Ru-Fe/Al_2O_3氧化-还原性能探究

以Al_2O_3为载体,RuCl_3·xH_2O和FeCl_3·6H_2O为活性组分前驱体,采用吸附-沉淀法制备了Ru-Fe/Al_2O_3和Ru/Al_2O_3催化剂,以马来酸二甲酯加氢合成丁二酸二甲酯为探针反应,结合H_2-TPR和XRD表征技术,考察Fe改性Ru基催化剂的氧化-还原性能及催化活性。经氧化-还原循环处理后,催化剂Ru-Fe/Al_2O_3上马来酸二甲酯加氢活性高于Ru/Al_2O_3。XRD结果显示,经处理的Ru-Fe/Al_2O_3上未见金属Ru的特征衍射峰,而Ru/Al_2O_3上出现了金属Ru的特征衍射峰。结合H_2-TPR结果推断,Ru与Fe之间发生了相互作用,这种协同作用可以改善Ru/Al_2O_3催化剂的热稳定性。     

碱土金属对铜/三氧化二铝酯加氢催化剂性能的影响

采用超声波强化共沉淀法制备铜/三氧化二铝酯加氢催化剂，制备过程中添加碱土金属硝酸盐对催化剂进行改性。通过丁二酸二甲酯加氢反应对催化剂性能进行评价，考察碱土金属种类及添加量对催化剂加氢性能的影响。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、程序升温还原(H₂-TPR)、氨程序升温脱附(NH₃-TPD)、N₂物理吸附对催化剂进行分析表征，考察钙添加量对催化剂晶型结构、还原性能、酸强度、BET比表面积和孔结构的影响。结果表明，碱土金属改性可以提高催化剂加氢性能，在温度为160℃、压力为6.0 MPa、原料质量空速为0.6 h^-1、氢酯物质的量比为300工艺条件下，丁二酸二甲酯转化率可达到99.46%、1,4-丁二醇选择性可达到94.39%。适量添加钙后催化剂中活性组分特征峰变宽、分散度提高；还原温度略有降低；酸强度明显降低；比表面积略有下降、孔容略有增大、孔径明显增大。这些物化性质的改变导致催化剂丁二酸二甲酯加氢性能发生改变。     

钌钯双金属催化剂固载顺序控制及性能

以Al_2O_3、PdCl_2和RuCl_3为原料,采用水溶液浸渍法,通过控制固载顺序、制备流程以及焙烧温度等条件,制得系列负载型Ru Pd双金属催化剂,并用于对苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMT)制取1,4-环己烷二甲酸二甲酯(DMCD)的选择性加氢过程。其中,Ru和Pd的总负载量为0.3%(以催化剂总质量为基准,下同),且m(Ru)∶m(Pd)=1∶1。结果发现,采用先Ru后Pd(Ru-Pd)式固载顺序和浸渍-干燥-浸渍-干燥-焙烧(IDIDC)型制备流程,并在450℃下焙烧后,所得负载型Ru-Pd双金属催化剂的反应性能最佳,在6 MPa、180℃下,DMT转化率为89.6%,DMCD选择性为96.0%,DMCD产率为85.9%。这可能与Ru-Pd中大粒径粒子的形成受到抑制、粒径尺寸和分布更小、比表面积和总孔容更高、表面Pd原子摩尔分数较高以及Ru/Pd物质的量比较低有关。     

免焙烧对FCC汽油选择性加氢脱硫CoMo/Al_2O_3催化剂性能的影响

在相同的其它条件下制备了用于流化催化裂化(FCC)汽油选择性加氢脱硫的免焙烧和焙烧的CoMo/Al_2O_3催化剂,并用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(FT-IR)等对其进行了比较性地表征和评价。结果表明,免焙烧催化剂的酸量大于焙烧催化剂的,焙烧与否对催化剂的酸类型几乎没有影响,这两类催化剂的酸中心均主要为L酸;免焙烧Co-Mo/Al_2O_3催化剂的活性组分与载体间的相互作用较弱,进而使活性组分颗粒的颗粒团聚程度降低、分布趋于均匀和易于被还原。在所考察的评价条件范围内。免焙烧Co-Mo/Al_2O_3催化剂的催化性能优于焙烧Co-Mo/Al_2O_3催化剂的。     

