基于超声波阻抗谱的颗粒粒径表征方法

研究超声反射波谱与颗粒粒径及浓度之间的关系并发展一种基于超声波阻抗谱的颗粒粒径表征方法。对超声波波动理论模型适当变形,建立超声阻抗谱与颗粒粒径及浓度之间的关系;进一步通过数值模拟分析超声阻抗谱对颗粒浓度及粒径变化的敏感性;实验中使用中心频率10~100 MHz超声波换能器,利用自发自收模式对超声波在缓冲层与介质界面上的反射波信号进行测量并分析,对体积中位径分别为7.69、21.58、66.64μm的聚苯乙烯悬浮液进行实验,获得阻抗谱并与数值模拟结果对比,根据实验阻抗谱进行数据反演获得样品颗粒粒度分布,并与图像分析结果进行了对比,结果显示,本方法可有效分辨3种颗粒样品的粒径。     

基于超声衰减谱和相速度的颗粒粒径测量

超声波在颗粒两相体系中传播,包含了大量颗粒粒径信息,结合理论模型,通过提取超声波有效衰减谱和相速度谱分析了颗粒的粒径分布。实验中,对体积分数为10%的3种不同粒径分布的聚苯乙烯-水悬浊液,通过双样法和插入取代法(单样法)分别获得宽带超声波衰减谱与相速度谱,以ECAH模型为理论基础,并分别用Twomey、ORT和Davidon-Fletcher-Powell优化算法,反演出悬浊液颗粒粒径分布。测量结果与显微镜图像法结果进行对比,中位径误差小于15%,表明了利用超声波衰减谱法(UASA)和相速度谱法(UPVSA)测量悬浊液颗粒粒径分布的可行性与可靠性。     

基于超声衰减谱和相速度的颗粒粒径测量

超声波在颗粒两相体系中传播,包含了大量颗粒粒径信息,结合理论模型,通过提取超声波有效衰减谱和相速度谱分析了颗粒的粒径分布。实验中,对体积分数为10%的3种不同粒径分布的聚苯乙烯-水悬浊液,通过双样法和插入取代法（单样法）分别获得宽带超声波衰减谱与相速度谱,以ECAH模型为理论基础,并分别用Twomey、ORT和Davidon-Fletcher-Powell优化算法,反演出悬浊液颗粒粒径分布。测量结果与显微镜图像法结果进行对比,中位径误差小于15%,表明了利用超声波衰减谱法（UASA）和相速度谱法（UPVSA）测量悬浊液颗粒粒径分布的可行性与可靠性。     

高浓度纳米颗粒悬浮液粒径的超声在线测量方法研究

为研究高浓度纳米颗粒悬浮液的粒径分布表征,引入超声谱高浓度颗粒粒径测量理论(核壳模型),同时搭建了一套超声法高浓度悬浮液粒径测量实验装置,并进行理论模型的实验验证,测得体积浓度为10%至30%的纳米铟锡金属氧化物(Indium Tin Oxides,ITO)水性悬浮液的超声衰减,通过数据反演技术最终获取样品的颗粒粒径分布。结果表明:高浓度纳米颗粒悬浮液中声衰减系数随浓度增加但偏离线性递增趋势,与核壳模型数值模拟更接近。同时,粒径反演的结果与高速离心沉降法也较为吻合。     

动态旋风分离器数值模拟及实验研究

旋风分离器具有结构简单性能稳定等优点,但对于粒径10μm以下颗粒,分离效率较低。本文对普通旋风分离器进行改进,设计了带有旋转叶片的动态旋风分离装置,并进行了实验和数值模拟研究。数值模拟气相采用RNG k-ε模型与RSM模型相结合的算法,颗粒相与气相之间采用以欧拉-拉格朗日气固两相流耦合思想为基础的DPM模型进行模拟,主要研究了装置内部流场和颗粒分离效率与进口气速和转子转速之间的关系,并与实验中通过静电低压悬浮颗粒取样器（ELPI）获得的装置分离效率进行了对比。模拟和实验结果表明,装置切向速度场中转子部分的切向速度主要由叶片转速决定,转子外部区域的切向速度则主要由进口气速决定,且在一定的转速和进口气速下,动态旋风分离器对粒径在5μm以上的颗粒有良好的脱除效果。     

