石墨烯气凝胶的制备及其对水中油分的吸附特性

以改性Hummers法制备出的氧化石墨(GO)为原料,乙二胺(EDA)为交联剂,通过液相化学交联法制备出以石墨烯为主体的多孔网状气凝胶(EGA)。利用电子扫描电镜(SEM)、电子透射电镜(TEM)及选区电子衍射(SAED)对其进行表征。以水中柴油为研究对象,考察所制EGA样品对水中柴油的吸附脱除效果。结果表明,石墨烯气凝胶对柴油的吸附量在前5 min上升迅速,在30 min左右达到吸附平衡。吸附过程遵循准二级动力学模型,且吸附速率随温度的升高而增加,体系的表观活化能E_a=23.94 k J·mol~(-1)。颗粒内扩散模型拟合结果表明,EGA对水中柴油的吸附分为表面孔道吸附、气凝胶内部孔道扩散以及石墨烯片层间小孔道扩散。石墨烯气凝胶对柴油的吸附等温线与Freundlich模型较为吻合。     

碳纳米管-石墨烯气凝胶制备及其对水中乳化油的吸附特性

以改进的Hummers-Offeman法制备出的氧化石墨（GO）与羧基化多壁碳纳米管（CNTs-COOH）为原料,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）为交联剂,乙二胺（EDA）为还原剂,水热还原法制得羧基碳纳米管-石墨烯复合气凝胶（CGA）。调整GO与CNTs-COOH的质量比获得密度在8.40～14.42 mg·cm^-3之间的气凝胶,并确定在GO：CNTs-COOH=3：1（质量）时得到的气凝胶的机械强度最优。通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）对所制备的CGA进行表征,得知GO与CNTs-COOH已成功还原组装成多孔状三维气凝胶结构。以水中乳化柴油作为研究对象,考察CGA样品在不同温度下对乳化柴油的吸附特性。结果表明,CGA的吸附量在前6 min迅速上升,在30 min左右达到吸附平衡,且平衡吸附量随温度升高而增加。吸附过程遵循准二级动力学模型,体系表观活化能为7.10 kJ·mol^-1。利用颗粒内扩散模型分析得出,CGA对乳化油的吸附分为外表面吸附过程和内部孔道吸附过程（内部大孔道吸附、中孔道和微孔道内扩散3个阶段）。     

碳纳米管-石墨烯气凝胶制备及其对水中乳化油的吸附特性

以改进的Hummers-Offeman法制备出的氧化石墨(GO)与羧基化多壁碳纳米管(CNTs—COOH)为原料,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)为交联剂,乙二胺(EDA)为还原剂,水热还原法制得羧基碳纳米管-石墨烯复合气凝胶(CGA)。调整GO与CNTs—COOH的质量比获得密度在8.40~14.42 mg·cm~(-3)之间的气凝胶,并确定在GO:CNTs—COOH=3:1(质量)时得到的气凝胶的机械强度最优。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对所制备的CGA进行表征,得知GO与CNTs—COOH已成功还原组装成多孔状三维气凝胶结构。以水中乳化柴油作为研究对象,考察CGA样品在不同温度下对乳化柴油的吸附特性。结果表明,CGA的吸附量在前6 min迅速上升,在30 min左右达到吸附平衡,且平衡吸附量随温度升高而增加。吸附过程遵循准二级动力学模型,体系表观活化能为7.10 k J·mol~(-1)。利用颗粒内扩散模型分析得出,CGA对乳化油的吸附分为外表面吸附过程和内部孔道吸附过程(内部大孔道吸附、中孔道和微孔道内扩散3个阶段)。     

软模板法石墨烯气凝胶的可控制备及其吸油性能

以环己烷为油相,氧化石墨烯（GO）为稳定剂,采用Pickering乳液法制备石墨烯气凝胶,利用电子显微镜对Pickering乳液进行表征,利用扫描电镜（SEM）、傅里叶红外光谱（FTIR）、拉曼光谱（Raman）、X射线衍射（XRD）对制得的石墨烯气凝胶进行表征。对比Pickering乳液的液滴大小与气凝胶的孔径大小可知,通过软模板法实现了对气凝胶的孔径控制,通过控制均质机的转速来调控气凝胶的孔径大小,当均质机转速分别为10000r/min、12000r/min和15000r/min时,所得石墨烯气凝胶的孔径分别为45μm、35μm和30μm左右,通过调节油水比实现了气凝胶的密度与孔隙率的控制,油水比越大,所得气凝胶的密度越小,孔隙率越大,通过延长还原时间可增强石墨烯气凝胶的机械性能。将所得气凝胶用于油品的吸附,可快速吸附水上浮油及水底重油,而且几乎不吸附水;对同一油品而言,气凝胶的吸附能力与其制备时的油水比呈正相关,采用挤压的方式实现石墨烯气凝胶的循环利用,经过10次循环再生后气凝胶的吸附能力仅有15%的损失。     

