低温选择性催化还原NOx的研究进展

氨选择性催化还原（NH3-SCR）是目前国内外应用最广泛的固定源脱硝技术。但由于传统的氧化钒催化剂起活温度偏高（300℃-400℃）,因此开发具有低温活性的高效脱硝催化剂成为当前国内外的研究热点。文章对近年来低温选择性催化还原法脱除Nox的研究进展进行综述。     

MnOx-WO3/TiO2NH3选择性还原NOx的催化性能与动力学

研究了Mn-W/TiO2用于NH3选择性催化还原NOx体系的催化反应性能,在很宽的温度范围和各种气体条件下,该催化剂显示了较高的催化活性.在GHSV 18900 h-1、100～350℃条件下,NOx转化率高达80.3%～99.6%,Nz选择性达98.7%～100%;当反应气体中有0.01%SO2(分压比,下同)和6%...     

K2O对MnOx/TiO2低温脱硝催化剂的中毒作用研究

实验通过溶胶-凝胶法制备了MnOx/TiO2脱硝催化剂,以KNO3作为K2O的前驱物模拟催化剂钾中毒,通过SEM,XRD,BET,XPS,NH3-TPD,DRIFTS方法对催化剂微观结构及性能进行表征.在SCR活性试验仪上研究不同含量的K2O对催化剂脱硝活性的影响,结果发现:K2O对于催化剂的毒性较强,随着添加量的增大,催化剂脱硝活性急剧下降,比表面积和孔容逐渐下降.NH3-TPD及DRIFTS结果表明K2O中毒后催化剂表面酸量大大减少,主要原因是K2O的K+与催化剂的活性酸性位结合从而阻碍了NH3在催化剂上的吸附,导致催化剂脱硝率大大下降.     

CeO2/ACFN和MnOx/ACFN低温选择性催化还原NO研究

笔者研究了反应温度80～300℃之间,经过硝酸氧化处理的改性活性炭纤维(ACFN)负载CeO2和MnOx在以氨气为还原剂的选择性催化还原(SCR)过程中的催化活性,并进行扫描电镜(SEM)微观形态分析和X射线衍射仪(XRD)物相分析。研究发现,ACFN负载CeO2和MnOx具有较高的NO脱除率和较好的低温催化活性,其中ACFN负载10t?O2的低温催化活性优良,NO脱除率稳定在85%以上,并具有较宽的温度域(120～300℃)。XRD物相分析结果表明本实验方法合成的催化剂以非晶态形式存在。     

V_2O_5/TiO_2催化剂上NH_3选择性催化还原NO反应动力学研究

采用浸渍法制备了V2O5/TiO2催化剂,研究了V2O5/TiO2催化剂上NH3选择性催化还原NO的反应动力学,运用Eley-Rideal机理模型确定了相关的动力学参数,推导出本征动力学方程,得到反应的活化能为41.9 kJ/mol。     

V2O5-WO3/TiO2-SiO2制备及其选择性催化还原脱硝活性

以硫酸氧钛和硅溶胶为原料,通过共沉淀法制备得到高比表面积的TiO2-SiO2复合氧化物(Ti/Si=1:1atom),并以此复合氧化物为载体用浸渍法制备了V2O5-WO3/TiO2-SiO2脱硝催化剂,考察了催化剂脱硝性能。结果表明,TiO2-SiO2复合氧化物载体出现较多的隧道孔,提高了载体的比表面积,同时Ti元素更易分布在复合氧化物的表面。相比较于纯TiO2,以复合氧化物为载体的V2O5-WO3催化剂表现出更好的活性温度窗口,催化剂表面酸性更强,催化剂对NH3的吸附性能更好,在低的NH3/NO摩尔比情况下(0.8～1.0mol?mol?1),仍然具有较好的脱硝活性,反应温度280～350℃时,脱硝率可达到98%。     

等离子体改性TiO2/WO3/Bi2WO6纳米 复合材料及其可见光催化活性

以二水合钨酸钠和五水合硝酸铋为原料，通过优化水热法反应温度制备了WO3/Bi2WO6纳米片，将其与锐钛矿型TiO2纳米颗粒复合制备了可见光催化性能优良的TiO2/WO3/Bi2WO6复合光催化剂，并采用一种高密度管状等离子体放电装置对其进行表面改性。利用XRD、SEM、TEM、HRTEM、XPS、UV-Vis DRS、PL对样品进行了表征和分析，考察了其在可见光下降解亚甲基蓝的光催化性能。结果表明，当水热温度为120 ℃时，WO3/Bi2WO6纳米片具有较好的光催化性能；TiO2/WO3/Bi2WO6复合催化剂中掺入TiO2质量分数为10.7%时，所得三元复合材料的光催化性能远优于WO3/Bi2WO6纳米片；经等离子体改性处理后，三元复合材料的吸收边向可见光红移，放电输入功率的增加有助于提高复合材料的光催化活性，当放电电压为1.1 kV时，复合材料的降解速率常数分别是未处理样品和WO3/Bi2WO6的2.2倍和3.9倍。     

