淮河流域径流时空变化特征分析

基于淮河流域主要干支流26个水文站点1956-2008年的实测径流资料,针对不同时间尺度,采用Mann-Kendall、Sequential Mann-Kendall和Distribution-free CUSUM等多种非参数检验方法对径流年际变化的趋势性和突变性进行分析。结果表明:流域径流年际变化趋势存在一定空间差异,除上游区表现出不显著的上升趋势外,大部分地区呈现出下降趋势,其中淮河水系中游以北地区与沂沭泗水系表现出显著的下降趋势;淮河水系径流量在春季(尤其4-5月份)表现出最大范围的下降趋势,在夏季(尤其7-8月份)呈现出以上升趋势为主的变化趋势,径流量年内分布不均匀化将进一步加大,可能加剧地区水资源供需矛盾和旱涝灾害;沂沭泗水系径流量在夏季表现出最大范围的下降趋势,7月份径流量的趋势值中值最小,达到了95%的显著水平;受到强烈的人类活动影响,流域年径流突变年份存在一定的时空差异,总体主要发生在20世纪70、80年代。     

Extreme value analysis of streamflow time series in Poyang Lake Basin, China

Extreme meteorological and hydrological events may cause major disasters and heavy social and economic losses.Therefore,more and more studies have focused on extreme hydro-meteorological events in various climates and geographic regions.Based on nearly 50 years of observed records of the Poyang Lake Basin,the occurrence and changing trends of extreme streamflow indices,including the annual maximum flow,annual peak-over-threshold flows,and low flows,were analyzed for ten hydrological stations.The results indicate that most annual maximum flows occurred from April to July,highly attributed to the Southeast Asian summer monsoons,whereas the annual minimum flows were concentrated between January and February.As for the low flow indices (the annual minimum flow,annual minimum 7-d flow,and annual minimum 30-d flow),a significant increasing trend was detected in most parts of the Poyang Lake Basin.The trends illustrate the potential effects of climate change and human activities on the hydrological cycle over the Poyang Lake Basin.     

Reservoirs Effects on the Interannual Variability of Winter and Spring Streamflow in the St-Maurice River Watershed (Quebec,Canada)

The aim of this study was to test three main hypotheses about the interannual variability of streamflow downstream from dams: (1) an almost similar long-term trend in interannual variability, (2) low variability of flow, and (3) its independence (no link) from climate variability. To test these hypotheses, the interannual variability of winter and spring streamflow downstream from three reservoirs (Gouin, Manouane, and Matawin) which induce an inversion of the natural cycle of streamflow (maximum flows in winter and minimum flows in spring) was compared to the interannual variability of streamflow in natural rivers (measured at the Matawin and Vermillon stations) over the period from 1932 to 2008 in the St-Maurice River watershed. As far as the interannual variability of flow is concerned, its long-term trend is not homogeneous downstream from the three reservoirs in both seasons. However, downstream from two reservoirs, changes in streamflow were observed to be different from those in natural rivers (no significant trend downstream from the Taureau reservoir, on the Matawin River, and significant decrease in spring flow downstream from the Manouane reservoir). Finally, coefficient of variation values for minimum flows are higher downstream from reservoirs than in natural rivers, despite the fact that watershed surface area is larger for regulated rivers than for natural ones. As for the link with climate variability, analysis of the correlation between climate variables (temperature and precipitation) and mean winter and spring daily streamflow reveals that winter streamflow downstream from the Taureau reservoir is not correlated with any climate variable, whereas spring streamflow is positively correlated with rainfall and negatively correlated with maximum temperature. Thus, downstream from reservoirs, the interannual variability of streamflow depends on climate during the spring, but not during winter.     

渭河干流径流变化趋势及突变分析

流域水资源量的减少对区域水资源的利用、人类生存环境和经济社会发展等存在着重大影响,通过分析渭河干流径流量变化趋势和突变情况,为渭河流域水量调度和水资源管理提供科学支撑。采用Mann-Kendall非参数检验、累积距平、有序聚类、滑动t检验和R/S等方法分析渭河干流6个典型水文站1956—2015年径流量的历史演变规律、突变点和未来变化趋势。结果表明:渭河干流各站点的年和季节径流量均呈减少趋势。各站点的春、夏季节减少趋势的幅度大于秋、冬季节;从上游到下游,减少趋势的幅度越来越小。上游各站点呈现增加-平稳-减小的变化过程,且存在1970和1993年2个突变点,中游和下游各站点呈现增加-波动-平稳-减小的变化过程,且存在1968和1993年2个突变点。渭河干流各站点年和季节径流量Hurst指数均大于0.5,即未来变化趋势与历史演变规律呈正相关性,表明渭河干流各站点径流量具有持续下降的趋势,相应部门应高度重视这一现象,制定合理的流域水资源管理对策。     

