微生物合成2,3-丁二醇的代谢工程

2,3-丁二醇(2,3-BD)是一种重要的微生物代谢产物,广泛应用于食品、医药、化工等多个领域。微生物合成2,3-BD的效率不高一直制约着其生物制造工业化进程,应用代谢工程的理论和方法优化微生物的代谢途径有望解决这一问题。本文全面总结了近年来微生物合成2,3-BD研究过程中的菌株改造和构建技术,包括过表达合成途径中的关键酶编码基因、敲除旁路代谢途径关键酶编码基因、应用辅因子工程手段对天然菌株代谢网络进行重新设计和合理改造,以及利用合成生物学技术在模式菌株中构建全新的代谢途径,实现2,3-BD的高效生物合成。最后,本文对未来的研究方向进行了展望,提出了进一步利用先进的合成生物学方法构建高效细胞工厂的指导性建议。     

酿酒酵母高效合成萜类化合物的组合调控策略

萜类化合物具有广泛的生理活性与重要的经济价值,利用酿酒酵母进行萜类合成具有低价、高效等优势。然而部分植物源合成萜类的关键酶在酿酒酵母中难表达、产量低,难以工业应用,因此有效的调控策略显得至关重要。本文从萜类化合物在酿酒酵母中的合成途径入手,介绍了关键酶、代谢途径、CRISPR基因编辑系统和人工合成染色体技术4个方面的调控策略在酿酒酵母合成萜类化合物中的应用。阐述了关键酶的筛选、改造,理性与非理性设计,MVA途径、乙酰辅酶A合成途径与亚细胞结构的代谢途径改造的优势。指出了多重调控策略组合调控的方式是实现酿酒酵母高效合成萜类化合物的有效方法。此外,CRISPR基因编辑系统与人工合成染色体技术的快速发展将为酿酒酵母细胞工厂的深入开发与利用提供有力工具。     

微生物合成植物天然产物的细胞工厂设计与构建

植物天然产物结构多样,具有丰富的生理活性与功能。利用微生物细胞工厂生产来源稀缺、获取难度大的植物天然产物具有经济可行、环境友好等优势。本文系统介绍了萜烯、黄酮以及生物碱的生物合成途径及其关键酶,阐述了差异转录组学、同功酶挖掘等途径解析与重构的方法。指出关键酶改造、途径动态调控、代谢区室化与代谢网络再平衡是增大外源途径代谢通量、抑制副产物合成、降低产物毒性与菌株代谢负担、提高目标产物合成能力的有效策略。提出了解析合成植物天然产物关键酶在微生物中的催化特异性机制、开发外源途径的高效组装方法等进一步提高微生物细胞工厂生产效率的建议。     

代谢工程改造蛋氨酸代谢途径构建高产L-蛋氨酸大肠杆菌

以Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)为出发菌株,敲除其蛋氨酸合成途径中关键酶的阻遏基因metJ,使菌株积累蛋氨酸达22 mg/L. 在此基础上,利用紫外诱变筛选育出一株抗蛋氨酸结构类似物的蛋氨酸高产菌株YB12,使蛋氨酸产量提高到60 mg/L. 通过过量表达蛋氨酸合成途径中的metA和cysE基因及编码蛋氨酸转运蛋白的yeaS基因,YB12菌株积累蛋氨酸量提高到251 mg/L. 结果表明,蛋氨酸在胞外的积累受多个基因、多种代谢途径调控,单独敲除某个基因或改造某个途径不能使蛋氨酸大量合成和积累,对多个代谢途径共同改造是构建蛋氨酸工程菌的最有效方法.     