Mn-Fe-Ce/TiO2低温NH3选择性催化还原NO

采用浸渍法制备了MnO2-Fe2O3-CeO2/TiO2催化剂用于低温NH3选择性催化还原烟气中NO,考察了Mn, Fe, Ce含量及焙烧温度对NH3选择性催化还原NO的活性和抗水性能的影响. 在气体体积空速(GHSV)=24000 h-1, NH3/NO=0.8(j), 350℃煅烧和烟气含3%(j) O2的条件下,该系列催化剂的脱硝活性为MnO2-Fe2O3-CeO2/TiO2>MnO2- Fe2O3/TiO2>MnO2/TiO2,且在200℃时MnO2(10)-Fe2O3(5)-CeO2(5)/TiO2的脱硝率为95%. 对含10%(j)水蒸汽的烟气,MnO2(10)-Fe2O3(5)-CeO2(5)/TiO2的脱硝活性维持在87%;在10%(j)水蒸汽和100′10-6 SO2共存条件下,短时间内脱硝活性维持在55%.     

WO3/TiO2-ZrO2脱硝催化剂制备及其NH3活化机理

采用共沉淀法制备了WO₃/TiO₂-ZrO₂脱硝催化剂,并用固定床反应器进行活性评价,采用BET、XRD、TPD、氨气吸附漫反射FT-IR进行表征。结果显示,ZrO₂掺杂增强了TiO₂的Lewis酸性;负载WO₃之后,位于3.1~1.7 nm之间孔隙的稳定性显著增强;NH₃的吸附与活化分别由TiO₂-ZrO₂载体和WO₃完成;WO₃中W元素强大的电负性,促进了NH₃的N-H键由共价键向离子键过渡,进而导致了NH₃的活化。脱硝活性结果显示:当WO₃含量为9%(质量)时,催化剂脱硝活性最高,并在320~420℃的温度窗口保持94%以上。(9%)WO₃/TiO₂-ZrO₂具有更加稳定的孔隙结构(4.4~1.7 nm),表面Brønsted酸中心数量增加,Lewis酸中心的强度和酸量增加的幅度最大,NH₃-SCR过程中的活性中间产物NH₂的吸收峰更加明显,这些特征可能是其脱硝活性最好的原因。     

MnOx/CeO2 catalysts for the low-temperature selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH3

CeO₂–nanorod support was synthesized by hydrothermal method and different manganese oxides (MnO, MnO_2, and Mn₂O₃) were impregnated over support by the wet-impregnation forming MnO/CeO₂-NR, MnO₂/CeO₂-NRm and Mn₂O₃/CeO₂-NR. The physico-chemical properties of the as-prepared catalysts were analyzed using x-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscope–energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDX), hydrogen-temperature-programmed reduction (H₂-TPR), and Raman spectroscopy. These catalysts were further analyzed for NO reduction using NH₃ as a reducing gas in the temperature range of 50 to 450°C. The results confirmed that MnO₂/CeO₂-NR gave the maximum NO conversion (65%) and N₂ selectivity (89%) among all catalysts. Further, MnO₂/CeO₂-NR catalyst was studied for the effect of MnO₂ loading and more than 90% NO conversion and N₂ selectivity were obtained in the temperature range of 250 to 300°C.     

V2O5-WO3-MoO3/TiO2催化剂在柴油机NH3-SCR系统中的性能

针对柴油机运行工况特点及柴油机尾气成分特点,以工业纯锐钛型二氧化钛、偏钒酸铵、偏钨酸铵、钼酸铵为主要原料制备了颗粒状V₂O₅-WO₃-MoO₃/TiO₂催化剂,以Lister Petter TR1重型直喷式单缸柴油机为依托搭建试验台,研究了在真实柴油机尾气环境下催化剂的脱硝性能。结果表明,柴油机负载增大,催化剂脱硝活性呈现下降趋势。1800 r·min^-1时,脱硝活性最大值87.1%在负载25%、反应温度380℃、空速20000 h^-1、氨氮比1.0处取得。柴油机负载不同,导致催化剂活性温度窗口(脱硝活性>70%)发生较大变化,与负载25%相比,负载50%活性温度窗口减小约60℃。增大柴油机负载可以提高NH₃/N₂O反应起始温度,但是同时会导致高温区间(>400℃)N₂O生成量增大。     

Denitrification performance and sulfur resistance mechanism of Sm–Mn catalyst for low temperature NH3-SCR

