类泛素介导和热激响应协同提高酿酒酵母的热稳定性

通过调节类泛素和热激响应介导的酿酒酵母内部的活性蛋白质平衡,提高酵母细胞的热稳定性和乙醇发酵性能,从而达到工业生产中降低控温能耗的目的。将5个蛋白质平衡相关基因分别与调控基因FBA1p组合构建耐热元器件,并将其导入酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae INVSC1,通过梯度升温培养筛选得到能赋予酵母细胞较好耐热性的类泛素元器件FBA1p-atg8和热激蛋白元器件FBA1p-hsp104;其对应的工程菌S.c-ATG8和S.c-HSP104在40℃恒定培养下,OD660值均比对照高50%以上(84 h),细胞存活率分别是对照的1.64倍和3.01倍(72 h),且都具有较好的细胞壁完整性及海藻糖合成量。将atg8与hsp104组合构建成双功能耐热元器件,其工程菌S.c-ATG8-HSP104在40℃恒定发酵的生长能力、细胞活力和乙醇生产能力都明显优于S.c-ATG8与S.c-HSP104。结果表明,通过类泛素介导与热激蛋白响应协同调节胞内活性蛋白质平衡可以有效地提高酿酒酵母的热稳定性。     

类金刚石薄膜热稳定性及热磨损机理研究进展

类金刚石(DLC)薄膜作为典型的固体润滑剂,耐热性差一直是制约其高温服役性能以及产业化推进的主要原因之一。高温将直接影响DLC碳基骨架稳定性,进而限制其优异摩擦学性能的发挥。分别从DLC热稳定性影响因素、热稳定性研究方法以及热磨损机理研究进展3个方面展开介绍,分析未来的发展趋势,以期为DLC高温环境下服役性能研究提供技术参考。     

大肠杆菌温敏耐热系统的构建与应用

发酵过程中热胁迫不仅影响微生物的生长和生产,还因冷却控温增加了生产成本。通过人工设计合成的温敏型RNA开关调控来源于腾冲嗜热菌(Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis MB4)的热激蛋白DnaK的表达,该温敏型耐热系统显著提高了大肠杆菌的耐热性,同时还减少了大肠杆菌在37℃过表达热激蛋白的代谢负荷。将该系统应用于产赖氨酸大肠杆菌的高温发酵,不仅强化了其在40℃下的生长能力,而且显著提高了其在高温下的生产能力,赖氨酸产量比对照组提高了2.95倍。温敏型耐热系统的应用为人工耐热生物系统的构建提供了新方法。     

有机锡和金属皂类热稳定剂并用对软质PVC脱HCl反应的影响

采用刚果红法研究了有机锡和金属皂类热稳定剂的并用对软质PVC脱HCl反应的影响。在实验过程中,硬脂酸钡(BaSt2)、硬脂酸钙(CaSt2)、硬脂酸锌(ZnSt2)分别单独、两两和三者混合后与双丁基硫醇锡并用。重点讨论了金属皂用量对软质PVC刚果红初始变色时间和完全变色时间以及初始变色温度的影响。实验结果表明,单独使用时,BaSt2与有机锡的并用效果最好,能产生明显的协同效应;在两两混合与有机锡并用的过程中,BaSt2/CaSt2的并用效果最好,它们与有机锡也能产生较明显的协同作用;而在3种金属皂与有机锡并用后,软质PVC的脱HCl过程不但没有被抑制,反而被加速。     

硝胺类含能化合物ADNQ和APX的合成及热性能

以硝基胍(NQ)为原料,经硝化合成了中间体1,2–二硝基胍(DNQ),然后与碳酸铵反应得到1,2–二硝基胍铵(ADNQ);DNQ与碳酸氢钾进行酸碱中和反应得到1,2–二硝基胍钾(PDNQ),最后在碘化钠和18–冠–6醚相转移催化剂的作用下与1,3–二氯–2–硝氨基氮杂丙烷进行取代反应合成了1,7–二氨基–1,7–二硝氨基–2,4,6–三硝基–2,4,6–三氮杂庚烷(APX)。采用红外光谱、核磁、质谱以及元素分析等进行了中间体与目标化合物的结构表征;采用差示扫描量热(DSC)、热重(TG)等手段研究了目标化合物的热性能。     