乳液法制备石墨烯气凝胶及其吸附水中亚甲基蓝

利用乳液法制备多孔石墨烯气凝胶（emGA）,改变乳液油水比制备不同的emGA。扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、傅里叶红外光谱（FTIR）、氮气吸附脱附等表征显示,emGA具有多孔结构,经水热还原后含氧官能团大部分被除去,比表面积为103.3～243.1m²/g。以亚甲基蓝（MB）浓度和温度作为变量,考察emGA对水中MB的吸附效果。结果表明,emGA的比表面积越大,其对MB平衡吸附量越大;当初始浓度越大,温度越高,则吸附有利。吸附动力学数据表明emGA吸附MB符合准二级动力学模型和内扩散模型,吸附过程分为大孔扩散和微孔扩散。吸附等温线数据拟合结果符合Langmuir模型,表明emGA对MB的吸附属于单分子层吸附。Langmuir模型计算出emGA-2饱和吸附量为307.7mg/g,与实验值291.3mg/g较为接近。分析热力学参数发现,emGA吸附MB为自发吸热过程,且吸附过程属于物理吸附。     

石墨烯气凝胶的制备及其对六价铬和甲基橙的共吸附性能

利用氧化石墨烯和没食子酸,采用水热合成法制备了石墨烯气凝胶。通过扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射分析(XRD)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)对石墨烯气凝胶进行了表征,并简要分析了石墨烯气凝胶对水溶液中六价铬和甲基橙的同步吸附性能。实验结果表明,石墨烯气凝胶表面疏松多孔,表面官能团丰富。在实验条件下,振荡时间为350 min时,六价铬和甲基橙的吸附量同时达到最大值,分别为39.21 mg/g和125.35 mg/g。六价铬与甲基橙在石墨烯气凝胶表面存在竞争吸附。石墨烯气凝胶具有同步去除水溶液中六价铬和甲基橙的优异性能。     

甘蔗渣纤维素基碳气凝胶的制备及吸附性能研究

通过对甘蔗渣进行碱/酸处理提取甘蔗渣纤维素,采用氢氧化钠/脲溶液将纤维素溶解,并通过在水中再生、冷冻干燥及在不同温度下碳化,制备具有优异疏水吸油性能的甘蔗渣纤维素基碳气凝胶。采用扫描电镜（SEM）、红外光谱（FT-IR）、X射线衍射（XRD）、BET法比表面积、水接触角（WCA）等测试方法对制备的甘蔗渣纤维素基碳气凝胶进行分析表征,并进行不同油类和有机溶剂的吸附、解吸实验。结果表明,制备的甘蔗渣纤维素基碳气凝胶拥有不规则的片-孔式网络状三维结构,具有轻质、高疏水、高比表面积等特性。高温碳化不仅可以改善碳气凝胶的轻质抗压性能、比表面积和孔径,还可以增强其疏水性及吸附性能。当碳化温度为800 ℃时,制备的CA-2-800表现出较好的轻质性（密度为33.4 mg/cm³）、高疏水性（水接触角为136°）和高比表面积（468.24 m²/g）。CA-2-800对柴油、汽油、泵油、正己烷、甲苯、三氯甲烷具有较好的吸附能力（20.2~66.3 g/g）。吸附动力学研究表明,CA-2-800在30 s内对汽油、柴油均能达到吸附平衡,且对三氯甲烷进行10次吸附-解吸循环吸附实验仍保留97%的吸附性能。     

氧化石墨烯/壳聚糖复合气凝胶的制备及对甲基橙吸附性能研究

以氧化石墨烯(GO)和壳聚糖(CS)为原料,采用一步水热法制备了氧化石墨烯/壳聚糖复合气凝胶(GO/CS)。分别研究了制备方法和原料比例对其吸附甲基橙(MO)的影响。结果表明:水热法制得的气凝胶为三维网状结构,且水热法制备的氧化石墨烯/壳聚糖复合气凝胶(GO/CS)较溶胶-凝胶法具有更好的吸附性能,当GO与CS的质量比为10:1时,复合气凝胶对甲基橙去除率最高。     

