纤维素酶与表面活性剂的相互作用及其在洗涤剂中的应用

研究了表面活性剂对纤维素酶活力的影响,并通过动态光散射(DLS)、荧光光谱及傅里叶变换衰减全反射红外光谱(ATR-FTIR)探讨了表面活性剂和纤维素酶的相互作用机理。DLS实验结果显示,阴离子表面活性剂吸附到了纤维素酶表面,使得阴离子表面活性剂-纤维素酶体系中的zeta电位分布在较低的负电荷区域;而非离子表面活性剂-纤维素酶与蒸馏水-纤维素酶体系中的zeta电位的分布没有明显的区别。荧光和ATR-FTIR实验说明了阴离子表面活性剂对纤维素酶的二级结构和侧链的微环境都有很大的影响。此外,对比了添加与未添加纤维素酶的洗衣液对国标污布JB-03的去污力,通过光学显微镜及扫描电镜(SEM)观察国标污布洗涤前后织物表面,发现将纤维素酶添加到洗衣液能明显提高洗衣液的去污能力。     

纤维素酶及其与蛋白酶和脂肪酶的复配在洗涤剂中的应用研究

研究了纤维素酶-脂肪酶和纤维素酶-蛋白酶复配体系,以及酶添加到洗衣液中对炭黑污布(J3-01)、蛋白污布(JB-02)和皮脂污布(JB-03)的协同去污能力,并通过正交实验研究了3种酶量的最佳配比。实验结果表明,纤维素酶与其他酶复配比例为1:1时,其对国标污布JB-02和JB-03的去污力最好。采用光学显微镜、电镜(SEM)考察了洗衣液中添加纤维素酶-蛋白酶、纤维素酶-蛋白酶-脂肪酶复配体系分别对染血渍污布、口红污渍污布的去污效果,并采用傅里叶红外光谱(ATR-FTIR)对污布上的污渍进行定性分析。实验结果表明,将纤维素酶-蛋白酶、纤维素酶-蛋白酶-脂肪酶复配加入洗衣液中,其对染血渍污布、口红污渍污布有很好的去污效果。     

洗衣液护色性能研究

将护色剂配入阴离子表面活性剂和非离子表面活性剂复配体系洗衣液中,通过对比在一定洗涤条件下白布和4种EMPA色布的色差变化,研究了不同结构护色剂在洗衣液中的护色效果。结果表明,添加护色剂H2质量分数为0.4%时,洗衣液具有出色的抗染料迁移性能和较好的护色性能,并具有较好的实用性和稳定性。     

高效洗衣液的研究

以提高洗衣液的去污力为目标，通过调整阴离子表面活性剂和非离子表面活性剂之间的比例，设计配制了一系列的洗衣液样品，分别测定各种配方20℃时洗涤国标污布前后的表面反射率，从而得到相应的去污比。对照结果表明，当阴离子月E离子为2：1(质量比)时，其相应配方的去污力最强，低温洗涤效果最好。又从应用角度对其应用性能进行了评价，通过测定该配方的去污速度、洗涤效应和对有色织物的色牢度的破坏情况的考察，并与洗衣粉和标样作对比，进一步证明了该配方是洗衣液去污力的优化配方。     

仲烷基醇醚及其在浓缩洗衣液中的应用性能研究

对比直链醇醚和支链醇醚,研究了仲烷基醇醚的倾点、浊点、水溶性、以及润湿、乳化、去污和发泡等理化性能,重点研究了仲烷基醇醚在浓缩洗衣液配方中的应用性能。结果表明,仲烷基醇醚具有倾点低、水溶性好,润湿、乳化力强,去污优良、消泡速度快等特点,非常适合在浓缩型液体洗涤剂配方当中应用;在浓缩洗衣液中,仲烷基醇醚与实验配方用各组分配伍性良好,替代直链醇醚可以降低配方中溶剂的添加量,其对国标皮脂污布的去污力和直链以及支链醇醚相比无明显差异,对国标碳黑污布的去污力和支链醇醚相当优于直链醇醚,添加仲烷基醇醚的产品消泡快、易漂洗。     