Analysis of protein conformational characteristics related to thermostability

The thermal stability of proteins was studied, 195 single aminoacid residue replacements reported elsewhere being analysedfor several protein conformational characteristics: type ofresidue replacement; conservative versus nonconservative substitution;replacement being in a homologous stretch of amino acid residues;change in hydrogen bond, van der Waals and secondary structurepropensities; solvent-accessible versus inaccessible replacement;type of secondary structure involved in the substitution; thephysico-chemical characteristics to which the thermostabilityenhancement can be attributed; and the relationship of the replacementsite to the folding intermediates of the protein, when known.From the above analyses, some general rules arise which suggestwhere amino acid substitutions can be made to enhance proteinthermostability: substitutions are conservative according tothe Dayhoff matrix; mainly occur on conserved stretches of residues;preferentially occur on solvent-accessible residues; maintainor enhance the secondary structure propensity upon substitution;contribute to neutralize the dipole moment of the caps of helicesand strands; and tend to increase the number of potential hydrogenbonding or van der Waals contacts or improve hydrophobic packing.     

Chemical proteomics reveals heat shock protein 60 to be the main cellular target of the marine bioactive sesterterpene suvanine

Marine bioactive compounds are potential drug leads because of their diverse pharmacological effects against human diseases. The identification of their cellular targets is crucial for a rational approach to their application in medicinal chemistry. Thus, we have analyzed the cell interactome of suvanine, a sulfated tricyclic terpenoid of marine origin endowed with an interesting anti-inflammatory activity, by application of a chemical proteomic approach. Heat Shock Protein 60, a chaperone involved in the inflammatory response, is the main cellular target of suvanine, which is also able to interfere with protein chaperone activity, giving evidence for its anti-inflammatory properties.     

The thermostability of DNA-binding protein HU from bacilli

The primary and tertiary structures of DNA-binding protein HUfrom Bacillus stearothermophilus are already known. The primarystructure has been previously determined for HU from the closelyrelated B.globigü and the determinations of the sequencesfrom B.caldolyticus and B.subtilis are described here. Thesebacteria have optimum growth temperatures of > 70C (B.caldolyticus),65C (B.stearothermophilus), 37C (B.subtilis) and 30C (B.globigü).in vitro measurements from circular dichroic spectra describedhere give T_m values reflecting these growth temperatures, of68, 64, 43 and 41C respectively. We discuss here the relativethermostability of the four proteins in terms of the amino aciddifferences between the sequences and the three-dimensionalmodel of the B.stearothermophilus HU. The current model forthe interaction of the protein with DNA is only discussed interms of its relevance with regard to thermostability.     

金属基耐高温陶瓷涂层抗热冲击性能的研究

为提高金属基陶瓷涂层的抗热冲击性能，以无机胶粘剂磷酸二氢铝、耐磨陶瓷骨料氧化铝、碳化硅和氧化镁混合后涂覆于金属表面制得陶瓷涂层。通过交替加热及冷却试验测试该陶瓷涂层的抗热冲击性能，并与其他人的研究数据进行比较。所得涂层抗热冲击次数超过10次，超过了其他人的实验数据，这是由于涂层与基体在界面处相互扩散形成过渡层。另外，宏观上的机械联锁有利于提高涂层与基体在界面处的结合，从而提高了其抗热冲击性能。     

合成生物学在医药及能源领域的应用

合成生物学是以工程学思想为指导,对天然生物系统进行重新设计与改造,同时设计并合成新的生物元件、模块和系统的崭新学科。合成生物学是自然科学发展到现阶段的产物,并已经在医药、能源等领域取得了一些显著成果。本文综述了在工程细胞中利用合成生物学方法构建抗疟疾药物青蒿素的前体物青蒿二烯,抗癌药物紫杉醇的前体物紫杉二烯,以及脂肪酸酯、脂肪醇、高级醇的合成途径等研究进展。此外,一些重要的合成生物学相关技术,大大加速工程细胞的重构与进化,为构建应用于生产领域的新功能细胞提供方便实用的工具。     

