时间无影响;液滴高速(We≥115)撞击超疏水冷表面后会产生明显液指,而且破碎为多组卫星液滴。此外,冷表面温度仅影响液滴反弹高度,对液滴最大铺展因子以及液滴铺展时间影响较小。结果表明超疏水表面可显著抑制液滴撞击冷表面的瞬时冻结沉积。     

单液滴撞击超疏水冷表面的反弹及破碎行为

对直径2.8 mm的液滴撞击冷表面的动态行为进行快速可视化观测，对比研究单液滴撞击普通冷表面以及超疏水冷表面的动力学特性，同时对初始撞击速度以及冷表面温度对液滴动态演化行为的影响进行了对比分析。实验结果表明：与液滴撞击普通冷表面（温度-25~-5℃）发生瞬时冻结沉积相比，液滴撞击超疏水冷表面时均未发生冻结，而且伴随铺展、回缩、反弹以及破碎行为；撞击速度越大，普通冷表面上液滴铺展因子越大，而且液滴越易冻结。液滴低速（We≤76）撞击超疏水冷表面会发生反弹现象，但速度对液滴最大铺展时间无影响；液滴高速（We≥115）撞击超疏水冷表面后会产生明显液指，而且破碎为多组卫星液滴。此外，冷表面温度仅影响液滴反弹高度，对液滴最大铺展因子以及液滴铺展时间影响较小。结果表明超疏水表面可显著抑制液滴撞击冷表面的瞬时冻结沉积。     

微柱表面液滴定壁温沸腾实验研究

利用高速摄像技术对去离子水液滴撞击微柱结构表面后的蒸发及核化过程进行观测。实验测得不同壁面温度下液滴蒸干时间,获得液滴沸腾曲线;发现相对光滑表面,微柱表面在50、60、70、80、120℃强化相变换热,120℃时强化比例最大,达到35.71%;壁温为90、100、110℃时,微柱表面无强化作用。从液滴直径和厚度的变化可知微柱表面液滴蒸发分为两个阶段：第一阶段,液滴直径不变,厚度变化;第二阶段,液滴厚度接近微柱高度,直径减小。随壁温升高,第一阶段时长显著缩短。液滴内部核化点密度和气泡平均直径随壁面温度的升高均有明显增大的趋势。需指出的是,液滴冲击对微柱表面液滴内部核化点分布有重要影响,受微柱结构及滴落冲击作用液滴内部成核气泡沿液滴半径呈辐射状分布。     

微柱表面液滴定壁温沸腾实验研究

利用高速摄像技术对去离子水液滴撞击微柱结构表面后的蒸发及核化过程进行观测。实验测得不同壁面温度下液滴蒸干时间,获得液滴沸腾曲线;发现相对光滑表面,微柱表面在50、60、70、80、120℃强化相变换热,120℃时强化比例最大,达到35.71%;壁温为90、100、110℃时,微柱表面无强化作用。从液滴直径和厚度的变化可知微柱表面液滴蒸发分为两个阶段:第一阶段,液滴直径不变,厚度变化;第二阶段,液滴厚度接近微柱高度,直径减小。随壁温升高,第一阶段时长显著缩短。液滴内部核化点密度和气泡平均直径随壁面温度的升高均有明显增大的趋势。需指出的是,液滴冲击对微柱表面液滴内部核化点分布有重要影响,受微柱结构及滴落冲击作用液滴内部成核气泡沿液滴半径呈辐射状分布。     

液滴撞击不同浸润性壁面动态过程的数值模拟

采用VOF方法模拟了液滴以相同速度撞击到接触角分别为63°、90°、118°和160°的固体壁面上的形态演变过程。结果表明:固壁的亲憎水性对液滴撞击表面后形态的演化有较大影响,亲水壁面有利于液滴的铺展,在接触角为90°的壁面上液滴部分反弹,而当接触角为160°时,液滴完全反弹;当三相接触线开始回缩时,中心液体的表层部分在惯性力的作用下继续向铺展的液滴边缘聚集,导致近中心处液膜逐渐减薄至断裂,最终形成边缘较厚的液环;同时,液滴最大铺展系数随壁面接触角的增大而减小,达到最大铺展系数的时间也相应缩短。     

含气泡油滴撞击矩形沟槽壁面的数值分析

采用耦合水平集-体积分数（CLSVOF）方法对含气泡油滴撞击矩形沟槽壁面现象进行数值模拟研究,考察了油滴撞击壁面后的形态演化过程,分析了中心射流形成机理和气体夹带的分布规律,并探究了沟槽宽度、沟槽深度和撞击位置对油滴铺展特性的影响。研究表明：含气泡油滴在矩形沟槽壁面铺展时会形成中心射流,沟槽内部存在气体夹带现象。气泡底部的速度旋涡是形成中心射流的主要原因,沟槽内的气体夹带受油滴铺展速度影响呈现规律性分布。沟槽宽度对含气泡油滴在垂直沟槽方向和平行沟槽方向的铺展长度影响较大,但对铺展高度影响较小。当无量纲沟槽宽度为0.3时,油滴形成颈部射流并在运动后期使垂直沟槽方向的铺展长度迅速增加。此外,沟槽深度也对含气泡油滴在各方向的铺展有重要影响,沟槽深度越大,中心射流现象越难形成。撞击位置变化不改变油滴在沟槽壁面上的运动演化过程,但对沟槽内部的气体夹带规律有一定影响。     

