基于高程分层方法的HJ-1B CCD2影像大气校正

大气校正是从环境一号B星(HJ\|1B)CCD2多光谱卫星数据中精确提取地面定量信息的关键一步。采用一种基于高程分层和改进的浓密植被算法,即将整个研究区按照高程间隔0.1 km划分为17个子区域,在不同高程带内利用红波段与短波红外波段(1.6 μm)的线性关系估计出红波段的反射率,然后利用估计的红波段反射率与其表观反射率差值的均值,结合6S辐射传输模型模拟计算得到0.55 μm处的气溶胶光学厚度,从而实现各个波段大气校正。比较分析校正前后成熟林地、水体和裸土的光谱反射率和标准反射率,结果表明:该方法对HJ-1B CCD2数据大气校正可取得较好的效果。     

基于HJ-1卫星CCD数据的厦门海域叶绿素a浓度反演

针对HJ-1A/B卫星CCD数据,建立适合于厦门海域的叶绿素a浓度反演模型,将为持续监测该海域的赤潮提供时间序列的叶绿素a浓度数据。基于2013年7月31日厦门海域水体实测光谱与叶绿素a浓度同步测量数据,及HJ\|1B卫星CCD2光谱响应函数,对各波段遥感反射率与叶绿素a浓度的相关性进行比较,证实蓝、绿波段比值与叶绿素a浓度相关性最高。对OC3模型在内的5种模型的反演结果和实测叶绿素a浓度做相关性分析,发现各模型相关系数均达到0.7以上。利用2013年7月30日实测数据对同期厦门海域HJ-1B卫星CCD2数据叶绿素a浓度反演结果进行精度验证,结果表明本地化的10指数模型在反演叶绿素a浓度动态范围较大的区域具有更高的精度。     

基于资源一号02D高光谱卫星影像的青海湖悬浮物浓度反演研究

水体悬浮物浓度是描述水体光学特性的一个重要参数。卫星遥感具有大范围、快速、高频次动态监测的优势,有助于加强对青海湖水环境质量的监测,降低监测成本。而资源一号02D(ZY1-02D)卫星高光谱影像作为新的数据源,具有高空间分辨率、高光谱分辨率的优点,为湖泊的水质高精度监测提供了可能性。为了验证ZY1-02D高光谱相机在水质遥感监测应用中的适用性,以ZY1-02D高光谱影像为遥感数据源,同时辅助实测数据,构建青海湖悬浮物浓度反演模型,并进行精度验证,评价模型的准确性,最后将模型应用于青海湖悬浮物浓度反演。研究结果表明：青海湖悬浮浓度反演模型平均相对误差为21.1%,均方根误差为0.296 mg/L,精度较好,青海湖悬浮物浓度反演结果呈现湖心低岸边高的特征,与同期Sentinl-2和同期Landsat 8数据反演结果进行对比,反演结果保持一致,说明ZY1-02D高光谱影像能够作为悬浮物浓度遥感反演的数据源之一。     

太湖水体GF-1/WFV影像的6S逐像元大气校正

水体光谱信息微弱,常用的基于辐射传输模型的大气校正方法在水体中校正精度较差。基于覆盖太湖水体的2016年4月29日的高分一号宽幅相机影像（GF-1/WFV）和同步的实测光谱数据,对6S辐射传输模型的输入参数进行敏感性分析,逐像元计算观测几何,使用分区气溶胶类型、分区暗像元和Spline插值确定的气溶胶光学厚度（Aerosol Optical Depth,AOD）进行6S逐像元大气校正。实验结果表明:气溶胶模式对6S大气校正结果的影响最大,与FLAASH方法相比,逐像元计算观测几何和气溶胶参数的校正方法对大气校正精度有改进作用,4个波段的平均相对误差分别降低了1.84%、7.78%、4.79%和17%。结合精确大气参数输入的6S逐像元大气校正方法可以改进水体表面遥感反射率的大气校正精度。     

面向内陆水环境监测的GF-1卫星WFV数据特征评价

各种卫星遥感数据在内陆水环境监测中得到日益广泛的应用并各具优势和不足。2013年4月发射的高分一号(GF\|1)卫星搭载的宽视场相机(WFV)为水环境监测提供了新的数据源。通过与Landsat8 OLI和HJ\|1 CCD对比,从辐射、光谱和空间3个方面客观评价GF\|1 WFV 的数据特征,并分析其在内陆水环境监测应用中的优缺点。结果表明:WFV在内陆水体区域的灰度级数和信噪比高于CCD但低于OLI 10 bit的量化等级足以满足水质参数反演的精度要求,在水体监测应用中WFV现有辐射定标系数需修正;WFV的波段数量和宽度与CCD基本一致,比OLI的少且宽,不能很好地捕捉内陆水体的光谱特征;WFV16 m的空间分辨率和800 km的幅宽,明显优于CCD和OLI。总之,WFV在大范围中小型内陆水体环境动态监测方面具有良好的应用前景。     