窄分布醇醚羧酸盐与常用表面活性剂复配性能

用氧化法合成的窄分布醇醚羧酸盐（NAEC9）与月桂醇醚硫酸铵（ALES）、十六烷基三甲基氯化铵（1631）、八/十烷基葡糖苷（APG0810）进行复配,研究了NAEC9不同质量分数对复配体系表面张力、泡沫性、润湿、乳化、去污性能的影响。结果表明,窄分布NAEC9与1631复配后在表面张力、泡沫性、润湿、乳化性能有明显的协同增效作用,且NAEC9质量分数为66.7 %时协同作用最强,此时,润湿时间由不润湿降低至37 s,30 s泡沫体积最大（500mL）。而NAEC9与ALES、APG0810复配体系在性能上协同作用不显著。在去污性能上,复配体系对皮脂污布去污性能最好,对蛋白污布去污能力最差。阴离子表面活性剂NAEC9与阳离子表活性剂1631复配具有良好的协同作用,表面活性增强的同时不会产生沉淀。     

抗再沉积剂在洗衣液中的应用研究

分别选用了聚丙烯酸钠、改性聚乙二醇、苯乙烯-丙烯酸共聚物和改性聚乙烯亚胺配入洗衣液中,考察其在洗衣液中的抗再沉积性能。通过去污实验和循环洗涤实验,测定了污布和白布在洗涤前后的光谱反射率。去污实验表明,抗再沉积剂的加入可明显提高洗衣液对皮脂污布的去污力。循环洗涤实验表明,加入抗再沉积剂均可以提高洗衣液对棉布的白度保持,而当采用2种抗再沉积剂复配使用时,抗再沉积效果较好,对棉布的白度保持比对照样品提高3%～12%。     

月桂酰甲基羟乙基磺酸钠在清洁产品中的性能研究

研究了化妆品新原料月桂酰甲基羟乙基磺酸钠的增稠、透明度和去污力,并与常见的温和表面活性剂进行性能对比。将8%主表面活性剂与4%椰油酰胺丙基甜菜碱复配,通过氯化钠对黏度的影响考察各个表面活性剂增稠的难易程度。实验结果表明,0.5%的盐即可增稠月桂酰甲基羟乙基磺酸钠至5000 mPa·s,而常见的氨基酸类阴离子表面活性剂需要较多盐才能增稠或者难以用盐增稠。考察了室温和4℃下,6%表面活性剂水溶液在pH值5～8范围内的透明度。实验结果表明,月桂酰甲基羟乙基磺酸钠具有良好的透明度,而常见的氨基酸类阴离子表面活性剂中,除月桂酰肌氨酸钠以外均会因温度或pH值变化出现不同程度的不透明或者析出现象。通过使用0.05%表面活性剂水溶液清洁皮脂污布,测量清洗前后污布白度差值衡量其对于皮脂的去污力。实验发现月桂酰甲基羟乙基磺酸钠去污力强于大部分氨基酸类阴离子表面活性剂,接近月桂醇聚醚硫酸酯钠（SLES）和甲基椰油酰基牛磺酸钠。     

婴幼儿洗衣液主要技术指标的设计研究

我国婴幼儿洗衣液尚无国家或行业标准,QB/T1224-2012《衣料用液体洗涤剂》不能完全体现该类产品的特点,探讨了婴幼儿洗衣液主要技术指标的设立应在原料选择、清洗后表面活性剂的残留量等安全性指标基础上,增加食用油和淀粉污布清洗效果的要求,严格控制p H范围,以期进一步提高婴幼儿洗衣液的技术指标。     

护色洗衣液的研制与研究

将市售固色剂、抗染料迁移剂分别配入洗衣液中,通过固色实验、抗染料迁移实验、配伍性实验,考察了不同护色剂在洗衣液中的护色效能。实验结果表明,洗衣液中加入质量分数为0.25%护色剂X时,固色性能、抗染料迁移性能较好。在此基础上配伍0.25%HP66K时,洗衣液抗染料迁移性能更佳。洗衣液配方（添加护色剂X和HP66K）采用完全非离子表面活性剂体系时,其固色性能、抗染料迁移性能较佳。     

Adsorption characteristics of ionic and nonionic surfactants on hydrophobic pigment in aqueous medium