含气泡油滴撞击矩形沟槽壁面的数值分析

采用耦合水平集-体积分数(CLSVOF)方法对含气泡油滴撞击矩形沟槽壁面现象进行数值模拟研究,考察了油滴撞击壁面后的形态演化过程,分析了中心射流形成机理和气体夹带的分布规律,并探究了沟槽宽度、沟槽深度和撞击位置对油滴铺展特性的影响。研究表明:含气泡油滴在矩形沟槽壁面铺展时会形成中心射流,沟槽内部存在气体夹带现象。气泡底部的速度旋涡是形成中心射流的主要原因,沟槽内的气体夹带受油滴铺展速度影响呈现规律性分布。沟槽宽度对含气泡油滴在垂直沟槽方向和平行沟槽方向的铺展长度影响较大,但对铺展高度影响较小。当无量纲沟槽宽度为0.3时,油滴形成颈部射流并在运动后期使垂直沟槽方向的铺展长度迅速增加。此外,沟槽深度也对含气泡油滴在各方向的铺展有重要影响,沟槽深度越大,中心射流现象越难形成。撞击位置变化不改变油滴在沟槽壁面上的运动演化过程,但对沟槽内部的气体夹带规律有一定影响。     

Spreading of Polydimethylsiloxane Drops on Solid Horizontal Surfaces

Effect of the volume of drops, surface energy and roughness of substrate together with temperature and viscosity on the spreading velocity of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) drops on solid horizontal surfaces was studied. Spreading velocity was shown to grow with decreasing drop volume, the effect being more pronounced at high viscosities of polymer. The deviation of shape of the spreading drop from that of a spherical segment is more pronounced the higher the surface energy of substrate, the higher the polymer viscosity and the smaller the drop volume. Spreading on a rough surface is slower than on a smooth one owing to the energy barrier created by surface inhomogeneities: the barrier is to be overcome by the spreading liquid. Based on the experimental results a mechanism of spreading of polymer drops is proposed. Changes in potential energy of a drop and in the free surface energy of the system during spreading were compared, allowing a theoretical evaluation of the influence of gravity on the spreading velocity of drops. A theoretical analysis of spreading kinetics of viscous drops is given. The equation proposed agrees well with the experimental results at 90° > θ > 0°.     

单液滴撞击受热枫桦木炭化表面的实验研究

通过模拟实验研究了水滴及含4% 氟表面活性剂(AFFF)液滴分别撞击室温和加热枫桦木炭化表面的碰撞动态过程。实验中加热枫桦木表面温度为124.7℃,纯水滴初始直径为(2.4±0.1)mm,含4% AFFF液滴初始直径为(1.8±0.1)mm,液滴滴落高度为15~40 cm。采用Photron Fastcam高速摄影仪记录液滴碰撞的动态过程,拍摄帧数为2000 fps。研究结果表明:水滴撞击枫桦木炭化表面后飞溅液滴数、最大铺展因子都随着水滴撞击速度的增大而增大。纯水滴撞击加热枫桦木炭化表面4 ms后迅速飞溅形成次生液滴,小液滴滚动蒸发聚合成一个大液柱,大液柱起伏多次后形成一个小液柱停留在枫桦木表面。而含4% AFFF液滴撞击受热枫桦木炭化表面时,液滴碰撞后与木材发生良好浸润现象。     

A Photographic Study of Flash-Boiling Atomization

To gain an insight into the mechanisms of flash-boiling atomization, heated water was injected from a single-hole orifice into heated air (steady injections, liquid pressure 697 kPa, air pressure ambient, test temperatures from 300 to 426 K, orifice diameter 0.34 mm, length 1.37 mm). The breakup regime of interest in the study was that where the spray divergence starts at the nozzle exit. Short-duration backlit photographs and laser diffraction dropsize measurements showed that these flashing jets comprise an inner intact core which is surrounded by the diverging fine spray. These details about the spray structure are not visible in conventional photographs of flashing sprays that use scattered light illumination. The present results cast doubt on a previously proposed theory of flash-boiling atomization that attributes the divergence of the spray cone to the expansion processes that occur in an underex-panded compressible flow, since that theory implies that the liquid is already atomized upon leaving the nozzle. Instead, the photographs show that drops are expelled from the unbroken liquid jet starting at the nozzle exit (presumably by rapid vapor bubble growth within the jet). The core region remains intact for some distance downstream of the nozzle exit, and its breakup eventually produces relatively large drops. As the liquid temperature approaches boiling, the intact length and the core drop size decrease. Thus operation close to boiling is desirable for effective atomization. However, the nozzle mass flow rate decreases and practical difficulties are found (owing to “vapor-lock”) as the liquid is heated near boiling.     