叶绿素反演三波段模型的多时相应用

基于对内陆水体叶绿素a、悬浮物、溶解有机物与纯水的固有光学特性分析和三波段模型的理论,利用太湖实测的水面高光谱遥感数据波段组合,进行迭代优化,得到与叶绿素浓度密切相关而受悬浮物与黄色物质影响小的最优波段组合模型。其中春季最后以[Rrs-1（677）-Rrs-1（696）]×Rrs（754）为因子建立模型,决定系数和均方根误差分别为0.9885、1.80332ug/l,验证数据的模型的均方根误差为5.8646ug/l,平均相对误差为25.5%,秋季的叶绿素浓度较高,三波段模型迭代计算中,用于去除无机悬浮物和黄色物质影响的波段不能稳定出现,为此我们补充计算了二波段模型,分别以[Rrs-1（680）-Rrs-1（710）]×Rrs（770）和R（680）-1×R（770）为因子,取得的模型决定系数和均方根误差分别为0.881,11.6322ug/l和0.883,11.52633ug/l,验证数据的均方根误差和平均相对误差为15.456ug/l,20.3%和15.684ug/l,21.4%,两种模型都能取得不错的反演效果。因此该方法可以有效地去除悬浮物和黄色物质的影响,有效地针对不同时相的特点取得较好的反演效果。     

基于宽波段和窄波段植被指数的草地LAI反演对比研究

叶面积指数是一个重要的植被生理生态参数,为探讨不同植被指数反演叶面积指数的可行性,基于同空间分辨率不同光谱分辨率的HJ\|1B CCD1和Hyperion遥感影像数据,以内蒙古自治区赤峰市克斯克腾旗贡格尔草原为研究对象,选取几种常见宽波段植被指数和高光谱窄波段植被指数并结合4种常用回归模型,比较分析了不同植被指数反演叶面积指数的精度。结果表明:对于全部植被指数而言,PVI、MSAVI等综合考虑了土壤、环境等因素的植被指数较传统植被指数NDVI、RVI反演草地LAI精度更高。通过对比发现,在反演草地LAI方面,窄波段植被指数比宽波段植被指数表现出明显的优势。其中,窄波段垂直植被指数PVI验证模型的确定性系数R²为0.65,均方根误差RMSE为0.15,说明实测LAI和模拟LAI值之间具有较好的变化一致性。最后基于Hyperion影像和窄波段垂直植被指数PVI的估算模型生成研究区叶面积指数空间分布图。     

基于QAA算法的昆承湖固有光学量反演模型

基于2010年4月在昆承湖采集的野外实验数据,建立了适用于昆承湖的QAA固有光学量反演模型。结果表明:该模型可以得到较高精度的反演结果。所有验证点在411~700nm波段范围内,反演总吸收系数和实测总吸收系数的决定系数R2都高于0.984,平均相对误差ε都低于14.5%。在440、488和532nm 3个波段处,总吸收系数反演值和实测值决定系数R2分别为0.655、0.742和0.826,平均相对误差ε分别为6.5%、3.6%和3.4%,精度较高。反演后向散射系数与和参考后向散射系数在440、488和532nm处均具有较好的相关性,且532nm处反演后向散射系数与实测总悬浮物浓度决定系数为0.624,呈正相关,反演后向散射系数具有一定的可信度。该模型能够为昆承湖固有光学量的反演提供一条有效途径。     

渭河定量遥感水质反演中的大气校正作用研究

以渭河陕西段为研究对象,在获取了渭河陕西段实地监测数据和相应时间段的SPOT-5遥感影像数据基础上采用黑暗像元法(DOS)、大气辐射传输模型法等7种大气校正方法对SPOT-5遥感影像进行大气校正。结合校正后的遥感数据,使用多元线性回归、支持向量机(SVM)、及BP神经网络3种方法对渭河进行定量遥感水质反演。实验结果表明,通过遥感影像对渭河进行定量水质反演是可行的,大气校正在一定程度上提高了定量遥感水质的精度。对于SPOT-5遥感影像的大气校正,采取对遥感数据辐射定标后消除各波段最暗像元的方法可以达到较好的效果。     