免焙烧对加氢脱硫催化剂选择性影响研究

采用免焙烧方式制备了CoMo/Al_2O_3免焙烧加氢脱硫催化剂,相比于焙烧样催化剂,催化剂分析表征结果表明CoMo/Al_2O_3免焙烧催化剂硫化程度高、活性相分散度适中。在微型固定床加氢装置上考察了催化剂的加氢脱硫选择性能,在反应50 h后,CoMo/Al_2O_3免焙烧催化剂选择性优于CoMo/Al_2O_3焙烧样催化剂反应100h的选择性。在反应100 h后,CoMo/Al_2O_3免焙烧样、焙烧样催化剂在保持较高脱硫率的同时,烯烃加氢饱和率分别降至20.2%、36.2%,选择性因子SF分别上升至14.0、6.6。上述实验结果表明免焙烧的CoMo/Al_2O_3催化剂具有更高的加氢脱硫选择性。     

Ni-B/Al2O3催化1-辛炔选择性加氢反应

采用硼氢化钾还原方法制备了Ni-B/Al_2O_3催化剂,并与传统高温加氢还原法制备的Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂进行对比。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、氢气程序升温还原(H2-TPR)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-vis DRS)及X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等方法对催化剂结构和性质进行表征,并对催化剂进行1-辛炔加氢性能考评。结果表明,由于硼氢化钾还原能力较弱,Ni-B/Al_2O_3催化剂表面Ni0含量小于氢气还原的催化剂,但是其活性金属粒径更小,因而加氢反应活性仍与Ni/Al_2O_3相近。此外,Ni-B/Al_2O_3催化剂中Ni处于富电子状态,减弱了1-辛烯的吸附,显著提高了1-辛烯选择性。在1-辛炔转化率为99%时,1-辛烯选择性仍高达91%。     

改性Al2O3负载Ru催化剂制备及1,4-丁炔二醇加氢性能

采用炭改性Al_2O_3(CCA)为载体,通过吸附-沉淀法制备Ru/CCA催化剂,以1,4-丁炔二醇加氢制1,4-丁二醇为探针反应,考察Ru/CAA催化剂的加氢性能,并对催化剂进行XRD和H2-TPR表征。活性评价结果表明,在110℃和4.0 MPa条件下,Ru/CAA催化剂上1,4-丁炔二醇转化率100%,1,4-丁二醇选择性88%。表征结果表明,采用炭改性可提高催化剂的水热稳定性,同时炭的加入还增强了活性组分与载体的相互作用。     

微乳法制备Pd-Cu双金属催化剂

选择Cu为助剂,采用微乳法分别优选具有较好稳定性的Cu和Pd微乳液体系,并将Cu和Pd依次负载于Al_2O_3载体上,经干燥、活化和还原制备了Pd-Cu/Al_2O_3催化剂。采用原位IR、CO化学吸附和HRTEM等对催化剂进行表征,结果表明,与常规溶液负载法制备的Pd-Ag/Al_2O_3催化剂相比,采用微乳法降低了催化剂表面酸性,提高了活性组分Pd分散度,Pd粒径分布更为均匀。在750 mL加氢反应器中,采用C_2后加氢原料对催化剂性能进行评价,结果表明,与常规溶液负载法相比,微乳法制备的催化剂在反应温度低4℃条件下,乙炔转化率相当,选择性高9.9个百分点,绿油生成量较低。微乳法制备Pd-Cu双金属催化剂具有良好的工业应用前景。     

Ru/CN催化对苯二甲酸二甲酯加氢制备1,4-环己烷二甲酸二甲酯

通过超声辅助NaBH4还原法制备了3％Ru/CN(3％为Ru的负载量,以CN的质量计,下同),其中,CN为介孔结构的氮掺杂碳材料,该催化剂用于对苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMT)加氢制备1,4-环己烷二甲酸二甲酯(DMCD).采用Raman、SEM、TEM、N2吸附-脱附、XRD、XPS对载体和催化剂的组成、表面性能进行了表征.考察了催化剂用量、反应温度、H2压力、反应时间对催化剂加氢性能的影响.结果表明,氮元素成功掺入碳骨架中且氮掺杂碳材料为介孔结构.在DMT 1.00 g,催化剂0.05 g、反应温度140℃、反应压力5.0 MPa、反应时间1.0 h的最优反应条件下,DMT转化率为100％,DMCD选择性为99.3％.以1000℃下炭化制备的CN-1000为载体,得到的3％Ru/CN-1000催化剂循环使用4次后,催化性能未见明显下降,DMT转化率可达98.8％,DMCD选择性为99.7％.     

