某重型变速器壳体的动态特性分析

为分析某重型变速器壳体的动态特性,基于LMS Test.Lab软件,使用激振器法进行试验模态分析,基于Hypermesh软件,使用Block Lanczos法进行计算模态分析。分析结果表明,橡胶轮胎支撑可模拟该自由模态试验的边界条件;变速器壳体主副箱连接方式为面面接触及采用高阶四面体单元可以获取更准确的计算模态参数;两种方法获取的壳体非零前六阶固有频率相对误差皆小于5%,振型基本一致,验证该壳体有限元模型的准确性。此研究表明结构模态分析技术对结构动态特性分析的有效性,为分析及改善该变速器总成的动态特性奠定基础,为类似结构的重型变速器壳体模态分析提供参考。     

动力总成悬置系统非线性刚度设计及优化

汽车发动机的振动对车辆乘坐舒适性具有重要影响,如何有效地隔离发动机的振动是汽车设计中非常重要的问题。常用的方法是将动力总成悬置系统的刚度按线性变化设计,但这已不能满足目前隔振设计的发展需求,针对这一现状,基于非线性数学模型,提出一种悬置系统刚度设计和优化方法。首先建立动力总成悬置系统的动力学模型,得到系统非线性振动微分方程,为了控制各工况下动力总成质心的位移,根据悬置系统非线性刚度曲线的设计要求,对各悬置非线性段位移拐点和对应刚度进行设计;然后基于能量法解耦理论,在MATLAB中利用遗传算法对动力总成悬置系统各段的刚度进行优化;最后,将优化结果与其在ADAMS软件中的仿真结果对比验证。优化结果表明,动力总成悬置系统各个方向的解耦率均能达到设计要求,各段固有频率得到合理分配。     

电驱动动力总成噪声识别与优化

纯电动汽车的动力总成与传统汽车存在着明显区别,其噪声源也有较大差异。以新型"低速重载"电驱动动力总成为研究对象,研究其在加速与匀速运行状态下的噪声情况,运用单体声功率及频谱分析的方法识别出变速器齿轮产生的啮合噪声是电驱动动力总成系统噪声产生的主要原因。然后采用参数化建模方法建立齿轮传动系统模型,通过齿轮微观修形和传递误差计算的方法对噪声贡献量大的啮合齿轮进行优化设计,从而改善电驱动动力总成系统的声学环境,为改进低噪声的动力总成设计提供理论依据。     

基于遗传算法的汽车动力总成悬置系统优化研究

使用传统优化算法对汽车动力总成悬置系统优化容易陷入动力总成悬置系统的局部最优解,为此在MATLAB平台中采用遗传算法编制相应的程序对其进行优化求解,优化时以汽车动力总成悬置系统六自由度解耦为目标函数,以悬置的各向刚度为设计变量,兼顾系统固有频率的合理配置和各工况下动力总成的位移控制。采用ADAMS软件对悬置系统优化前后的固有频率和能量分布进行仿真验证并对动力总成悬置系统进行静平衡校核。结果表明,遗传算法可以求悬置系统的全局最优解,优化结果稳定可靠,优化后动力总成悬置系统的解耦度得到提高。     

基于K&C试验台的汽车动力总成惯性参数精确测试方法研究

汽车动力总成惯性参数(质量、质心位置和转动惯量)的精确测试一直是汽车行业内难点.如何设计汽车动力总成惯性参数高精度的测试方法,是整个汽车测试行业共同关注的问题.本文以中国汽车技术研究中心悬架KC试验台为基础,对汽车动力总成惯性参数测试方法进行了研究.通过杠杆原理和转动惯量平行轴移动定理对试验测得结果进行计算,得到汽车动力总成的惯性参数,并对测试结果精度进行了标定验证.结果表明该方法具有非常高的测试精度,可进行汽车动力总成惯性参数精确测试.     

纯电动汽车动力总成悬置系统设计方法

根据纯电动汽车和内燃机汽车在动力总成激励上的不同,建立某型纯电动汽车动力总成6自由度动力学模型,以动力总成固有频率和能量分布合理分配为优化目标,各个悬置静刚度和安装位置为设计变量,应用MATLAB/Isight对悬置系统参数进行优化,优化后固有频率和能量分布均满足设计要求。为控制动力总成质心在各工况下的位移,对各悬置非线性段刚度及拐点进行设计,设计后的动力总成质心位移满足位移控制要求。     

CA1040P90L2轻型货车驱动桥设计

驱动桥由主减速器、差速器、驱动车轮的传动装置及桥壳等部件组成。分析了CA1040P90L2轻型货车驱动桥中各主要零部件的结构型式、基本参数选择与设计计算,并对各主要零部件进行了三维建模,给出了CA1040P90L2轻型货车驱动桥的三维设计,实现了三维装配仿真与运动仿真。通过驱动桥的设计实现了零部件的全参数建模。     