The current study is based on the investigation of the adsorption properties of ionic and nonionic surfactants on an organic hydrophobic pigment powder, namely, β‐copper phthalocyanine, in aqueous medium. The nonionic surfactants, selected systematically to represent varying degrees of ethoxylation, are nonylphenol ethoxylates, whereas the ionic surfactant is sodium oleate, a carboxylate‐type anionic reagent. The adsorption of surfactants was assessed qualitatively by surface analysis of powders, before and after the adsorption of the surfactants. The experimental results were explained by the structural and other properties of the surfactants and the surface properties of the pigment. The specific adsorption of surfactants on pigments was verified by zeta potential measurements, as they altered the zeta potential values to a great extent. Nonionic surfactants decreased the absolute value of the zeta potential of the powder; whereas anionic surfactant sodium oleate shifted the zeta potential to more negative values. On the one hand, Fourier Transform–infrared and X‐ray diffraction examinations of the pigments did not show any noticeable evidence for surfactant untreated or treated copper phthalocyanine. On the other hand, thermal analysis (both thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis) showed clear evidence of the surfactants on both pigments, as substantial changes in thermogravimetric curves were assessed.     

Electrophoretic properties in aqueous detergent systems

Electrophoretic mobilities and zeta potentials were developed for triolein, Nujol, and glass particles in aqueous detergent solutions. Zeta potentials in deionized water were: -79, -69, and -62 mv, respectively, for triolein, Nujol, and glass. Electrolyte builders and anionic surfactants markedly increase triolein and Nujol particle mobilities and negative zeta potentials; this effect probably contributes to their detersive action. Nonionic surfactants lower mobility of triolein and glass, and thus show slight cationic character. Significant inflection points are found for nonionic detergents near cmc. A cationic detergent produced high positive charge and zeta potentials with triolein and glass. Data for surfactant-builder combinations show mobilities are primarily determined by the electrolyte. It was concluded that electrokinetic effects are important for dispersion and emulsification, but are not necessary and sufficient conditions for removing oily soil from glass.     

Liquid detergents from cationic,anionic and nonionic surfactants. adsorption,detergency and antistatic properties

The adsorption of a mixture of cationic (c) and anionic (a) surfactants on cellulose fibers is highly dependent on the molar ratio a/c with a maximum at a/c = 0.9. When a/c is > 1.1 the adsorption is negligible. The presence of nonionic surfactants in the solution impairs the adsorption of the ionic species; this effect is stronger for nonionic surfactants with long alkyl and polyglycol ether chains. The detergency—measured on WFK cotton cloth—is highest when a/c > 1 and decreases sharply when a/c goes below 0.8. The antistatic effect for a formulated liquid detergent based on these principles was compared to one commercial liquid detergent with softening and antistatic properties and one commercial detergent powder, and the test detergent was shown to be a better antistatic agent on polyester, polyacrylonitrile and polyamide. The detergency was about the same for the two liquid detergents.     

Optimization of nonionic/anionic surfactant blends for enhanced oily soil removal

Previously reported results for alcohol ethoxylate surfactants have shown that optimum removal of both nonpolar and sebum- like liquid soils from polyester/cotton fabric occurs at the phase inversion temperature (PIT) of the surfactant- water- soil system. A similar correlation between phase inversion and optimum detergency has been identified for detergent systems containing mixtures of nonionic and anionic surfactants such as alcohol ethoxylates and alcohol ethoxysulfates. Experimental techniques other than direct detergency studies are described which allow determination of the optimum nonionic/ anionic surfactant ratio for removal of a particular soil at a specified temperature. In addition, implications of these results for development of temperature- insensitive detergent formulations containing alcohol ethoxylates are discussed.     

纳米ATO水性分散液的制备及其分散稳定性研究

采用球磨法制备了3种纳米锑掺杂二氧化锡(简称ATO)水性分散液,包括未加分散剂,以非离子型高分子分散剂改性和以阴离子分散剂与非离子高分子分散剂复合改性3种情况,并通过Zeta电位仪、激光粒度仪、透射电镜、静止沉降实验等测试方法对纳米ATO水性分散液的稳定性进行了表征.结果发现,ATO纳米颗粒通过分散剂复合改性后,其水性分散液的稳定性最佳,当阴离子分散剂与非离子高分子分散剂的质量比为1∶2,复合分散剂用量为ATO粉体质量的6%时,所得ATO水性分散液的稳定性最好.     