水热法制备三维导电石墨烯气凝胶及其焦耳热性能研究

采用水热法将氧化石墨烯（GO）组装成三维圆柱状结构,通过冷冻干燥和高温热还原法成功制备三维导电的还原氧化石墨烯气凝胶。该气凝胶内部的高度交联和多孔道网状结构为电子传输提供有效路径,利于系统的焦耳热研究。结果表明,通过对其进行电流加热,石墨烯气凝胶表现出高功率-温度线性相关性、高电热转换效率、超快升温和降温速率、长时间且稳定的循环加热能力。通过不同模型验证了气凝胶内部可进行焦耳热传导,其高电导率主要由材料自身较低的活化能所决定。石墨烯气凝胶超高的热导率赋予其超快的自然降温速率（456 K?min^-1）,远高于传统的热传导加热装置。此外,所制备的气凝胶还可被广泛应用于焦耳热辅助的催化剂温度可控的载体。     

石墨烯气凝胶的制备与吸附性能研究

以氧化石墨烯为前驱体,抗坏血酸为还原剂,通过冷冻干燥技术,制备出石墨烯气凝胶。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、拉曼光谱(Raman)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和氮气吸附脱附曲线等对制备的石墨烯气凝胶进行了表征。将制备的石墨烯气凝胶用于吸附甲苯,表现出良好的吸附性能和循环使用性。     

多壁碳纳米管/二氧化硅纳米复合材料的制备及其吸油性能

以羧化多壁碳纳米管为基体、纳米硅溶胶粒为增强相,通过一步液相共混方法制备多壁碳纳米管/二氧化硅纳米复合材料。利用傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、电子扫描电镜（SEM）、热重（TGA）、孔结构分析（BET/BJH）对其进行了表征。以水中柴油为研究对象考察了该样品对水中柴油的吸附脱除效果,并与纳米二氧化硅胶粒、原生碳纳米管以及活性炭进行对比。结果表明：硅溶胶粒表面修饰后的多壁碳纳米管的聚团行为得以改善,而且材料具有微孔-介孔双孔道结构。对水中直馏柴油的去除率高达97.79%,并于1 h达到吸附平衡。整个吸附过程遵循准二级动力学模型,吸附体系的表观活化能为11.37 kJ·mol^-1,吸附等温线与Freundlich模型较为吻合,吸附效果明显强于其他3种吸附剂。     

Adsorption of Ce(IV) Ions from Aqueous Solution by Silica Aerogels

The adsorption process of Ce(IV) ions from aqueous solution by the silica aerogels was studied. The silica aerogels with hydrophobicity were prepared by the sol-gel process, supercritical drying, and heat treatment. The SEM image and nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm show that the heat-treated silica aerogel was a co-continuous porous structure with high BET surface area and narrow pore size distribution. The adsorption of Ce(IV) ions onto the silica aerogels was found to be fitted well by pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm model. The activation energy for Ce(IV) adsorption onto silica aerogels could be calculated to be about 17.88 kJ/mol, which implied that the attractive forces of adsorption were weak electrostatic forces accompanying most ion-exchange reactions. The thermodynamic parameters showed that the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic.     

Influences of heat-treatment on the microstructure and properties of silica–titania composite aerogels

Silica–titania composite aerogels were synthesized via ambient pressure drying by using water glass and titanium tetrachloride as raw materials. The influences of heat-treatment at different temperature with different heating rate on the microstructure and properties of the composite aerogels were investigated by differential thermal analyzer, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption–desorption, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope analysis. The results indicate that the silica–titania composite aerogels heat-treated at 250 °C exhibited highest specific surface area, pore volume and average pore diameter. When the heat-treatment temperature was higher than 450 °C, the –CH₃ groups on the surface of silica–titania composite aerogels would transform into –OH groups gradually, and in the meantime, the composite aerogels network structure would be destroyed gradually and the crystallinity of TiO₂ would be improved with the increase of heat-treatment temperature. Particularly, heat-treatment at temperatures above 750 °C would cause serious damage to the network structure of the composite aerogels. The adsorption/photocatalytic activity experiments showed that the composite aerogels heat-treated at 550 °C exhibit highest darkroom adsorption efficiency, and the 650 °C-heat-treated samples exhibited highest efficiency for removing the Rhodamine B from water.     