动力吸振器在动力总成振动控制中的应用

针对某轻型客车动力总成振动过大的问题,对其进行了试验测试与局部结构模态分析。分析得到,发动机激励与动力总成的托臂及其悬置组成的刚体振动系统的固有频率接近,引起了系统共振;同时,探讨了动力吸振器的设计方法,设计了相应的阻尼式动力吸振器,并将其应用于该车动力总成中。实车试验结果表明,该吸振器能够有效地控制动力总成的振动。理论分析及试验方法对同类工程问题具有一定的参考价值。     

汽车动力总成悬置系统鲁棒优化算法

应用鲁棒优化设计理论,考虑设计变量的不确定性对优化设计结果的影响,建立鲁棒优化模型。以动力总成悬置系统能量解耦为目标,悬置刚度参数为设计变量,考虑设计目标的均值和标准差,建立动力总成悬置系统的鲁棒优化模型。针对粒子群算法求解容易陷入局部最优解的问题,采用混合粒子群算法对动力总成悬置系统的悬置刚度参数进行鲁棒优化,并用Monte Carlo方法进行分析,以考察设计值的变化对目标函数的影响。结果表明,优化方法可以有效提高悬置系统的鲁棒性。     

动力总成悬置系统模态解耦与复杂基础弹性振动特性研究

针对动力总成等振源机器多维振动耦合问题,建立动力总成悬置系统运动力学模型,求解动力总成六自由度固有频率及主要振动模态解耦条件,并应用于工程某重型货车动力总成悬置系统设计。针对工程中复杂基础弹性振动问题,通过有限元仿真获得复杂基础模态信息,代入振动能量传递方程,进而得到复杂弹性基础隔振系统振动能量传递特性。数值模拟结果表明:振动能量曲线在复杂基础共振频率附近出现显著且密集的共振峰,隔振效果在中高频段恶化,基础弹性特性在总体系统振动传输中起关键作用;基础刚性提高对系统隔振有利。所用方法对研究工程复杂弹性基础隔振系统振动问题具有重要实际意义。     

On the analysis of the causes of cracking in a wind tower

This paper presents an analysis of the cracking causes in a wind tower of a wind farm. The cracks were detected in several towers of the farm, in the welded joint between the lower ring of the towers and the flange connecting the towers to their corresponding foundation. In the extreme case, here analysed, the crack was a through thickness crack.In order to clarify the cracking causes, the component was inspected in situ, non-destructive tests were performed on the base material, the weld bead and the Heat Affected Zone (HAZ), and a Finite Elements (FE) simulation was carried out to determine the stress state in the welded joints and to develop the corresponding fatigue analysis following the Fatigue Module (Chapter 7) of the FITNET FFS Procedure.The analysis has demonstrated that the main cause of the cracking process is an inadequate design of the joint, with high stress concentrations and an insufficient resistant section on the flange.Finally, two tentative solutions (grinding and grinding plus soft transition) have been analysed but none of them have provided satisfactory results.     

Effects of fiber orientation on the acoustic emission and fracture characteristics of composite laminates

The effects of fiber orientation on acoustic emission (AE) characteristics have been studied for various composite laminates. Reflection and transmission optical microscopy were used to investigate the damage zone of specimens. AE signals were classified through short time Fourier transform (STFT) as different types: AE signals with a high intensity and high frequency band were due to fiber fracture, while weak AE signals with a low frequency band were due to matrix cracking and/or interfacial cracking. Characteristic feature in the rate of hit-events having high amplitudes showed a procedure of fiber breakages, which expressed the characteristic fracture processes of notched fiber-reinforced plastics with different fiber orientations. As a consequence, the behavior of fracture in the continuous composite laminates could be monitored through nondestructive evaluation (NDE) using the AE technique.     