合成生物学在生物基塑料制造中的应用

合成生物学是以工程学思想为指导,对天然生物基因组进行改造和重构,合成新的生物元件,构建新的代谢途径,生产新产品或获得新表型的新兴学科。生物基塑料是以天然物质为原料在微生物作用或化学反应下生成的塑料。利用合成生物学改造工程菌株的方法制备合成生物基塑料已经成为学术界和产业界关注的热点。本文综述了合成生物学的发展和重要的合成生物学技术,重点综述了利用合成生物学技术构建聚羟基烷酸酯、尼龙、聚乳酸和丁二酸丁二醇酯等生物基塑料聚合物单体及其衍生物的代谢途径和工程优化领域的研究进展。     

动态调控元件及其在微生物代谢工程中的应用

代谢工程是通过对代谢途径的设计、构建与优化,进行营养品、药品、生物燃料以及化工产品等各种生物基产品合成的关键技术。传统的改造策略如基因的敲除、弱化与过表达会造成代谢流的失衡,而利用微生物自身的调控方式和调控元件,构建合成调控元件,对代谢途径进行动态调控,可以平衡细胞生长与产物合成,从而实现高产量、高底物转化率与高生产强度的统一。利用微生物在转录水平对于外界环境以及胞内代谢物浓度的变化的响应机制,以及在转录后水平通过顺式及反式作用元件的调控,和在蛋白质水平通过途径酶的别构调节以及对蛋白质降解速率的调节,都能开发出相应的动态调控元件并对微生物的代谢进行动态调控。本文分别从转录水平、转录后水平及蛋白质水平3个层次总结了目前常见的一些动态调控元件,并对其在微生物代谢工程中的应用进行了介绍。     

他克莫司微生物合成的研究进展

介绍了他克莫司的理化特征和免疫抑制活性,重点阐述了他克莫司发酵法生产的研究现状,着重介绍了他克莫司的合成基因簇及代谢途径研究进展,对他克莫司代谢工程改造进行综述并对今后的研究趋势进行了展望--结合系统生物学为已有的他克莫司菌株进一步进行代谢工程改造提供指导;通过合成生物学构建他克莫司合成途径全新高效的前体关键酶。     

放线菌聚酮类化合物的合成生物学研究及生物制造

聚酮化合物具有广泛的药用活性和极高的经济价值,但如何高效、经济、绿色、环保地合成聚酮化合物是目前急需解决的问题。随着合成生物学的发展及分子生物学技术的进步,不断有新的技术和策略被用于聚酮化合物的生物制造。本文介绍了聚酮化合物生物制造中的关键酶、前体物质及代谢途径等,分析了通过CRISPR技术及翻译后修饰代谢工程优化代谢调控网络;通过替换及优化启动子等手段改造与优化代谢途径;通过构建简单、高效的异源表达系统等策略提高聚酮化合物的生物制造效率等。在此基础上对红霉素、阿维菌素、多杀菌素的合成生物学研究的最新进展进行了总结,进而对当前聚酮化合物生物制造面临的产量及效率低下等问题和可能的解决途径,如平衡初级代谢与次级代谢,构建新型、优势底盘细胞及代谢网络的重新设计与改造等进行了展望。     

盾叶薯蓣糖化液发酵生产2,3-丁二醇

利用克雷伯氏杆菌以盾叶薯蓣糖化液为底物发酵生产2,3-丁二醇(2,3-BD),考察了2,3-BD浓度、生产强度、有机酸生成及代谢流量分布情况. 结果表明,盾叶薯蓣中的有机酸成分能促进三羧酸循环途径和乙酸途径的代谢流,减弱琥珀酸途径的代谢流,从而提高2,3-BD的浓度. 以盾叶薯蓣糖化液为底物,采用批式流加方式,补加固体葡萄糖,发酵56 h,发酵液中2,3-BD最终浓度达到80.20 g/L,乙偶姻与2,3-BD浓度之和最终达到86.19 g/L,生产强度达到1.54 g/(L×h),比单独以葡萄糖为底物时分别提高了8.50%, 7.38%和7.69%.     

工业微生物还原型辅酶Ⅱ的代谢调控研究进展

还原型辅酶Ⅱ（NADPH）主要参与细胞合成代谢,是微生物代谢网络中含量最丰富的氧化还原辅酶之一。辅酶工程作为代谢工程的重要分支,通过改变微生物胞内辅酶再生途径,进而改变细胞内代谢产物构成。本文在归纳NADPH产生途径和调控的基础上,分析和评述了工业微生物基于辅酶工程的NADPH代谢调控研究进展,包括过量表达NADPH代谢相关酶、敲除NADPH代谢相关基因及引入特定代谢途径等策略,指出今后的研究重点在于深入理解NADPH调控与中心碳代谢网络的相互作用,为利用代谢工程进行细胞工厂改造提供 基础。     