基于ATCOR2模型的CBERS-02数据大气校正

根据CBERS-02与Landsat5传感器对应波段带宽设置的极度相似性和交叉定标原理,提出利用landsat5来辅助CBERS-02的大气校正。其方法为:通过逐像元回归,求解出CBERS\|02多光谱波段和TM5第1、2、3、4波段的回归系数,然后推导出CBERS\|02的辐射定标参数,最后在ERDAS中的ATCOR2模型中通过修改Landsat4_5的大气校正模块的有关参数,实现了在ATCOR2模块中对中巴资源二号卫星的大气校正。实验结果表明该方法具有现实可行性,校正后增强了影像对比度,提高了影像的清晰度,恢复了影像质量。     

Mapping the concentrations of total suspended matter in Lake Taihu,China, using Landsat‐5 TM data

Remote sensing techniques can be used to estimate and map the concentrations of suspended matter in inland water, providing both spatial and temporal information. Although an empirical approach to remote sensing of inland waters has been carried out frequently, satellite imagery has not been incorporated into routine lake monitoring programmes due in part to the lack of a standard prediction equation with multi‐temporal capacity for suspended matter. Empirical and physical models must be developed for each lake and its corresponding turbidity composition if they are to be compared over time, or with other bodies of water.

This study aimed to develop and apply multi‐temporal models to estimate and map the concentrations of total suspended matter (TSM) in Lake Taihu, China. Two Landsat‐5 Thematic Mapper (TM) images and nearly contemporaneous in situ measurements of TSM were used. A modified Dark‐Object Subtraction (DOS) method was used, and appeared to be adequate for atmospheric correction. The relationships were examined between TSM concentrations and atmospherically corrected TM band and band ratios. Results of this study show that the ratio TM4/TM1 has a strong relationship with TSM concentrations for lake waters with relatively low concentrations of phytoplankton algae. However, TM3 provided a strong predictive relationship with TSM concentrations despite varied water quality conditions. Different prediction models were developed and compared using multiple regression analysis. The Akaike Information Criteria (AIC) approach was used to choose the best models. The validation of the multi‐temporal capability of the best models indicated that it is feasible to apply the linear regression model using TM3 to estimate TSM concentrations across time in Lake Taihu, even if no in situ data were available.     

A simplified method for retrieval of ground level reflectance of targets from airborne video imagery

This paper describes an efficient method for retrieval of ground reflectance characteristics of targets from calibrated multispectral airborne video data for routine operational airborne missions. The method uses a simplified atmospheric scattering model in combination with a dark-object subtraction procedure to estimate the effect of the atmosphere in the path between the target and the sensor, as well as the adjacent environmental effect, on the radiation signal received by an airborne sensor. The simplicity of the atmospheric scattering model is maintained by the assumption that the air density within the targetsensor path in the lower atmosphere is sufficiently uniform for operations of the Charles Sturt University's (CSU) Multispectral Airborne Video System (MAVS). The MAVS acquires imagery in blue, green, red and near-infrared (NIR) narrow spectral bands. The MAVS is radiometrically calibrated and has a consistent radiometric response in-flight. An important feature of the new method is the coupling of the image based brightness data (DN) of a dark-object and the system radiometric calibration coefficients to determine the path reflectance and the environmental reflectance of the target. The sum of the path reflectance and the environment reflectance is known as haze reflectance. The haze reflectance indicates the amount of atmospheric haze in the airborne imagery. The simplified atmospheric model is then employed to determine the actual ground reflectance of the targets using the haze subtracted apparent (total) reflectance of the target at the altitude of the airborne sensor. The apparent reflectance of the target at the sensor altitude is obtained directly from the image based DN data and the system radiometric calibration coefficients. An interesting aspect of this simplified method is that an estimate of the environmental reflectance can be obtained as a by-product of the atmospheric haze calculation using a dark-object subtraction technique. The retrieved ground reflectance characteristics from calibrated MAVS imagery are now being used routinely for remote quantitative monitoring of agricultural and environmental targets.     