采用反向泵浦光纤喇曼放大器的40信道DWDM光纤传输系统放大特性的数值分析

研究了反向泵浦光纤喇曼放大器中泵浦和信号相互作用的数值求解方法。通过这种方法，能方便地获得信号沿光纤的分布，以及多波长DWDM光纤传输系统谱特性等性能指标。对采用反向泵浦光纤喇曼放大器的单信道以及40信道DWDM光纤传输系统进行了分析和计算，给出了模拟计算结果。此方法没有忽略泵浦由于放大信号而引起的损耗，因此结果准确，为反向泵浦光纤喇曼放大器的设计，分析和应用提供了有效手段。     

Cracking analysis on joint lug of aluminum alloy framework of an airplane

An aluminum alloy joint lug of the framework of an airplane was found to have a crack near the bolt hole after serving for a period. To find out the failure mode and cause, macro and micro observation, microstructure examination, EDS analysis, chemical composition analysis and dimensional check were carried out. The results show that the failure mode of the joint lug is stress corrosion cracking under the co-effect of tensile stress and corrosive environment. The cracking of the surface anodic oxidation film near the bolt hole and the exposure of part of the bolt hole inner surface to air are the main causes for the stress corrosion cracking. In addition, the outer diameter of the steel sleeve inside the bolt hole exceeded the design requirement, which resulted in greater tensile stress near the bolt hole and promoted the stress corrosion cracking. The manufacturing procedure should be adjusted to avoid the cracking of anodic oxidation film, the uncovered part of the inner surface of the bolt hole should be covered, and the outer diameter of the steel inside the bolt hole should be controlled properly to meet the design requirement, so that stress corrosion cracking near the bolt hole can be avoided.     

电网设备线夹开裂原因

某电力公司变电站用铝合金设备线夹在运行过程发生批次开裂事故,通过宏观观察、断口分析、化学成分分析、力学性能测试、冷冻模拟试验等方法,对设备线夹的开裂原因和开裂机理进行了分析.结果表明:设备线夹焊缝存在焊接缺陷,导致焊缝强度下降;设备线夹接线管底部存在积水空间,寒冷天气下积水结冰,体积膨胀,使焊缝承受设计工况外的负载而过...     

Failure Analysis on Blind Vias of PCB for Novel Mobile Phones

Failure of blind via is one of the main causes of an open circuit in printed circuit boards (PCBs). By using macroscopic and microscopic testing methods and characterization techniques, the failure analysis of the vias on PCB for novel mobile phones has been systematically carried out. Metallographic inspection shows obvious cracking along the interface of different copper layers. Micrograph observation and chemical analysis on the grain boundary have definitely identified that inappropriate location of the vias concerned with circuit design and residue sulfur related to incomplete desmear process predominantly account for cracking of blind vias, and the occurrence of the cracking is caused by the formation of a brittle Cu _x S layer. Moreover, the influence of warpage on the reliability of the via was noted. Based on these defaults, improvement countermeasures and suggestions are addressed in the paper and are of significant value for reference to the safe reliability and structural integrity of PCB products during manufacturing and services.     

自适应多小波基函数构造与机械故障诊断应用研究

设备在运行中萌生的故障(即早期故障),特征信息微弱且往往被机械设备运行过程的强噪声所淹没,给故障诊断与预示带来困难,已成为国内外此领域研究的热点和难点。文章深入研究了机械故障动态信号与基函数的内积变换原理;提出了若干自适应多小波基函数构造方法;改进了几种多小波邻域区间和局部阈值降噪方法。利用典型的工程案例分析和阐述了重油催化裂化装置、连铸连轧机组、空分机、电力机车和船载卫星通信地球站传动系统在运行状态下,微弱动态信号的特征增强和复合故障特征提取的工程应用实效。     

Advancing the design and construction quality control of flexible pavements

The paper presents several advanced features that can be used in the process of pavement design and construction quality control. The models for predicting the pavement performance in the latest version of mechanistic empirical pavement design guide form the basis of the proposed system. In order to add the new features, it was necessary to make simplifications concerning the moisture distribution in the unbound materials and the ageing/oxidation of the upper asphalt concrete (AC) layers. The add-ins to the program include: (1) An analytical reliability analysis where the variability of the performance prediction components is computed from the variability of the pavement parameters; (2) An improved simulation of the temperature distribution in the AC layers during the design period; (3) An option for adding an overlay during the design period, to simulate maintenance or stage construction and (4) The possibility to use a 2D finite element analysis with nonlinear and cross-anisotropic materials, in addition to the well-established linear elastic analysis. The proposed system runs every hour of the design period and computes the fatigue bottom-up cracking, rutting in all pavement layers and international roughness index. It runs very fast, less than one minute in the linear analysis and less than 30 min in the nonlinear case. Few cases are presented to illustrate the benefits of the above add-ins.     

弹壳开裂失效分析

对某型H68黄铜弹壳进行检查时发现大量弹壳存在裂纹。通过对弹壳进行宏观和微观观察、能谱分析、金相检验和残余应力测定等,分析了弹壳开裂的原因。结果表明:弹壳的开裂性质为应力腐蚀开裂,其原因是由于收口位置存在一定的残余拉应力,且该位置的晶粒尺寸较大,在外界介质的协同作用下产生了应力腐蚀裂纹。