胶原/甘油共混溶液的流变性能

采用旋转流变仪和动态流变仪研究胶原/甘油共混溶液的稳态和动态流变性能,考查温度、剪切速率和胶原浓度对流动曲线的影响.结果表明,胶原/甘油共混溶液是假塑性流体,非牛顿指数,n随着甘油浓度的增加而减小,甘油的存在降低了共混溶液对温度依赖性,具体表现为:共混溶液n值的变化范围明显减小,流动曲线稳定.提高剪切速率比升高温度更能有效改善胶原/甘油共混溶液的流动性.体系中胶原浓度的改变,对共混溶液的粘弹性影响较大.     

天然胶原的稳态流变性能和数学模拟

用旋转流变仪研究胶原溶液的稳态流变性能,讨论了浓度和温度的变化对胶原溶液流动曲线的影响。实验数据显示胶原溶液的剪切粘度随着剪切速率的增大而降低,表明胶原溶液具有明显的假塑性。同一剪切速率下,温度升高,胶原溶液的剪切粘度降低;浓度增大,剪切粘度增大。用幂律方程、Carreau方程和Cross方程对胶原溶液的流动曲线进行数学拟合,结果表明幂律方程,Carreau方程和Cross方程都能准确地描述胶原的流动曲线,其中幂律方程的粘度指数K和非牛顿指数n的变化能准确反映胶原假塑性的变化;Carreau方程和Cross方程的参数比幂律方程多,其拟合得到的曲线和实验数据吻合得更好。但在本实验条件下,Carreau方程和Cross方程预测的零剪切粘度η0和无穷剪切粘度η∞不准确。     

酰化胶原溶液的流变行为研究

应用流变学的方法研究了酰化胶原溶液的流体力学性能。结果表明,酰化胶原溶液属于假塑性流体,随着剪切速率的增大,表现出明显的剪切变稀行为。当温度从25℃升高到30℃,酰化胶原分子的热运动增加,分子间的物理缠结逐渐降低,导致酰化胶原溶液的剪切粘度、弹性模量(G′)、粘性模量(G″)和复数粘度逐渐降低,而损耗因子却不断升高。酰化胶原溶液的柔量随温度升高而升高,表明其抵抗变形的能力逐渐降低。基于数学模型的拟合结果表明,幂律方程、Carreau和Cross方程可有效描述溶液的稳态测试曲线,Lenovo、Burger和Herschel-Bulkley方程分别对动态频率、蠕变和触变曲线具有较好的拟合效果。     

丝素蛋白/聚乳酸共混溶液的流变性能

以六氟异丙醇(HFIP)为丝素/聚乳酸(SF/PLA)的溶剂,得到了不同质量比的SF/PLA共混溶液。采用锥板流变仪研究了共混溶液的流变性能,探讨了共混溶液的非牛顿指数、流动曲线及表观粘流活化能。研究结果表明,在本实验条件下,共混溶液为非牛顿流体;低剪切速率时,SF/PLA共混液是剪切增稠流体;高剪切速率时,SF/PLA共混溶液是剪切变稀流体,添加PLA组分使共混液的黏度下降;各种比例SF/PLA共混溶液的黏度受温度影响不大。     

聚丙烯腈/二甲基亚砜溶液的流变学性质

用HAAKE公司RSl50L型流变仪研究了PAN／DMSO溶液的流变学性质．讨论了温度、溶液浓度及PAN的分子量对流动曲线的影响。结果表明,在较低的剪切速率下,随温度的升高、浓度的降低及分子量的减小,流动曲线下移,并且开始向非牛顿区转变的临界切变速率增大．在较高剪切速率下,初始粘度低的溶液的粘度最高．在一定的浓度和剪切速率下溶液的粘度随温度的变化符合Arrhenius方程式．溶液在非牛顿区存在粘度突变现象．     

胶原溶液流变性能的研究

以纯化猪皮为原料提取胶原,配制不同浓度胶原溶液研究其流变性能,采用幂律方程拟合流动曲线,拟合程度非常高,以黏流活化能分析了黏度对温度的依赖性。讨论了胶原溶液浓度、剪切速率、温度对其黏度的影响。结果表明,该胶原溶液具有假塑性流体特征,浓度越高,非牛顿指数n越小,假塑性越强,黏度随剪切速率增大而下降的程度越明显。相同剪切速率下,温度升高,各浓度胶原溶液黏度下降。浓度越高,黏流活化能越大,对温度越敏感。     

壳聚糖/环糊精复合体系水溶液性质和流变行为

通过溶液共混法制备了壳聚糖/环糊精(CS/CD)复合溶液,并通过流变测试和透射电镜研究了其流变特性及相关影响因素.研究结果表明,CS溶液发生临界剪切变稀的临界剪切速率γc受到浓度影响,浓度越高,γc则越小.β-CD与CS通过氢键形成的CS/CD复合结构对强剪切十分敏感.相比纯CS溶液,CD浓度为0.5％的CS/CD复合...     

ABS／CPE二元共混体系流变性能研究

通过测试一系列不同配比的ＡＢＳ／ＣＰＥ二元共混体系的流变性能，探讨了组分比、温度等对体系粘度特性的影响。结果表明，共混体系具有剪切变稀的非牛顿性质，体系的表观切粘度随ＣＰＥ在共混体系中的含量增加而有不同程度的增加；温度升高，体系的表观切粘度下降，温度对体系粘度特性的影响随ＣＰＥ含量的增加而减少，随切变速率的增大而减少；理论上讨论分析了ＡＢＳ与ＣＰＥ之间的微观相作用。     

琼脂糖衍生物的支链结构、流变行为和胶凝过程的研究

研究了具有不同支链、取代度和胶凝温度的琼脂糖衍生物的流变行为。测定了降温过程的流变曲线,讨论了取代度和支链性质对粘度和粘流活化能的影响。体系在胶凝前发生了反触变→无触变→触变性的转化现象。流变特性、粘度和屈服应力随温度的降低和时问而变化表现在胶凝过程,体系发生了结构的变化。     

丁二烯-苯乙烯嵌段共聚物溶液粘度的测定和研究

采用NEX－1型锥板粘度计和HAAK－100型锥板粘度计测定了丁二烯－苯乙烯嵌段共聚物（SBS）两种型号SBS1401和SBS4402的环己烷溶液和甲苯溶液的粘度,温度范围为20℃-60℃,浓度范围为1％－25％。研究了各种因素对溶液粘度的影响,并计算出了运动粘度。8％以下溶液呈现牛顿流体的性质,粘度基本不随剪切速率改变。浓度从10％起,溶液呈现出非牛顿性,粘度随剪切速率呈幂率变化,粘流活化能随剪切速率的增加而增高。在本文的测量范围内,绝对粘度与浓度呈三次多项式的关系,运动粘度与浓度呈指数关系。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...