Efficient production of chemicals from microorganism by metabolic engineering and synthetic biology

The use of traditional chemical catalysis to produce chemicals has a series of drawbacks, such as high dependence on fossil resources, high energy consumption, and environmental pollution. With the development of synthetic biology and metabolic engineering, the use of renewable biomass raw materials for chemicals synthesis by constructing efficient microbial cell factories is a green way to replace traditional chemical catalysis and traditional microbial fermentation. This review mainly summarizes several types of bulk chemicals and high value-added chemicals using metabolic engineering and synthetic biology strategies to achieve efficient microbial production. In addition, this review also summarizes several strategies for effectively regulating microbial cell metabolism. These strategies can achieve the coupling balance of material and energy by regulating intracellular material metabolism or energy metabolism, and promote the efficient production of target chemicals by microorganisms.     

Cell-free synthetic biology in the new era of enzyme engineering

With the gradual rise of enzyme engineering, it has played an essential role in synthetic biology, medicine, and biomanufacturing. However, due to the limitation of the cell membrane, the complexity of cellular metabolism, the difficulty of controlling the reaction environment, and the toxicity of some metabolic products in traditional in vivo enzyme engineering, it is usually problematic to express functional enzymes and produce a high yield of synthesized compounds. Recently, cell-free synthetic biology methods for enzyme engineering have been proposed as alternative strategies. This cell-free method has no limitation of the cell membrane and no need to maintain cell viability, and each biosynthetic pathway is highly flexible. This property makes cell-free approaches suitable for the production of valuable products such as functional enzymes and chemicals that are difficult to synthesize. This article aims to discuss the latest advances in cell-free enzyme engineering, assess the trend of this developing topical filed, and analyze its prospects.     

Expanding the repertoire of aromatic chemicals by microbial production

Microbial production of aromatic chemicals would greatly contribute to solving the problems with fossil resource supply and environmentally sustainable development. Engineering and extending the shikimate/aromatic amino acid biosynthetic pathways are important routes for microbial production of various aromatic chemicals. With advances in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology, we can broaden the product spectrum and obtain several valuable and novel aromatic chemicals from renewable feedstocks. Here, in this review, the latest research progress on microbial production of various aromatic chemicals, and recent metabolic engineering and synthetic biology strategies targeting the central carbon metabolism, the shikimate and aromatic amino acid biosynthetic pathways are summarized and discussed. This work aims to provide some valuable tips for the construction of cost‐effective engineered strains for producing various aromatic chemicals. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry     

核糖核酸开关用于微生物细胞工厂的智能与精细调控

利用代谢工程与合成生物技术对细胞内复杂的代谢网络和调控网络进行重构和改造,以建立合成新化合物或提高目标产物产量的微生物细胞工厂是当今绿色化工技术发展的方向之一。微生物代谢途径的调控受环境和遗传的双重影响,细胞通过全局转录因子、信使分子和反馈抑制等方式响应环境变化来维持细胞的内稳态;同时细胞还受自身遗传基因线路的调控,在转录、翻译以及翻译后修饰过程中调控特定基因的表达。核糖核酸开关是一类调控基因线路表达的RNA元件,通过与金属离子、糖类衍生物、氨基酸、核酸衍生物以及辅酶等特异性配体结合发生的构象变化,从而启动或阻断mRNA的转录、翻译、拼接等过程来调控基因的表达。核糖核酸开关作为天然的生物感受器和效应器通过人工设计可成为微生物细胞工厂智能化和精细化调控的分子工具,并在化工、医药、环保、食品等领域得到广泛应用。     