1956-2016年黄河流域河川径流演变规律

黄河流域水资源短缺问题突出,深入分析河川径流的演变规律对于流域水资源管理具有重要的指导意义。基于黄河干流上、中、下游不同位置的代表性水文站实测径流,利用Mann-Kendall非参数趋势检验方法分析了1956-2016年期间黄河流域年、月径流的历史演变规律。结果表明:1956-2016年,除源头区年径流变化不显著以外,黄河流域径流呈现出显著的下降趋势,达到了1%的显著性水平。从上游到下游,河川径流下降幅度越来越大,趋势越来越显著。1980-2000和2001-2016年的多年平均入海径流比1956-1979年分别减少了50. 07%和59. 67%。径流演变呈现出3阶段特征,20世纪50、60年代属于丰水期;随后在70至90年代径流持续下降;在2000年以后径流有所回升。除源头区以外,黄河流域的月径流总体呈现减少趋势;上游和中游地区的月径流占年径流的比例枯增丰减;下游地区月径流占年径流的比例在冬季、夏季增大,春季、秋季减小。     

Hydrological Responses to Climate Change in Nenjiang River Basin,Northeastern China

Under the background of global climate change, hydrological responses to climate change were investigated in Northeastern China. This study analyses the trends of annual and seasonal temperature, precipitation and streamflow series in Nenjiang River Basin. Correlations between streamflow and meteorological variables were investigated, while parametric method and nonparametric tests were applied to determine the trends and correlations. Data collected from a series of monitoring stations showed significant increasing trends of annual and seasonal mean temperature versus time, whereas during the whole period the annual and seasonal precipitation in the basin did not exhibit similar trends although temporal and spatial variations were detected. Affected by the precipitation and temperature changes, significant trends of decreasing annual, spring and autumn streamflow were demonstrated; the decrease concentrating mainly on the mainstream and tributaries of the left bank. Correlation analyses revealed strong relationships between the streamflow and meteorological variables in Nenjiang River Basin, and the impacts of climate change on streamflow were complicated. Results from this study will help water resource managers for decision makings that address the consequences of climate change.     

基于EFAST方法的寒旱区流域水文过程参数敏感性分析

寒旱区流域受降雨径流和融雪径流联合补给,坡面产流和融雪过程可能对流域水文产生重要影响。以分布式水文模型SWAT为平台,选取模型多个参数为关键因子,借助EFAST方法探索融雪期(3月-5月)、非融雪期(6月-次年2月)的径流峰值以及全时段径流均值的参数敏感性,这些参数涉及降雨径流、积雪消融、蒸散发、下渗、地下水补给和壤中流等多种水文过程。同时,结合流域特征及参数物理意义,深入分析参数敏感的原因,并揭示参数背后的水文过程对开都河流域产汇流的重要影响。研究发现,坡面产流、下渗以及积雪消融等水文过程对开都河流域水循环具有重要影响。此外,对于寒旱区流域重要的融雪过程参数,其总敏感性显著而一阶敏感性不显著,表明通过EFAST方法得到的水文模型参数总敏感性更为合理。结果揭示了流域水文敏感因子及关键过程,为探索水循环机理,水文科学预测、管理流域水资源奠定了基础。     

Application of dynamic contributing area for modelling the hydrologic response of the Assiniboine River Basin to a changing climate

The Prairie landscape consists of numerous pothole depressions which produce complex fill-and-spill runoff generation processes that result in intermittent hydrologic connectivity and dynamic contributing areas (DCA). We investigated the effect of including DCA in the modified version of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model and its implication on future streamflow projection for the pothole dominated Assiniboine River Basin (ARB). The fill-and-spill processes that lead to DCA were captured using a physically-based approach, with a volumetric threshold to reduce the computational demand. Despite the challenges in accurately simulating prairie pothole hydrology, both in terms of timing and volume of runoff, the modified approach improved streamflow modelling performance, and reduced model uncertainty. Further, we evaluated the effects of representing DCA on projecting future streamflow by using eight statistically downscaled CMIP5 GCMs, forced with the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. End of century projections indicate increases in annual precipitation and temperature across the ARB, with decreasing summer precipitation relative to the 1976–2005 baseline period. Compared to the standard SWAT setup that does not allow for DCA, the modified model was found to be more responsive to climatic change with relatively larger projected increases in seasonal and annual flows at the majority of evaluated stations. This advance in DCA modelling will facilitate longer-term large basin-scale simulations that are more representative for the Prairie region.     