钌钯双金属催化剂固载顺序控制及催化性能

以Al_2O_3、PdCl_2和RuCl_3为原料,采用水溶液浸渍法,通过控制固载顺序、制备流程以及焙烧温度等条件,制得系列负载型Ru Pd双金属催化剂,并用于对苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMT)制取1,4-环己烷二甲酸二甲酯(DMCD)的选择性加氢过程。其中,Ru和Pd的总负载量为0.3%(以催化剂总质量为基准,下同),且m(Ru)∶m(Pd)=1∶1。结果发现,采用先Ru后Pd(Ru-Pd)式固载顺序和浸渍-干燥-浸渍-干燥-焙烧(IDIDC)型制备流程,并在450℃下焙烧后,所得负载型Ru-Pd双金属催化剂的反应性能最佳,在6 MPa、180℃下,DMT转化率为89.6%,DMCD选择性为96.0%,DMCD产率为85.9%。这可能与Ru-Pd中大粒径粒子的形成受到抑制、粒径尺寸和分布更小、比表面积和总孔容更高、表面Pd原子摩尔分数较高以及Ru/Pd物质的量比较低有关。     

Pd-Pt-Ce/Al_2O_3催化剂在VOC净化处理中的催化性能

采用浸渍法制备Pd-Pt-Ce/Al_2O_3催化剂,考察贵金属Pd和Pt负载量、助剂种类及负载量、空速对催化甲苯燃烧活性的影响。结果表明,适宜的贵金属负载量和助剂可极大提高Pd-Pt/Al_2O_3催化剂活性,当Pd和Pt质量分数分别为0.05%和0.005%、助剂Ce质量分数为1%时,Pd-Pt-Ce/Al_2O_3催化剂在低温条件下表现出较好的催化性能。空速对催化剂的催化活性影响较为明显,适宜的空速低于20 000 h-1。     

PtSn负载量对PtSn/Al2O3催化剂上丙烷脱氢性能的影响

由丙烷直接催化脱氢制取丙烯已经成为增产丙烯的重要手段之一。以水热法制备Al_2O_3载体,采用等体积浸渍法制备不同PtSn负载量的PtSn/Al_2O_3催化剂。通过XRD、N2-吸附、拉曼光谱和H2-TPR等对其进行表征,并考察不同PtSn负载量对催化剂催化丙烷脱氢性能的影响。结果表明,在制备的催化剂中,Pt1.5Sn3/Al_2O_3具有最高的催化丙烷脱氢活性和稳定性,丙烷初始转化率高达55.6%,丙烯选择性98.1%。反应330 min后,丙烷转化率仅降约10%,选择性保持不变。     

Lean reduction of NO by C3H6 over Ag/alumina derived from Al2O3, AlOOH and Al(OH)3

The effectiveness of Ag/Al₂O₃ catalyst depends greatly on the alumina source used for preparation. A series of alumina-supported catalysts derived from AlOOH, Al₂O₃, and Al(OH)₃ was studied by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy, O₂, NO + O₂-temperature programmed desorption (TPD), H₂-temperature programmed reduction (TPR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and activity test, with a focus on the correlation between their redox properties and catalytic behavior towards C₃H₆-selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO reaction. The best SCR activity along with a moderated C₃H₆ conversion was achieved over Ag/Al₂O₃ (I) employing AlOOH source. The high density of Ag–O–Al species in Ag/Al₂O₃ (I) is deemed to be crucial for NO selective reduction into N₂. By contrast, a high C₃H₆ conversion simultaneously with a moderate N₂ yield was observed over Ag/Al₂O₃ (II) prepared from a γ-Al₂O₃ source. The larger particles of Ag_mO (m > 2) crystallites were believed to facilitate the propene oxidation therefore leading to a scarcity of reductant for SCR of NO. An amorphous Ag/Al₂O₃ (III) was obtained via employing a Al(OH)₃ source and 500 °C calcination exhibiting a poor SCR performance similar to that for Ag-free Al₂O₃ (I). A subsequent calcination of Ag/Al₂O₃ (III) at 800 °C led to the generation of Ag/Al₂O₃ (IV) catalyst yielding a significant enhancement in both N₂ yield and C₃H₆ conversion, which was attributed to the appearance of γ-phase structure and an increase in surface area. Further thermo treatment at 950 °C for the preparation of Ag/Al₂O₃ (V) accelerated the sintering of Ag clusters resulting in a severe unselective combustion, which competes with SCR of NO reaction. In view of the transient studies, the redox properties of the prepared catalysts were investigated showing an oxidation capability of Ag/Al₂O₃ (II and V) > Ag/Al₂O₃ (IV) > Ag/Al₂O₃ (I) > Ag/Al₂O₃ (III) and Al₂O₃ (I). The formation of nitrate species is an important step for the deNO_x process, which can be promoted by increasing O₂ feed concentration as evidenced by NO + O₂-TPD study for Ag/Al₂O₃ (I), achieving a better catalytic performance.     