微生物细胞工厂碳流调控进展

随着代谢工程技术的进步,越来越多微生物细胞工厂可用于化学品发酵生产。微生物细胞生产化学品具有生产条件温和、环境友好等优势,是实现化学品绿色可持续生产的重要手段。为了提高微生物细胞工厂的产量、得率和生产强度,传统代谢工程手段主要采用基因过表达或基因敲除方式增大目标代谢路径碳代谢流。然而由于代谢流调控精度不足,易导致细胞生产能力下降。本文主要针对微生物细胞工厂碳流调控中存在的瓶颈问题,从代谢流改造靶点选择、细胞生长与产物合成碳流平衡、副产物路径与产物合成竞争、产物合成效率强化四个角度,系统综述微生物细胞工厂碳代谢流调控的最新进展。并从高精度、仿生学、智能化、多任务、快响应调控工具的设计出发,对未来微生物细胞工厂的发展趋势进行展望。     

Engineering Bacterial Cellulose by Synthetic Biology

Synthetic biology is an advanced form of genetic manipulation that applies the principles of modularity and engineering design to reprogram cells by changing their DNA. Over the last decade, synthetic biology has begun to be applied to bacteria that naturally produce biomaterials, in order to boost material production, change material properties and to add new functionalities to the resulting material. Recent work has used synthetic biology to engineer several Komagataeibacter strains; bacteria that naturally secrete large amounts of the versatile and promising material bacterial cellulose (BC). In this review, we summarize how genetic engineering, metabolic engineering and now synthetic biology have been used in Komagataeibacter strains to alter BC, improve its production and begin to add new functionalities into this easy-to-grow material. As well as describing the milestone advances, we also look forward to what will come next from engineering bacterial cellulose by synthetic biology.     

Application of synthetic biology in manufacture of bio-based plastics

Synthetic biology is a new discipline that uses engineering ideas as a guide to transform and reconstruct natural biological genomes, synthesize new biological components, construct new metabolic routes, and produce novel products or obtain new phenotypes. Bio-based plastics are plastics produced under the action of microorganisms or the chemical reactions using natural materials as raw materials. The usage of synthetic biology to construct engineered strains to produce bio-based plastics has become a hot topic in academia and industry. This paper reviews the development of synthetic biology and important techniques in the field of synthetic biology, focusing on the research progress in the field of metabolic pathways and engineering optimization for the construction of bio-based plastic polymer monomers and derivatives such as polyhydroxyalkanoate, nylon, polylactic acid, and butylene glycol succinate using synthetic biological techniques.     

人工代谢路径适配性的研究进展

微生物细胞工厂以可再生资源为原料,实现了大宗化学品和天然产物的可持续生产,并有望替代石油化工炼制和动植物提取。剪接天然或人工代谢路径是构建微生物细胞工厂的基础。然而,剪接代谢路径造成的代谢流扰动,导致微生物细胞工厂的适配性差,降低了微生物细胞工厂的生产性能。提高人工代谢路径之间的适配性,以及人工代谢路径与底盘微生物细胞之间的适配性,将是改善微生物细胞工厂生产性能的关键。本文从强化与平衡人工代谢路径的代谢通量,解除人工代谢路径与底盘细胞内源代谢路径的交互作用,以及强化人工代谢路径与底盘细胞整体代谢网络的适配性层面,对提高微生物细胞工厂适配性的研究现状进行介绍。开发高效的多重适配性调控策略,在细胞水平重置代谢路径的适配性与提高微生物细胞对代谢产物的适配性,将是未来的研究重点。     

Recent advancements in bioreactions of cellular and cell-free systems: A study of bacterial cellulose as a model

Conventional approaches of regulating natural biochemical and biological processes are greatly hampered by the complexity of natural systems. Therefore, current biotechnological research is focused on improving biological systems and processes using advanced technologies such as genetic and metabolic engineering. These technologies, which employ principles of synthetic and systems biology, are greatly motivated by the diversity of living organisms to improve biological processes and allow the manipulation and reprogramming of target bioreactions and cellular systems. This review describes recent developments in cell biology, as well as genetic and metabolic engineering, and their role in enhancing biological processes. In particular, we illustrate recent advancements in genetic and metabolic engineering with respect to the production of bacterial cellulose (BC) using the model systems Gluconacetobacter xylinum and Gluconacetobacter hansenii. Besides, the cell-free enzyme system, representing the latest engineering strategies, has been comprehensively described. The content covered in the current review will lead readers to get an insight into developing novel metabolic pathways and engineering novel strains for enhanced production of BC and other bioproducts formation.