基于超声衰减谱的脂肪乳粒度分布测量方法

研究了超声衰减法测量高浓度多分散脂肪乳浊液的粒径分布问题. 在理论分析的基础上,实验测量了多个浓度(1%~20%)下脂肪乳试样在2~13 MHz频带下的超声衰减谱,结合反演算法,由实验数据计算出乳浊液颗粒的粒径及其分布. 将用超声衰减法对脂肪乳试样在原始浓度(20%)下测得的粒径分布与用消光法超细颗粒粒径分析仪在稀释条件下对试样的测量结果作对比,粒径均小于1 mm时,二者比较吻合. 超声法测得的浓度与给定值误差约3%,反演谱误差率小于10%,表明此法可在无需稀释的高浓度条件下准确测得乳浊液的粒径分布和浓度.     

超声波在炸药粒度测量中的应用研究

利用超声波对粉体炸药进行非接触式测量可增加操作的安全性,并可减小测量的误差。介绍了超声波在粉体材料中传播的机理,针对不同模型进行数值模拟,并搭建试验台对不同超声频率、不同固体颗粒直径下的声衰减系数进行了测量,得到声衰减系数随超声波频率和颗粒粒径的变化规律,并验证了模型的正确性。     

65 t/h高低差速循环流化床流动特性模拟

对一台65 t/h高低差速循环流化床炉内流动特性进行二维数值模拟。采用基于颗粒动力学理论的欧拉双流体模型来描述气固流动,湍流模型、气固曳力模型和不同粒径颗粒间曳力模型分别采用RNG k-ε per phase模型、Gidaspow模型和Schiller-naumann模型,并应用商业计算流体力学软件Fluent进行数值计算,得到炉内颗粒速度分布、压力分布和颗粒浓度分布,并将压力分布与实测值进行对比。在欧拉双流体模型中分别采用单粒径固相模型和多粒径固相模型,并对模拟结果进行对比分析。结果表明,单粒径固相模型能够较好预测高低差速循环流化床炉内流动特性,为其优化设计、运行及大型化提供了理论依据。     

气固两相流穿越液池过程颗粒运动及分布特性

为了揭示气固两相流穿越液池过程中的气液固三相流动特性,建立了气液固三相实验平台和基于Euler-Lagrange框架下的数值模拟平台,对该过程中的气液固三相流动过程及颗粒运动分布规律进行研究。获得了5～15 μm、80～110 μm和380～530 μm 3种典型粒径颗粒在三相体系中的微观运动过程及其分布规律。实验与数值模拟结果均能反映出一致的客观规律。研究发现,颗粒浓度沿液池高度方向和径向均呈现多峰分布特征;5～15 μm粒径颗粒更易跟随气体一起穿越液池,其在液池内的浓度分布较为均匀;380～530 μm粒径颗粒与气体的跟随性较差,其浓度峰值主要集中在液池底部。随着下降管出口静态浸没深度的增加,液池内颗粒浓度分布趋于平缓。     

考虑多组分颗粒运动各向异性的鼓泡流化床生物质气化数值模拟

考虑鼓泡流化床生物质气化过程多组分颗粒运动特点,建立多组分颗粒速度脉动二阶矩模型,结合化学反应动力学方法描述鼓泡流化床内生物质气化过程。模拟的气体组分结果与采用原始颗粒动理学模型的模拟结果进行了比较,并给出了两种粒径碳颗粒的浓度与温度瞬时分布。分析了两种碳颗粒的速度时均径向分布及速度脉动二阶矩时均径向分布,两种碳颗粒的速度分布一致,说明不同粒径碳颗粒混合充分。粒径较大的碳颗粒速度脉动二阶矩在轴向与径向上均较大,粒径的增加使得颗粒速度脉动增强。模拟统计了计算域内两种颗粒的速度脉动各向异性随颗粒浓度变化关系,各向异性随颗粒浓度的增加逐渐减弱,粒径较大的碳颗粒在计算域内的各向异性平均效果不如粒径较小的碳颗粒明显。     