海流兔河流域径流变化的周期和趋势分析

以荒沙草滩区典型河流海流兔河为例,利用连续小波变换、多时相趋势分析,并联合利用离散小波变换和Mann-Kndall秩次检验法对1957—2011年的年均径流分别进行周期、趋势以及趋势结构分析。结果表明:1海流兔河年均径流量在时间序列上主要存在着12~21 a周期变化,第一主周期为17 a,且径流量偏少阶段将从2010年持续至2016年左右,之后将进入偏多阶段。2海流兔河流域径流量呈现显著下降趋势,与整个黄河中游总体径流量减少趋势相一致。3联合利用离散小波变换和Mann-Kendall秩次检验法可以很好地解释趋势的基本结构,8~16 a的周期性事件对海流兔河径流的趋势影响最大。水文时间序列周期部分的周期性越强,其对序列趋势的影响越大。4序列趋势的显著性和方向取决于其长度以及在整个序列中的位置,主要是因为序列中长周期丰枯交替的存在,多时相趋势分析一定程度上解决了由于序列长周期丰枯交替的存在造成的序列趋势判断的不确定性问题。     

Sensitivity of the Red River Basin Flood Protection System to Climate Variability and Change

An original modeling framework for assessment of climate variation and change impacts on the performance of complex flood protection system has been implemented in the evaluation of the impact of climate variability and change on the reliability, vulnerability and resiliency of the Red River Basin flood protection system (Manitoba, Canada). The modeling framework allows for an evaluation of different climate change scenarios generated by the global climate models. Temperature and precipitation are used as the main factors affecting flood flow generation. System dynamics modeling approach proved to be of great value in the development of system performance assessment model. The most important impact of climate variability and change on hydrologic processes is reflected in the change of flood patterns: flood starting time, peak value and timing. The results show increase in the annual precipitation and the annual streamflow volume in the Red River basin under the future climate change scenarios. Most of the floods generated using three different climate models had an earlier starting time and peak time. The assessment of the performance of Red River flood protection system is based on the flood flows, the capacity of flood control structures and failure flow levels at different locations in the basin. In the Assiniboine River Basin, higher reliabilities at downstream locations are obtained indicating that Shellmouth reservoir plays an important role in reducing downstream flooding. However, a different trend was identified in the Red River Basin. The study results show that flood protection capacity of the Red River infrastructure is sufficient under low reliability criteria but may not be sufficient under high reliability criteria.     

1961年－2013年渭河流域降水与径流变化特征

采用滑动平均、累积距平、线性倾向估计法分析陕西渭河流域1961年-2013年降水变化特征;采用滑动t检验、有序聚类、双累积曲线分析法分析径流突变性。结果显示:渭河流域降水量整体呈减少趋势,平均年降水日数为86d;降水季节分配不均,集中在夏、秋两季;春、秋两季降水量呈现明显减小趋势;大雨日数与年平均降水量显著正相关,年平均降水量越大,年平均大雨日数出现频次的越高;流域西部和北部暴雨强度呈现增大趋势,东部和南部暴雨强度呈现微弱减小趋势。渭河华县站径流的突变点出现在20世纪70年代初和90年代初,降水量的变化与径流变化的趋势基本吻合。     

Assessment of future climate change impacts on hydrological behavior of Richmond River Catchment

This study evaluated the impacts of future climate change on the hydrological response of the Richmond River Catchment in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, using the conceptual rainfall-runoff modeling approach (the Hydrologiska Byrans Vattenbalansavdelning (HBV) model). Daily observations of rainfall, temperature, and streamflow and long-term monthly mean potential evapotranspiration from the meteorological and hydrological stations within the catchment for the period of 1972–2014 were used to run, calibrate, and validate the HBV model prior to the streamflow prediction. Future climate signals of rainfall and temperature were extracted from a multi-model ensemble of seven global climate models (GCMs) of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 3 (CMIP3) with three regional climate scenarios, A2, A1B, and B1. The calibrated HBV model was then forced with the ensemble mean of the downscaled daily rainfall and temperature to simulate daily future runoff at the catchment outlet for the early part (2016–2043), middle part (2044–2071), and late part (2072–2099) of the 21st century. All scenarios during the future periods present decreasing tendencies in the annual mean streamflow ranging between 1% and 24.3% as compared with the observed period. For the maximum and minimum flows, all scenarios during the early, middle, and late parts of the century revealed significant declining tendencies in the annual mean maximum and minimum streamflows, ranging between 30% and 44.4% relative to the observed period. These findings can assist the water managers and the community of the Richmond River Catchment in managing the usage of future water resources in a more sustainable way.     