CO_2 methanation over TiO_2–Al_2O_3 binary oxides supported Ru catalysts

TiO_2 modified Al_2O_3 binary oxide was prepared by a wet-impregnation method and used as the support for ruthenium catalyst. The catalytic performance of Ru/TiO_2–Al_2O_3catalyst in CO_2 methanation reaction was investigated. Compared with Ru/Al_2O_3 catalyst, the Ru/TiO_2–Al_2O_3catalytic system exhibited a much higher activity in CO_2 methanation reaction. The reaction rate over Ru/TiO_2–Al_2O_3 was 0.59 mol CO_2·(g Ru)1·h-1, 3.1 times higher than that on Ru/Al_2O_3[0.19 mol CO_2·(gRu)-1·h-1]. The effect of TiO_2 content and TiO_2–Al_2O_3calcination temperature on catalytic performance was addressed. The corresponding structures of each catalyst were characterized by means of H_2-TPR, XRD, and TEM. Results indicated that the averaged particle size of the Ru on TiO_2–Al_2O_3support is 2.8 nm, smaller than that on Al_2O_3 support of 4.3 nm. Therefore, we conclude that the improved activity over Ru/TiO_2–Al_2O_3catalyst is originated from the smaller particle size of ruthenium resulting from a strong interaction between Ru and the rutile-TiO_2 support, which hindered the aggregation of Ru nanoparticles.     

助剂Ba对Pd/Al_2O_3和Pt/Al_2O_3催化剂的C1-C3烷烃催化燃烧性能的影响

通过浸渍法制备了Al_2O_3负载的Pd和Pt催化剂,考察催化剂的甲烷、乙烷和丙烷催化燃烧活性,以及助剂Ba对催化性能的影响。对于Pd/Al_2O_3催化剂,加入Ba使活性物种PdO颗粒变大和还原温度升高,形成更稳定的PdO活性物种,是Pd-Ba/Al_2O_3催化剂活性提升的主要原因。对于Pt/Al_2O_3催化剂,加入Ba助剂使活性物种Pt0含量降低,PtO_x与Al_2O_3载体相互作用增强,使PtO_x物种更难被还原为Pt~0,导致Pt-Ba/Al_2O_3催化剂活性降低。Pd和Pt催化剂催化烷烃氧化反应活性规律一致:丙烷乙烷甲烷。Pd/Al_2O_3催化剂有利于C—H键活化,Pt/Al_2O_3催化剂有利于C—C键活化。Pt/Al_2O_3催化剂对C1-C3烷烃氧化活性的差别明显大于Pd/Al_2O_3催化剂。Pt/Al_2O_3催化剂对碳比例高的烷烃活性更高。     

碱金属K、Li对Ru/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂上CO选择性氧化的助催化作用

以Ru为活性组分,碱金属氧化物K2O和Li2O为助剂,采用浸渍法制备Ru/γ-Al2O3、Ru1K10Oy/Al2O3和Ru1Li10Oy/Al2O3催化剂,对制备的催化剂进行TPR、XRD和SEM表征,采用固定床石英反应器考察催化剂的CO氧化性能。结果表明,碱金属助剂的引入对Ru/γ-Al2O3的催化性能有一定影响,K2O和Li2O的掺杂,显著降低Ru/γ-Al2O3催化剂上CO选择性氧化温度。Ru1K10Oy/Al2O3和Ru1Li10Oy/Al2O3催化剂低温具有较高的CO转化率和选择性,随着反应温度的升高,提高CO转化率的同时,存在更多的氢气消耗,导致CO选择性降低。     

Preparation and structural characterization of Co/Al2O3 catalysts for the ozonation of pyruvic acid

