The conduction mechanism of polymer–filler particles

In this paper, the electrical properties and the conductive mechanism of polymer-filler particles are discussed using polymer-grafted carbon black. Resistors with resistivities in the range of ca. 10–10⁸ Ω cm were made, and the resistance–temperature relationship was measured between 77 and 298° K. In this temperature range, the resistance decreased with an increase of temperature, suggesting that the electrical conduction is thermally activated. The resistance as a function of field strength was measured by a pulse method. The resistor was a resistivity of ca. 10⁴ Ω cm showed field dependence, and the change of resistance was reversible. It was found that the resistance was independent of temperature at high field strength, and tunneling conduction is predominant. On the basis of these facts, theoretical equations were derived and compared with the experimental values.     

Influence of ionic liquid on the polymer–filler coupling and mechanical properties of nano‐silica filled elastomer

The natural rubber (NR) nanocomposites were fabricated by filling ionic liquid (1‐allyl‐3‐methyl‐imidazolium chloride, AMI) modified nano‐silica (nSiO₂) in NR matrix through mechanical mixing and followed by a cure process. Based on the measurements of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy, it was proved that AMI could interact with nSiO₂ through hydrogen bonds. With the increase of AMI content, the curing rate of nSiO₂/NR increased. The results of bound rubber and dynamic mechanical properties showed that polymer–filler interaction increased with the modification of nSiO₂. Morphology studies revealed that modification of nSiO₂ resulted in a homogenous dispersion of nSiO₂ in NR matrix. AMI modified nSiO₂ could greatly enhance the tensile strength and tear strength of nSiO₂/NR nanocomposites. Compared to unmodified nSiO₂/NR nanocomposite, the tensile strength of AMI modified nSiO₂/NR nanocomposite increased by 102%. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017 , 134, 44478.     

High frequency mechanical properties of a polymer–surfactant filler system

The high frequency mechanical properties have been determined of ammonium perchlorate-polyisobutane mixtures to which surfactants of various kinds have been added. A model has been suggested for the structure of the surfactant layer formed at the interface based on packing density and chain mobility as the controlling factors.     

Effects of filler–filler and polymer–filler interactions on rheological and mechanical properties of HDPE–wood composites

High‐density polyethylene (HDPE)–wood composite samples were prepared using a twin‐screw extruder. Improved filler–filler interaction was achieved by increasing the wood content, whereas improved polymer–filler interaction was obtained by adding the compatibilizer and increasing the melt index of HDPE, respectively. Then, effects of filler–filler and polymer–filler interactions on dynamic rheological and mechanical properties of the composites were investigated. The results demonstrated that enhanced filler–filler interaction induced the agglomeration of wood particles, which increased the storage modulus and complex viscosity of composites and decreased their tensile strength, elongation at break, and notched impact strength because of the stress concentration. Stronger polymer–filler interaction resulted in higher storage modulus and complex viscosity and increased the tensile and impact strengths due to good stress transfer. The main reasons for the results were analyzed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

Study of epoxy resin—filler interaction

A bisphenol-type epoxy resin cured with phthalic anhydride was filled with three types of SiO₂ (untreated, silanized and smaller particle size), CaCO₃, dolomite and Al₂O₃. Also, the concentration of silica was varied. Interaction of filler and resin was estimated by measuring the glass transition temperature (T_g) by different methods. Electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction were used to study the structure of the boundary layer and the bulk polymer. It was found that silica forms strong bonds with the resin and that basic fillers (CaCO₃, Al₂O₃) probably affect the crosslinking process with anhydride as hardener causing lowering of T_g.     

Experimental testing of the polymer–filler gel formation theory. II.

In Part I of the present article predictions of the polymer–filler gel formation theory were tested experimentally using fine-particle silica in natural rubber (NR) and in styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR). Part II brings a more detailed experiment–theory comparison using carbon blacks differing in specific surface area and structure, graphitized blacks, fume silica, and surface-modified (hydrophobized) fume silica. In the region of low and medium filler concentration c, the c-dependence of the fraction G of polymer in polymer–filler gel, of the fraction B of total filler-bound polymer, of the fraction w_disp of solvent-dispersed filler particles were found to be correctly predicted by the theory. The effect of filler characteristics and of the method of its incorporation into the polymer on the values of the adjustable parameters of the theory (filler surface adsorptivity, D, and filler particles connectivity, f) was determined and is discussed. In the region of very high c increasing positive deviations of D from the low-c behavior were observed and an explanation for this effect is proposed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 69: 95–107, 1998     

Use of Flory–Huggins parameters in the characterization of polymer–filler compositions