MnO_x and Sm–Mn catalysts were prepared with the coprecipitation method, and they showed excellent activities and sulfur resistances for the selective catalytic reduction of NO_x by NH₃ between 50 and 300 °C in the presence of excess oxygen. 0.10Sm–Mn catalyst indicated better catalytic activity and sulfur resistance. Additionally, the Sm doping led to multi-aspect impacts on the phases, morphology structures, gas adsorption, reactions process, and specific surface areas. Therefore, it significantly enhances the NO conversion, N₂ selectivity, and sulfur resistance. Based on various experimental characterization results, the reaction mechanism of catalysts and the effect of SO₂ on the reaction process about the catalysts were extensively explored. For 0.10Sm–Mn catalyst, manganese sulfate and sulfur ammonium cannot be generated broadly under the influence of SO₂ and the amount of surface adsorbed oxygen. The Bronsted acid sites strengthen significantly due to the addition of SO₂, enhancing the sulfur resistance of the 0.10Sm–Mn catalyst.     

Insight into the promotional mechanism of Cu modification towards wide-temperature NH3-SCR performance of NbCe catalyst

A simple strategy of Cu modification was proposed to broaden the operation temperature window for NbCe catalyst. The best catalyst Cu_0.010/Nb₁Ce₃ presented over 90% NO conversion in a wide temperature range of 200-400 ℃ and exhibited an excellent H₂O or/and SO₂ resistance at 275 ℃. To understand the promotional mechanism of Cu modification, the correlation among the “activity-structure-property” were tried to establish systematically. Cu species highly dispersed on NbCe catalyst to serve as the active component. The strong interaction among Cu, Nb and Ce promoted the emergence of NbO₄ and induced more Brønsted acid sites. And Cu modification obviously enhanced the redox behavior of the NbCe catalyst. Besides, EPR probed the Cu species exited in the form of monomeric and dimeric Cu²⁺, the isolated Cu²⁺ acted as catalytic active sites to promote the reaction: Cu²⁺-NO₃^-+NO(g) → Cu²⁺-NO₂^-+NO₂(g). Then the generated NO₂ would accelerate the fast-SCR reaction process and thus facilitated the low-temperature deNO efficiency. Moreover, surface nitrates became unstable and easy to decompose after Cu modification, thus providing additional adsorption and activation sites for NH₃, and ensuring the improvement of catalytic activity at high temperature. Since the NH₃-SCR reaction followed by E-R reaction pathway efficaciously over Cu_0.010/Nb₁Ce₃ catalyst, the excellent H₂O and SO₂ resistance was as expected.     

SO2对稀土精矿催化剂NH3-SCR脱硝催化性能的影响

抗硫性能是评价脱硝过程中催化剂性能的关键指标,研究SO₂对催化剂理化特性的影响对催化剂脱硝应用具有重要意义。通过焙烧处理白云鄂博稀土精矿得到稀土精矿催化剂,利用催化剂抗硫性能实验台,结合SEM、BET、XRD和FT-IR,分析了O₂、NH₃、NO气氛下SO₂在催化剂表面的吸附及不同SO₂浓度对催化剂催化脱硝性能的影响。结果表明, SO₂对稀土精矿催化剂脱硝性能有显著的促进作用,300℃时,NO转化率从28%提高至50%,350℃时,NO转化率从42%提高至75%; SEM、BET和XRD结果表明催化剂抗硫性能测试前后的物理结构和化学组成基本保持不变,稀土精矿催化剂具有较好的抗硫性能;FT-IR结果证实SO₂的吸附使稀土精矿催化剂表面B酸性位点增多,催化剂对NH₃的吸附能力增强,因此有利于提高催化剂活性。研究结果可为白云鄂博稀土精矿催化剂NH₃-SCR脱硝应用过程中抗硫性能提供有价值的基础数据参考。     

工业窑炉烟气氧含量对钒钛系催化剂NH3-SCR脱硝反应的影响

目前,工业窑炉主要采用钒钛系SCR催化剂对烟气中氮氧化物（NO _x ）进行控制,然而工业窑炉部分工序烟气O₂含量高,且高O₂含量对SCR反应过程的机理影响尚不明确。因此,实验研究了烟气中不同O₂含量下钒钛催化剂的脱硝活性,并采用多种表征方法系统分析了O₂含量对催化剂物理化学结构的影响;同时结合原位红外技术,进一步揭示了不同O₂含量下钒钛催化剂SCR脱硝反应机理。研究表明：在150~400℃的反应温度下,较高O₂含量可一定程度提高催化剂的低温脱硝效率,钒负载量增加可使催化剂脱硝活性温度窗口扩展且向低温区移动;催化剂在不同O₂含量条件下经过NH₃-SCR脱硝反应后,其物理结构变化不明显,反应过程中较高的O₂含量可促进催化剂表面酸循环和氧化还原循环,加速SCR脱硝反应;较高O₂含量使得SCR反应过程活性中间体 NH₃（L）和\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{4}}^{+}（B）消耗加快,促进桥型硝酸盐物种的形成,从而提高其SCR脱硝活性。