石墨烯基气凝胶对有机物的饱和吸附能力

以Pickering乳液法进行了石墨烯基气凝胶(GA)的制备,并以纯有机物和水中乳化油分为吸附对象,对其饱和吸附能力进行了评价,综合对比了不同研究者利用碳纳米材料所制备碳基气凝胶对纯有机化合物的吸附能力,发现包含本文所制备的GA在内的各种碳基气凝胶对不同的有机物的吸附能力与有机物的密度成正比,表明单位质量碳基气凝胶吸附有机物的体积(cm³?g^?1)为定值,与具体的被吸附有机物的种类无关。推断有机物在气凝胶材料中的吸附是一种体积填充行为,气凝胶孔隙体积的大小对于其吸附有机物的能力具有重要影响,但孔隙的占有率也是决定实际吸附有机物能力的关键因素。所制备的GA对水中油分的吸附能力低于其对纯油分的吸附能力,应与水的竞争吸附、有机物的扩散阻力等有关。     

Ultralight and hydrophobic nanofibrillated cellulose aerogels from coconut shell with ultrastrong adsorption properties

Ultralight aerogels based on nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) isolated from coconut shell were successfully prepared via a mild fast method, which included chemical pretreatment, ultrasonic isolation, solvent exchange, and tert‐butanol freeze drying. The as‐prepared NFC aerogels with complex three‐dimensional fibrillar networks had a low bulk density of 0.84 mg/cm³ (specific surface area = 9.1 m²/g and pore volume = 0.025 cm³/g), maintained a cellulose I crystal structure, and showed more superior thermal stability than the coconut shell raw materials. After the hydrophobic modification by methyl trichlorosilane (MTCS), the NFC aerogels exhibited high water repellency properties, an ultrastrong oil‐adsorption capacity (542 times that of the original dry weight of diesel oil), and superior oil–water separation performance. Moreover, the absorption capabilities of the MTCS‐treated NFC aerogels were as high as 296?669 times their own weights for various organic solvents and oil. Thus, this class of high‐performance adsorbing materials might be useful for dealing with chemical leaks and oil spills. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 42037.     

磁性三乙烯四胺氧化石墨烯对Cu2+的吸附行为

为了提高氧化石墨烯(GO)的吸附能力和分离效果,采用恒温搅拌法和水热法制备磁性三乙烯四胺氧化石墨烯(M-T-GO)复合吸附剂。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)和透射电镜(TEM)测试方法对其进行表征,并对M-T-GO对Cu²⁺的pH、吸附动力学、吸附等温线和吸附热力学进行研究。结果表明,M-T-GO对Cu²⁺的吸附符合二级反应动力学和Langmuir吸附等温式描述,吸附反应为自发吸热过程,饱和吸附量为245.09 mg·g^-1,同时具有快速分离和易再生的优点。采用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)推测M-T-GO对Cu²⁺的吸附机理,结果表明M-T-GO主要通过螯合作用和静电引力对Cu²⁺进行吸附。     

Synthesis and characterization of monolithic carbon/silicon carbide composite aerogels

Resorcinol–formaldehyde/silica composite (RF/SiO₂) aerogels were synthesized using sol–gel process followed by supercritical CO₂ drying. Monolithic carbon/silicon carbide composite (C/SiC) aerogels were formed from RF/SiO₂ aerogels after carbothermal reduction. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy demonstrate that β-SiC was obtained after carbothermal reduction. Scanning electron microscopy and nitrogen adsorption/desorption reveal that the as-prepared C/SiC aerogels are typical mesoporous materials. The pore structural properties were measured by nitrogen adsorption/desorption analysis. The resulting C/SiC aerogels possess a BET surface area of 564 m²/g, a porosity of 95.1 % and a pore volume of 2.59 cm³/g. The mass fraction of SiC in C/SiC aerogels is 31 %.     

Fabrication of super-elastic graphene aerogels by ambient pressure drying and application to adsorption of oils

Three-dimensional graphene-based aerogels have promising applications in oil adsorption and environmental restoration. However, current research of graphene-based aerogels is often hindered by high preparation cost, poor mechanical properties and low recycling efficiency. Here, superelastic graphene aerogel(SGA) was prepared through one-step freezing and twice hydrothermal reduction followed by drying under ambient pressure. The simple atmospheric drying provides a possibility for large-scale pr...