Any quantitative information on the strength of interactions between an inorganic filler and polymer is substantial for the future application of the composite. The magnitude of adhesion of two phases may be deduced from results collected by various experimental techniques. A Flory–Huggins interaction parameter (χ₂₃^′) was earlier successfully used in the characterization of polymer blends. We propose to express the magnitude of modified filler/polymer interactions by using χ₂₃^′. It was calculated from retention data of test solutes during an inverse gas chromatography (IGC) experiment. IGC is an extension of conventional gas chromatography in which a nonvolatile material to be investigated is immobilized on a column. Parameters determined during IGC experiments may be successfully used in the characterization of polymers and their blends, composites, fillers, and other materials and the quantification of the interactions between the components of polymer mixtures, including the interactions between polymeric components and filler surfaces. Here this method is applied to the characterization of a series of poly(ether urethane)/modified carbonate–silicate filler systems containing different amounts of a filler (5, 10, and 20 wt %). The possibilities and limitations of the IGC method are shown. The usefulness of some methods for minimizing the Δχ effect (the dependence of χ₂₃^′ on the type of test solute) is examined and discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

An all solid-state polymer—polymer electrolyte—lithium rechargeable battery for room temperature applications

A new polymer electrolyte based on polyethylene oxide (PEO) and styrenic macromonomer of PEO—lithium perchlorate complexes, conceived for room-temperature battery applications, has been tested in a lithium polybithiophene rechargeable battery. Cyclability and stability data are reported and discussed.     

Hysteresis temperature dependence in filled rubbers. II. Mechanical mixing,filler microdispersion,and polymer–filler interactions

The effects of mechanical mixing and filler–filler (F–F) and polymer–filler (P–F) interactions on the normalized state of a filler microdispersion [d(x)] and the viscoelastic properties of silica‐filled rubbers were studied. The rubbers were prepared with or without the addition of n‐octyl‐triethoxysilane (OTES) to modify F–F interactions or coupling agents such as 3‐mercaptopropyl‐trimethoxysilane and 3‐mercaptopropyl‐triethoxysilane (MPTES) to increase P–F interactions. Increased mixing improved d(x) and enhanced the hysteresis temperature dependence (HTD) by giving a higher tan δ value near the compound glass‐transition temperature (T_g) but lowered tan δ at elevated temperatures for stocks containing a coupling agent. The changes in P–F and F–F interactions in rubbers with mixing and subsequent thermal treatment were shown to be responsible for the property differences observed among stocks containing different silanes. Attempts were made to quantify the efficiency for improving d(x) with various silanes. The increased P–F interactions in compounds containing MPTES showed better efficiency for improving d(x) and enhancing HTD in comparison with OTES. It was also demonstrated that the change in hysteresis near T_g was mainly governed by the degree of filler networking, whereas elevated‐temperature hysteresis was strongly influenced by the P–F interactions in compounds. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

PP‐based WPCs—Influence of the molar mass of matrix and coupling agent

Six commercial polypropylene (PP) homopolymer grades, ranging from 2 to 125 g/10 min in MFR (230°C/2.16 kg), and from 530 to 180 kDa in terms of molar mass (mass average; M_w), have been tested as matrix polymers in wood polymer composites (WPCs) with a wood content of 40%. To check for possible molecular weight controlled interactions between matrix and additives, five different maleic anhydride grafted PP (MA‐PPs) coupling agents (CAs) have been included in the screening as well. Flexural properties, impact strength, and water absorption of the resulting composites served as responses. In addition, crystallinities, surface contact angles (on solid specimens), and rheological properties of the melt were measured for several compounds. The most important outcome of the study is that matrix polymer properties, as influenced by molar mass, are largely reflected in the resulting WPCs. Surprisingly, water absorption of the composites increases with matrix MFR, a phenomenon as yet not published for PP‐based compounds. Furthermore, dynamic rheometry results indicate that the interaction of wood particles with PP melts is dependent on polymer and coupling agent M_w. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Effect of coupling agent and filler particle size on melt rheology of polymer-bonded Nd-Fe-B magnets

The effect of coupling agents and filler particle size on melt rheology of poly(phenylene sulfide)-bonded neodymium-iron-boron (Nd-Fe-B) alloy magnets was studied with oscillatory flow experiments to accelerate efforts to optimize their processing. The minimum viscosity of the polymer-bonded magnets near 290°C was obtained with Nd Fe B fillers (106–150 particle size range) that were coupled with a silane coupling agent. All the samples tested followed power-law fluid flow behavior. Morphological and dynamic mechanical analysis of the samples showed that the beneficial function of the coupling agent may be ascribed to enhanced wetting of the magnetic Nd Fe B powders by the polymer, improving the processability of the polymer bonded magnets.     