一种纳米颗粒粒度分布的非接触测量方法

研究了基于高频宽带超声衰减谱非接触式方法测量纳米颗粒悬浊液中颗粒相粒度分布问题. 通过理论分析和数值计算,选择ECAH模型作为反演计算的理论模型. 以1%(j)的纳米银水悬浊液作为实验样品,采用标称中心频率为50 MHz的超声换能器和变声程脉冲回波法进行了非接触测量,获得了可利用的高频宽带(10~50 MHz)超声衰减谱,结合理论模型和最优正则化算法反演出纳米颗粒的粒度分布. 实验结果与透射电子显微镜法和高速离心沉降法的测定结果吻合较好,表明该方法可测量悬浊液中纳米颗粒粒度分布.     

Partikelcharakterisierung in hochkonzentrierten Dispersionen – Grundlegende Untersuchungen zu einer neuen Ultraschallmethode

A new method for inline characterization of particles in high concentrated dispersions by ultrasonic backscattering is described, that is sensitive against particle size and concentration. Analyzing the backscattering signal yields the sound attenuation as well as a scattering intensity equivalent. The measurement can be performed without sampling and minimally invasive directly in the process.     

On-line measurement of partical size distribution and partical concentration in suspensions by ultrasonic spectrometry

The principle of ultrasonic spectrometry is based on the measurement of the ultrasonic extinction caused by the presence of particles. From measurements at different frequencies and with the knowledge of the ultrasonic extinction cross section of the particles, a system of linear equations can be established and solved to obtain the particle size distribution and particle concentration. With an experimental apparatus covering the frequency range from 1.7 MHz to 81 MHz, particles ranging from 20 to 1000 μm in diameter may be analyzed. The measurements can be carried out with particle concentrations as high as 10% by volume.     

Charakterisierung von Suspensionen nanoskaliger Partikel mittels Ultraschallspektroskopie und elektroakustischer Methoden

Technical control over dispersions with particles in the nanometer size realm should bring about a boost in innovations for some parts of industry. Requirements for the development of these new products is the accurate characterization of the various materials systems. A characterization should always include a determination of the particle size distribution, since it is coupled to the specific effects of these systems. Ultrasound measurement techniques and electroacoustics are two if the available techniques that allow determination of the size distribution and zeta potential of particles with dimensions up to 10 nanometers. A further fundamental advantage of the method is the possibility of carrying out measurements in high‐concentration materials systems. This report describes ultrasound spectroscopy for the measurement of fine‐ and very‐fine‐dispersion particles, and the known theoretical concepts for the interpretation of spectra. In addition, experiences in the use of currently available measurement techniques are presented.     

Application of ultrasound spectroscopy for nanoparticle sizing in high concentration suspensions: A factor analysis on the effects of concentration and frequency

Ultrasound is an attractive technique for nanoparticle sizing as it offers non-invasive, suitable for highly turbid and concentrated samples, and potentially no sample dilution needed features. This paper presents a factor analysis method for the determination of the concentration range and frequency domain for the use of ultrasound techniques for particle sizing when ECAH (Epstein, Carhart, Allegra and Hawley) model is applied. The advantage of using this method is by dealing with experimental data, some practically useful information, which the current theory cannot be employed to produce, may be identified, for instance, the critical volume concentration of particles below which sound attenuation is linearly dependent on particle concentration and the frequency domain in which frequencies have higher contribution to the attenuation than those outside the domain.To use this method, each data matrix is constructed by ultrasound attenuation data with frequency as variables and concentration as observations. Attenuation data are obtained with the measurements of ultrasound spectroscopy of oil/water emulsions and solid/water suspensions at different concentrations.As a result of the factor analysis, for emulsions up to 40%vol concentration, the linear dependence of attenuation on concentration and a same level contribution of frequency ranging from 1 to 120 MHz are found. However, for solid suspensions, attenuation appears to be nonlinearly related to solid concentration and the critical concentration value at which attenuation is turning into nonlinear from a linear trend can also be calculated. It is also found that in solid suspensions, frequencies less than 10 MHz have less contribution to attenuation than that of higher than 10 MHz. Therefore, for ultrasound particle sizing using ECAH model, before the inversion of attenuation to particle size distribution takes place, using this method the range of concentration and frequency to which the use of ECAH model is valid can be determined.     