基于系统生物学和合成生物学的重要平台化学品生物制造的研究进展

基于生物质资源的平台化学品制造,是解决目前石化资源枯竭和环境问题的重要措施,对经济社会的可持续发展具有重要意义。本文主要介绍了系统生物学和合成生物学在有机酸(琥珀酸、富马酸、L-苹果酸、葡萄糖二酸、丙酮酸、苯丙酮酸、α-酮戊二酸)以及其他平台化学品(2,5-呋喃二甲酸)生物制造中的应用,并展望了生物制造在平台化学品生产中的未来发展方向。     

Towards Functional Orthogonalisation of Protein Complexes: Individualisation of GroEL Monomers Leads to Distinct Quasihomogeneous Single Rings

The essential molecular chaperonin GroEL is an example of a functionally highly versatile cellular machine with a wide variety of in vitro applications ranging from protein folding to drug release. Directed evolution of new functions for GroEL is considered difficult, due to its structure as a complex homomultimeric double ring and the absence of obvious molecular engineering strategies. In order to investigate the potential to establish an orthogonal GroEL system in Escherichia coli, which might serve as a basis for GroEL evolution, we first successfully individualised groEL genes by inserting different functional peptide tags into a robustly permissive site identified by transposon mutagenesis. These peptides allowed fundamental aspects of the intracellular GroEL complex stoichiometry to be studied and revealed that GroEL single‐ring complexes, which assembled in the presence of several functionally equivalent but biochemically distinct monomers, each consist almost exclusively of only one type of monomer. At least in the case of GroEL, individualisation of monomers thus leads to individualisation of homomultimeric protein complexes, effectively providing the prerequisites for evolving an orthogonal intracellular GroEL folding machine.     

Pressure variation due to heat shock of CO2hydrate desserts

CO₂ hydrate desserts are carbonated frozen desserts in which the CO₂ is trapped in a crystalline water‐carbon dioxide structure called a CO₂ clathrate hydrate. The CO₂ concentration of the dessert enables strong perception of carbonation, but CO₂ hydrate dissociation during heat shock can cause high package pressures during storage and distribution. In this work, a model is developed for package pressure as a function of temperature, CO₂ content, package volume, dessert mass, and recipe. The model is validated by comparison with an experimental measurement of the pressure and mass of a CO₂ hydrate dessert subjected to heat shock. It is shown that during heat shock a sealed package can reach pressures greater than the ice‐CO₂ hydrate equilibrium pressure. At pressures above the ice‐CO₂ hydrate equilibrium pressure, the fraction of water crystallized in the dessert can be increased, potentially mitigating heat shock damage. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012     

Preparation and thermal shock resistance of cordierite-spodumene composite ceramics for solar heat transmission pipeline

Cordierite-spodumene composite ceramics with 5, 10, 15 wt% spodumene used for solar heat transmission pipeline were in-situ prepared via pressureless sintering from kaolin, talc, γ-Al₂O₃ and spodumene. Effects of spodumene on densification, mechanical properties, thermal shock resistance, phase composition and microstructure of the composite ceramics were investigated. The results showed that spodumene used as flux material decreased the sintering temperature greatly by 40–80 °C, and improved densification and mechanical properties of the composite ceramics. Especially, sample A3 with 10 wt% spodumene additive sintered at 1380 °C exhibited the best bending strength and thermal shock resistance. The bending strengths of A3 before and after 30 thermal shock cycles (wind cooling from 1100 °C to room temperature) were 102.88 MPa and 96.29 MPa, respectively. XRD analysis indicated that the main phases of the samples before 30 thermal shock cycles were α-cordierite, α-quartz and MgAl₂O₄, and plenty of β-spodumene appeared after thermal shock. SEM micrographs illustrated that the submicron β-spodumene grains generated at the grain boundaries after thermal shock improved the thermal shock resistance. It is believed that the cordierite-spodumene composite ceramics can be a promising candidate material for heat transmission pipeline in the solar thermal power generation.