微纳复合表面HFE-7100/水的BRT现象及沸腾传热特性

HFE-7100/水作为非共沸不互溶工质可以拓宽核状沸腾传热的有效温区,目前关于其在微纳复合表面的沸腾传热特性和气泡运动机理尚不明晰。利用气泡模板电沉积法在铜基表面上制备了具有微纳孔洞的复合结构,测试了HFE-7100/水的沸腾传热特性,并通过可视化探究了沸腾工质转换（BRT）过程中两相工质在表面的润湿状态和气泡运动现象。结果表明,微纳复合表面上HFE-7100/水的BRT过程中,气泡先后经历小气泡聚并、气膜膨胀、轻工质接触壁面核化三个过程。在BRT过程中,HFE-7100与水对热壁面的润湿性存在竞争关系,随着过热度增加,薄的HFE-7100液层难以维持稳定的重工质沸腾,上层水工质可以穿过HFE-7100层对热壁面实现完全润湿,完成BRT过程。与单一工质相比,常压下HFE-7100/水混合工质体系可以在343~423 K下实现高效的核状沸腾传热。该研究揭示了HFE-7100/水在微纳复合表面的沸腾传热特性,为沸腾强化表面设计提供了思路。     

柱状微结构表面强化沸腾换热研究综述

沸腾换热是一种非常高效的热传递方式,不论在地面常重力环境还是空间微重力环境下都有十分重要和广泛的应用。强化表面结构是一种有效的无源强化换热技术,而强制对流和射流冲击作为高效的直接冷却方式,在有源强化换热技术中被认为是最有发展前景的冷却方式。结合无源强化换热技术和有源强化换热技术同时进行强化沸腾换热是进一步提高换热能力的有效途径。以电子器件高效冷却技术为背景,对自主开发的微米级柱状微结构表面强化沸腾换热研究现状进行了综述,包括常重力条件下池沸腾、流动沸腾、射流冲击、流动-喷射复合式沸腾换热以及微重力条件下的池沸腾换热。同时,与其他强化沸腾换热表面结构进行了对比,总结并分析了各种强化表面结构及换热方式的优缺点,为下一步的学术研究和工业应用提供相应的参考。     

Film boiling of mercury droplets

Vaporization times of mercury droplets in Leidenfrost film boiling on a flat horizontal plate are measured in an air atmosphere. Extreme care was used to prevent large amplitude droplet vibrations and surface wetting: therefore, these data can be compared to film boiling theory. For these data, diffusion from the upper surface of the drop is a dominant mode of mass transfer from the drop. A closed-form analytical film boiling theory is developed to account for the diffusive evaporation. Reasonable agreement between data and theory is seen.     

Heat transfer in a combination microwave–jet impingement oven

Combination heating of food using microwave and jet impingement has been simulated by coupling Maxwell’s equations of electromagnetics with energy equation and using experimentally measured heat transfer coefficient values for jet impingement in a novel domestic oven. Transient food temperatures from the model and experiment for each separate heating mode and their combination revealed the characteristic nature of each of the heating modes. Contour plots of temperature show that with combination heating, surface can be heated faster (for crispness) and edge over-heating can be partially avoided. Measures of non-uniformity in temperatures in the heated food are developed using coefficient of variation and middle 80-percentile range as the parameters. Using these measures, it is shown that combination heating leads to more uniform heating, without compromising the speed or convenience. A 22–30% increase in uniformity has been observed for combination microwave–jet impingement heating over microwave-only heating. Jet impingement is a good complement to microwave heating as it has different spatial and time variation of heating rates. During the initial period, jet impingement dominates over microwave heating near the surface, with microwave heating being more significant in the interior. At later times, the roles switch with microwaves becoming more dominant on the surface while jet impingement takes a more significant role in heating the interior of the food. These findings should help the product, process and equipment designer achieve the balance between speed and uniformity of heating in a more precise manner.     

Numerical simulations of drop impact and spreading on horizontal and inclined surfaces

The phenomenon of drop spreading is important to several process engineering applications. In the present work, numerical simulations of the dynamics of drop impact and spreading on horizontal and inclined surfaces were carried out using the volume of fluid (VOF) method. For the horizontal surfaces, the dynamics of impact and spreading of glycerin drops on wax and glass surfaces was investigated for which the experimental measurements were available [Šikalo, Š., Tropea, C., Ganic, E.N., 2005a. Dynamic wetting angle of a spreading droplet. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 29, 795-802; Šikalo, Š., Tropea, C., Ganic, E.N., 2005b. Impact of droplets onto inclined surfaces. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 286, 661-669]. The influence of surface wetting characteristics was investigated by using static contact angle (SCA) and dynamic contact angle (DCA) models. The dynamics of drop impact and spreading on inclined surfaces and the different regimes of drop impact and spreading process were also investigated. In particular, the effects of surface inclination, surface wetting characteristics, liquid properties and impact velocity on the dynamics of drop impact and spreading were investigated numerically and the results were verified experimentally. It was found that the SCA model can predict the drop impact and spreading behavior in quantitative agreement with the experiments for less wettable surfaces (SCA>90^°). However, for more wettable surfaces (SCA<90^°), the DCA observed at initial contact times were order of magnitude higher than SCA values and therefore the DCA model is needed for the accurate prediction of the spreading behavior.