Synthesis and application of polymer–clay nanocomposite‐supported dichromate oxidizing agent

A hybride polymer–clay nanocomposite supported dichromate reagents was prepared. Direct interaction of poly(styrene‐co‐N‐methyl‐4‐vinylpyridinium) iodide with sodium montmorillonite (MMT) through ion exchange between sodium cations in MMT and pyridinium ions in the copolymer afforded a polymer–clay nanocomposite (3). The resulting nanocomposite was reacted with potassium dichromate to form the nanocomposite‐supported reagents (4). The structure of the resulting nanocomposite was characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The dispersion of the MMT particles in the polymer matrix was confirmed using scanning electron microscopy. X‐ray mapping for silicon in the nanocomposite revealed uniform distribution of Si in the polymer matrix. The effectiveness of these materials has been tested for oxidation of saturated primary, secondary and benzylic alcohols to their corresponding aldehydic and ketonic compounds in addition to oxidation of quinol to the corresponding quinone. Importantly, there is almost no formation of side‐product of this process. POLYM. COMPOS., 36:2066–2075, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineer     

颜料、颜料制剂及填料

0506365 具有良好分散性和贮存稳定性的有机颜料分散体的制备；0506366 颜料分散体、用于滤色器的含该颜料分散体的组合物及液晶显示器用滤色器；0506367 用加成聚合产物包膜的颜料及其制备方法和应用；0506368 用乙氧基化物烷基酚表面活性剂调节偶氮颜料的工艺；0506369 溶剂挥发性低的涂料用的光学颜料制备方法……     

颜料、颜料制剂及填料

()3()3348二氧化钦颜料组合物:wOOZ一77一()7[国际专利申请‘德12德国:KronoS Titan Gmbh&eo.Ohg(Bender.Juel·gen等)一2002一0.3一18页一DE10第3期顾料、瓶料制刑致镇料1 15 544(2001.3.28):IPCC()gC 具有改善了不透明性和良好耐光性、亮度和湿强度(用于纸张时)的题述二氧化钦颜料组合物含有具有高耐光性的颜料(A型颜料)和在片层沉淀中增加了硅和铝的含量的颜料(B型颜料)的混合物,其中硅含量(以510:计一)夕3%(与基础颜料相关),硅和铝的总含量)7%B型颜料首选含量为30%一50%的金红石型二氧化钦颜料0303349改性硅烷处理的颜料或填料…     

颜料、颜料制剂及填料

第2期瓶料、顾料制利践镇料0302387用于长效防污海洋涂料的含苔醉虫化石的颜料:JPZ()()2一241 645旧本专利公开]/日本:S[lt(),MasahirO.(Yok()yama,Kotaro)一2()028.28一3页一2()01/83 855(2001.2.]5):IPCC()9C3/06 题述颜料含干燥粉碎的苔鲜虫化石和氧化铜粉末含该彦衅粕勺防污涂料不含有机锡化合物.山此不会引起海洋污染0302388颜料分散体的制备及其应用:w002一74866[国I标专利中请,英]/美国:E.I.D‘,po,,t Lle Ne‘,,‘,u,‘sand CornPany(Rodrigues,Alla一BlaseJ()sePh等)一2()()2 .9.26一14页一US PV227()()7(2()()1 .3.19…     

颜料、颜料制剂及填料

铝颜料，其制备工艺及树脂组合物：WO2004—96 921，彩色水泥型建筑材料用快速分解颜料浓缩物：WO2004—96 922，改进流变性的溶剂型涂料组合物用颜料分散体：US2004-122 160，可再分散粒状颜料的制法：WO2004—53 000，以透明基板为基础的高光泽银白色干涉颜料：WO2004—55 119，含铋氧卤化物的颜料固体溶液：WO2004—99078……     

颜料、颜料制剂及填料

社(柳本宏光等卜2002.7.24一01 133 820.2(2001.1 2.21):IPC C09B67/000301324有机颜料用的多磷酸的调节工艺:WO02一38 681[国际专利申请,英]/美国:SunChemical Corporation(Sung,Edward H.等)一2002.5 .16一12页一US710 274(2000.11.10):IPCCOgB67/14 粗制天然有机颜料的调节过程包括在高剪切下将l份粗制颜料和约0.5一1.9份多磷酸(P队)或聚磷酸甲醋于90一160 OC加热,这样便得到粉碎较均匀的颜料,该颜料对聚合物材料有高着色力和着色稳定性例如.将N,N’一二甲基一3,4,9,10一四羚酸二酸亚胺在120一135“C下与P以捏合,所得产品用…     

颜料、颜料制剂及填料

二氧化硅颜料在水性丙烯酸涂料和溶剂型丙烯酸涂料中的应用；含干涉颜料的层状物、其制备和使用；层状干涉颜料；耐腐蚀颜料粒子的制备及其在金属表面保护涂料中的应用；亮度、光泽及化学稳定性优异的含钒酸铋晶体的黄颜料；微结构效应颜料的制备；