运用SPOT数据进行河流水体悬浮固体浓度的研究——以台湾淡水河为例

根据含沙水体的光谱特征,通过对比分析认为ＳＰＯＴ影像是河流水质遥感的理想数据源,其中１ 波段和２ 波段对反映水体悬浮固体比较敏感。根据遥感影像灰度值与水中悬浮固体含量之间的相关关系,运用ＳＰＯＴ影像的１、２ 波段和实测数据将淡水河悬浮固体含量分为４ 级,并对结果进行了评价。通过对悬浮固体污染等级图的分析,得出淡水河１０％ 以下的水体悬浮固体含量较高。悬浮固体含量从上游向下游递增,流经城市的河段悬浮物含量高,说明水体悬浮物含量受植被覆盖和人为作用影响。     

Atmospheric correction of PROBA/CHRIS data in an urban environment

The Compact High Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (CHRIS) is an imaging spectrometer onboard the European Space Agency (ESA) Project for On-Board Autonomy (PROBA) satellite. However, it has been shown that CHRIS presents some miscalibration trends over the spectral region covered. This paper reports a practical procedure for the atmospheric correction of CHRIS images based on field recalibration in an urban environment. In the first stage, the spectra of surface targets are measured and used to simulate the spectral radiance at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) for each channel and to determine the recalibration coefficients of the CHRIS images. In the second stage, two methods for atmospheric correction are examined: the radiative transfer model (RTM) and the improved dark-object subtraction (IDOS) method. For comparison purposes, the empirical line method (ELM) is also evaluated. The accuracy assessment shows that the RTM with the Moderate Resolution Transmittance (MODTRAN) code provides the most accurate atmospheric correction for the multiangular CHRIS images when using the proposed procedure.     

应用Landsat TM影像估算渤海叶绿素a和总悬浮物浓度

利用23个实测样点的渤海叶绿素a和总悬浮物浓度数据及同步Landsat TM影像数据,分别分析了Landsat TM离水辐射亮度对渤海叶绿素a和总悬浮物浓度的敏感性,选择合适的波段,通过回归分析构建了基于Landsat TM离水辐射亮度的渤海叶绿素a和总悬浮物浓度反演模型。结果表明,TM1、TM2和TM3波段对叶绿素a的敏感性较高,以TM4/TM1和TM3/TM2的对数为自变量,以叶绿素a浓度的对数为因变量的线性估算模型可以有效反演渤海叶绿素a浓度,决定系数R2达到0.97;TM3波段对悬浮物的敏感性最高,以TM2、TM3和TM3/TM2为自变量,以总悬浮物浓度的以10为底的对数为因变量的多元线性模型获得的结果最佳,决定系数R2达到0.91。     

Comparison of atmospheric correction algorithms for TM image in inland waters

In order to extract quantitative water‐leaving information from the Thematic Mapper (TM) image accurately in inland waters, atmospheric correction is a necessary step. Based on former researchers' results, the paper presents two atmospheric correction algorithms based on meteorological data (MD) and on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Vicarious Calibration (MVC) for TM image in inland waters according to the theory of radiative transfer. Studying Taihu lake, China, in this paper we derived water remote sensing reflectance from a TM image of 26 July 2004 by these two atmospheric correction algorithms and we compare the results with that of dark object subtraction (DOS) and 6S code. The results show that the effect of atmospheric correction based on meteorological data and MODIS Vicarious Calibration is much better than that of DOS and 6S code. Although the MD is more accurate, MVC may be an ideal choice for TM images in inland water because TERRA MODIS images can be acquired easily than collecting meteorological data at the time of satellites passing over.     

Haze removal based on advanced haze-optimized transformation (AHOT) for multispectral imagery

Ever-present spatially varying haze contamination in satellite scenes limits applications using visible and near-infrared bands of low-temporal-resolution multispectral satellite images. A relative atmospheric correction technique, the virtual cloud point (VCP) method, which is based on advanced haze-optimized transformation (AHOT), is developed for haze removal. It is an improved algorithm of the previous dark-object subtraction (DOS) based on haze-optimized transformation (HOT). In AHOT, extra steps are added to HOT to remove confusion caused by some land-cover types. The VCP method uses the upper bound of the histogram, as well as the lower bound, so that it enlarges the digital number (DN) variance reduced by haze, which is not considered in DOS. To evaluate this algorithm, hazy subsets of one Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and one QuickBird image are employed. Through before-and-after comparison using true-colour images and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), it proves that the VCP method based on AHOT is apparently better than DOS based on HOT, when haze is distributed over urban areas where vegetation is sparse.     

Masking turbid water in the southeastern Mediterranean Sea utilizing the SeaWiFS 510 nm spectral band

A simplified model for masking water turbidity in the southeastern Mediterranean Sea is suggested and demonstrated using SeaWiFS images. The model is implemented by using a null point at 497?nm (corresponding to SeaWiFS band 4 centred at 510?nm) where the level of reflectance is not affected by change in chlorophyll concentration. Any shift of reflectance above the null point indicates suspended matter present in the water. Masking of pixels with values above the threshold results in elimination of the turbidity. The 510?nm null point can also be used for calculating suspended matter concentrations in the area, since it defines the effects of suspended matter on the spectrum.