Sensitivity of particle sizing by ultrasonic attenuation spectroscopy to material properties

Ultrasonic attenuation spectroscopy is a recently developed technique for rapid characterisation of particulate suspensions at high concentrations. Implementation of the full Epstein-Carhart-Allegra-Hawley model, which is used to transform ultrasound attenuation measurements into particle size and concentration information, requires knowledge of seven physical properties of the particulate phase and of a further seven properties of the continuous phase. Reliable data are not always available for all these properties. In this study, an assessment is made of the influence of inaccuracy in the physical properties on the recovered values of particle size and concentration.Two systems of organic crystals, glutamic acid crystals in aqueous solution of glutamic acid and monosodium glutamate crystals in aqueous solution of monosodium glutamate, are investigated over sizes from 1 to 100 μm. It is found that the same properties are significant for both material systems generally. These are the densities of both phases, shear rigidity of the particles, and sound speed and attenuation of the continuous phase. For these material systems, the size and concentration returned by analysis of ultrasound attenuation are insensitive to several properties which are required for the full Epstein-Carhart-Allegra-Hawley model: thermal dilation, thermal conductivity and heat capacity of both phases, and sound attenuation of the particulate phase.     

超声波法制备纳米硫酸钡的研究

研究了超声波法制备纳米硫酸钡,考察了反应物浓度、超声功率、反应时间、反应温度等条件对产物粒径的影响,并用激光粒度分析仪和TEM对其进行了分析和表征。结果表明,当超声功率比为40%、反应物浓度为0.25 mol/L、超声反应15 min时,超声反应温度30℃为最佳条件,硫酸钡粒径最小。     

Effects of concentration of dispersions on particle sizing during production of fine particles in wet grinding process

Stirred media milling is a prospective technology for producing colloidal dispersions by means of wet grinding process. In the past, many researchers have studied the effects of different operating parameters such as size, shape, nature and quantity of grinding medium, the speed of agitator in grinding chamber, the feed rate of dispersions, etc. in stirred media mills. However, it is still less known how particle sizing which generates valuable information of particle size of the product to interpret, control and optimize the grinding process, is influenced by the concentration of the dispersion during stirred media milling where particles change their size from micron to colloidal range rapidly. One of the reasons of this lack had been our incapability in the past to study the particle size distribution of dispersions without dilution. The recent advent of acoustic attenuation spectroscopy is known to be capable of studying dispersions without dilution, under real process conditions and on line. The study employs acoustic attenuation spectroscopy to investigate the effects of concentration of dispersions of CaCO₃ on its particle sizing during size reduction process in a stirred media mill (LabStar manufactured by NETZSCH). The dispersions of CaCO₃ at 5%, 10%, 20% and 30% (m/m) were studied about six hours under a selected set of operating conditions. Contrary to the existing knowledge obtained through other techniques of particle sizing that are based on the principle of dilution, acoustic attenuation spectroscopy shows that, under certain grinding time at given operating conditions, increase in concentration of dispersion results in better grinding results yielding smaller particles. The causes behind the differences in results of acoustic attenuation spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering have been thoroughly investigated. We find certain limitations of acoustic attenuation spectroscopy in particle sizing. A typical phenomenon which causes misleading trends in particle sizing is multiple scattering in acoustic measurements. Multiple scattering, particularly, influences acoustic results when particles approach to fine size range during size reduction process.