Mechanistic Studies of Particulate Soil Detergency: I. Hydrophobic Soil Removal

The mechanism of particulate soil detergency using aqueous surfactant systems is not well understood. In this research, carbon black (model hydrophobic soil) removal from a hydrophilic (cotton) and hydrophobic (polyester) fabric is studied using anionic, nonionic, and cationic surfactants. The zeta potential, solid/liquid spreading pressure, contact angle and surfactant adsorption of both soil and fabric are correlated to detergency over a range of surfactant concentrations and pH levels. Electrostatic repulsion between fabric and soil is generally found to be the dominant mechanism responsible for soil removal for all surfactants and fabrics. Steric effects due to surfactant adsorption are also important for nonionic surfactants for soil detachment and antiredeposition. Solid/liquid interfacial tension reduction due to surfactant adsorption also aids in detergency in cationic surfactant systems. Wettability is not seen as being an important factor and SEM photos show that entrapment of soil in the fabric weave is not significant; the particles are only attached to the fabric surface. Anionic surfactants perform best, then nonionic surfactants. Cationic surfactants exhibit poor detergency which is attributed to low surfactant rinseability.     

餐具洗涤剂配方的研制

采用复配技术制取餐具洗涤剂。对产品外观、pH值、稳定性、去污力进行了分析。通过正交实验,利用阴离子和非离子2种表面活性剂与各种助剂复配制得高性能、低成本的餐具洗涤剂。     

Surface Properties and Solubility Enhancement of Anionic/Nonionic Surfactant Mixtures Based on Sulfonate Gemini Surfactants

As a class of novel surfactants, Gemini surfactants usually exhibit fairly excellent interfacial properties in aqueous solutions on account of the unique structure. They have significant application and development potential for industrial production. However, the mixing properties of Gemini surfactants with conventional surfactants are the key to their application. The equilibrium surface tension curves of anionic/nonionic surfactant mixtures based on the sulfonate Gemini surfactant (SGS-12) were measured using the Wilhelmy Plate method. The parameters of surface adsorption, the interaction parameters between anionic and nonionic surfactants, and the thermodynamic parameters of micelle formation were calculated from the corresponding equations. In addition, the dynamic surface tension (DST) curves of anionic/nonionic surfactant mixtures were examined through bubble profile analysis, and the diffusion performance parameters were acquired from empirical formulas. The solubilization of pyrene in micelle solutions was studied using UV–vis absorption spectroscopy. The results show that the interaction parameters of all anionic/nonionic surfactants are negative, indicating that there is a synergistic effect on reducing the surface tension. For the SGS-12/OP-10, SGS-12/Tween 80, SGS-12/AEO9, and SGS-12/APG0810 mixtures, the optimum mixing ratios are 6:4, 7:3, 7:3, and 8:2, respectively. The thermodynamic data of micelles show that the formation of mixed micelles for SGS-12/APG0810 mixtures is an enthalpy-driven process. The tendency of DST curves of the SGS-12/APG0810 mixture is similar to that of SGS-12. In comparison with single-surfactant solutions, the anionic/nonionic surfactant mixtures show stronger solubilization capacity toward pyrene.     

The Adsorption Layer in the System: Carboxymethylcellulose/Surfactants/NaCl/MnO2

The influence of surfactants (anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate, and nonionic tert-octylphenol ethoxylate with 9.5EO) and their mixtures on the adsorption of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) in the presence of 0.001?M NaCl on the manganese dioxide surface (MnO(2)) was studied. The increase in CMC adsorption was observed in all measured systems in the presence of surfactants. The reason for this is the formation of complexes between polymer macromolecules and surfactants. Moreover, the dependence between the amount of surfactants adsorption and the CMC initial concentration was also studied. It proves that surfactant adsorption does not depend on the initial concentration of CMC. Another observation is that the increase in pH caused the decrease in CMC adsorption. The explanation of this phenomenon is connected with the influence of pH on the dissociation degree of the polyelectrolyte, kind and concentration of?the surface active groups of the adsorbent. To characterize the compact and diffuse adsorption layer the surface charge density and the zeta potential of MnO(2) in the presence of CMC and surfactants were measured. The surface charge density of MnO(2) decreases in the presence of CMC or CMC/surfactant complexes. This is due to the presence of negatively charged groups in the compact part of the electric double layer. The zeta potential of MnO(2) is also lower in the presence of CMC and the CMC/surfactants complexes. The main reason for that is the shift of the slipping plane towards the bulk solution.