A series of Co/Al₂O₃ catalysts were prepared by the incipient wetness impregnation method using γ-Al₂O₃ support and (CH₃COO)₂Co·4H₂O solutions, followed by calcination at 500–800 °C. Characterization of catalysts was accomplished by several techniques such as thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), physisorption of nitrogen, mercury and helium-based pycnometries, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and pH of zero charge (PZC). Impregnation of support produced a moderate decrease of its surface area and pore volume and also led to minor changes of its PZC. Depending on preparation conditions (i.e., calcination atmosphere and temperature and metal loading), one or more of the following Co-containing compounds were identified: CoO, Co₃O₄ and CoAl₂O₄. The support and prepared Co/Al₂O₃ catalysts were tested to catalyze the ozonation of aqueous pyruvic acid at pH 2.5. Pyruvic acid was shown refractory towards single ozonation but the use of γ-Al₂O₃ and Co/Al₂O₃ catalysts resulted in 56–96% pyruvic acid conversion and 41–78% decrease in DOC after 2 h of ozonation of phosphate-buffered solutions. In the absence of the buffer, conversion rate was enhanced likely as a result of pH increase during the course of the process thus giving rise to the indirect way of ozonation through hydroxyl radicals. Acetic acid was found as the main by-product of pyruvic acid ozonation. Depending on the catalyst used, yield of acetic acid varied from 32 to 49%, values noticeably lower that that obtained from the control non-catalytic ozonation experiment (73%). Differences in catalytic activity amongst the various Co/Al₂O₃ catalysts investigated were attributed to the different Co active phases deposited on the γ-Al₂O₃ surface. The following sequence of increasing activity can be inferred from experimental results: CoO, CoAl₂O₄ and Co₃O₄. All the Co/Al₂O₃ catalysts prepared showed good stability as the percentage of cobalt leached out was rather low.     

焙烧温度对Al2O3载体的性质及其负载的煤制合成气制代用天然气镍基催化剂性能的影响

以拟薄水铝石为前驱体,经不同温度焙烧制得Al₂O₃载体,等体积浸渍法制备Ni/Al₂O₃催化剂,采用X射线衍射、N₂-物理吸附、扫描电镜、程序升温还原等对载体及催化剂进行表征,考察载体焙烧温度对Al₂O₃载体性质及其负载的镍基催化剂催化性能的影响。结果表明,随着焙烧温度的升高,Al₂O₃载体的比表面积减小,平均孔径增大,结晶度升高,晶粒度增大,晶型逐步转变为γ-Al₂O₃［(500~800) ℃］、δ-Al₂O₃［ (900~1 100) ℃］和α-Al₂O₃［(1 250) ℃］。合成气制甲烷催化剂活性变化趋势为:Ni/γ-Al₂O₃>Ni/δ-Al₂O₃>Ni/α-Al₂O₃,其中,800 ℃焙烧的γ-Al₂O₃负载的Ni基催化剂因稳定的晶型结构以及与NiO之间适当的相互作用而表现出最佳的催化活性及稳定性。     

Design of a novel bifunctional catalyst IrFe/Al2O3 for preferential CO oxidation

In this study, a novel bifunctional catalyst IrFe/Al₂O₃, which is very active and selective for preferential oxidation of CO under H₂-rich atmosphere, has been developed. When the molar ratio of Fe/Ir was 5/1, the IrFe/Al₂O₃ catalyst performed best, with CO conversion of 68% and oxygen selectivity towards CO₂ formation of 86.8% attained at 100 °C. It has also been found that the impregnation sequence of Ir and Fe species on the Al₂O₃ support had a remarkable effect on the catalytic performance; the activity decreased following the order of IrFe/Al₂O₃ > co-IrFe/Al₂O₃ > FeIr/Al₂O₃. The three catalysts were characterized by XRD, H₂-TPR, FT-IR and microcalorimetry. The results demonstrated that when Ir was supported on the pre-formed Fe/Al₂O₃, the resulting structure (IrFe/Al₂O₃) allowed more metallic Ir sites exposed on the surface and accessible for CO adsorption, while did not interfere with the O₂ activation on the FeO_x species. Thus, a bifunctional catalytic mechanism has been proposed where CO adsorbed on Ir sites and O₂ adsorbed on FeO_x sites; the reaction may take place at the interface of Ir and FeO_x or via a spill-over process.