气候变化和人类活动对黄河流域内蒙古段典型支流径流变化的贡献

以黄河流域内蒙古段典型支流旗下营、准格尔站点控制流域为基础,采用累积量斜率变化率比较法,定量分析了径流变化、气候变化和人类活动对径流变化量的贡献。结果表明,径流量多年来呈减少趋势,随降水的增加而增加,随平均气温的升高而减少。径流量2000 s最小,相对1990 s减少了45.67%~58.26%。径流突变点为1981年。1981~2010年与1957~1980年相比,旗下营、准格尔两个水文站点控制流域气候变化对径流减少的贡献率分别为12.80%和23.46%,人类活动对径流减少的贡献率分别为87.20%和76.54%。     

黄河流域典型流域水文气象变化与径流过程模拟

典型流域水文气象分析及水文过程模拟是合理评价黄河流域水资源变化的重要基础。利用Mann-Kendall秩次相关检验法和均值差异T检验法分析了黄河流域7个典型流域的年降水量、年径流量和年均气温序列的变化特征,并采用VIC模型、新安江模型、WBM模型和GR4J模型模拟站点的径流过程。结果表明:各典型流域年均气温显著升高;年降水量变化趋势和突变情况均不明显;而年径流量呈显著下降趋势,且突变多发生在1980s。模型模拟结果表明4种水文模型在黄河流域应用效果较好。就Nash效率系数而言,VIC和新安江模型因为考虑产汇流过程较为详细,模拟径流过程与实测过程更贴近;就径流相对误差而言,WBM模型在水量模拟计算中表现较优,其结构简单,适用于流域水资源的模拟与评价。     

Enhancement of benthic macroinvertebrates by minimum flow from a hydroelectric dam

The biological consequences of instituting a summer minimum flow from the Conowingo Hydroelectric Dam were investigated by comparing invertebrate abundance in the Susquehanna River during 1980, when flow shutdowns were frequent, to that in 1982, when the minimum flow (142 m³ s^?1) was maintained. The minimum flow was only maintained from April 15 to September 15, and additional investigations compared invertebrate abundance before and after the minimum flow was terminated in the fall of 1982 and 1983. There was a large difference in summer invertebrate density in the between-year comparison, with almost a 100-fold increase in the year when the minimum flow was maintained. Most of this difference was exhibited by two taxa, chironomids and net-spinning trichopterans. These results were consistent with findings from the fall of 1982 and 1983, when cessation of the minimum flow in September led to declines of more than three orders of magnitude in both of these taxa. The rate of decline was faster in the shoal habitat (areas dewatered at low flow, but submerged when the minimum flow is released), suggesting that dewatering was the predominant mechanism of effect. Declines were also evident in the channel habitat (always submerged), suggesting that maintenance of current velocity is also an important beneficial component of the minimum flow.     

Spatially variable effects of streamflow on water temperature and thermal sensitivity within a salmon-bearing watershed in interior British Columbia,Canada

Warming temperatures can have negative consequences for aquatic organisms, especially cold-adapted fishes such as Pacific salmon. The magnitude of warming is related to the thermal sensitivity of streams in salmon-bearing watersheds (i.e., change in stream temperature for every 1°C increase in air temperature), which can vary based on several factors including streamflow. Management actions to increase streamflow may therefore benefit salmon by decreasing thermal sensitivity. However, the effects of streamflow on thermal sensitivity are often complex, as the temperature of flow inputs can directly increase or decrease temperatures. This study aimed to disentangle the influence of streamflow on thermal sensitivity and stream temperature over 4 years in the Nicola River, a regulated semiarid watershed in south-central British Columbia, Canada. A statistical modeling approach was used to estimate streamflow effects on stream temperatures and thermal sensitivity (i.e., relationship of regional air temperature to stream temperature) at 12 sites from 2018 to 2021. Streamflow had a variable influence on stream temperatures across the watershed via both direct effects and by modulating thermal sensitivity. At a given site, streamflow was generally negatively associated with summer daily mean stream temperature, but the magnitude of its influence varied among locations and years. The influence of streamflow on thermal sensitivity was also highly variable both spatially and temporally. The analysis suggests that there may be complex relationships between streamflow, stream temperature, and thermal sensitivity, which complicates the efficacy of flow as a lever to mitigate high temperatures in regulated systems.     

1975－2015年洪泽湖水沙变化趋势及成因分析

淮河流域洪涝灾害频繁,洪泽湖对其防洪除涝起关键性作用。掌握洪泽湖水沙变化趋势及突变点对流域水资源管理、水沙调节有重要的现实意义。利用入、出洪泽湖各支流代表水文站1975-2015年实测年径流量和年输沙量数据,分析入、出洪泽湖水量和沙量分布特征。通过Mann-Kendall(M-K)秩相关检验法和Pettitt突变点识别法研究入湖、出湖水沙量年际变化趋势和突变点。在此基础上,从流域降雨、水资源开发利用和水库滞沙三个方面分析了洪泽湖水沙变化的主要影响因素。研究表明:洪泽湖入湖、出湖水量年际变化趋势一致,无明显减小趋势,且无显著突变点。入湖沙量有小幅减小趋势,出湖沙量M-K统计值超过95%显著性水平,有明显减小趋势。入湖、出湖沙量发生突变的年份为1991年。对影响因素的分析得到:降雨量变化是水量变化的重要影响因素。1993-2015年,入湖水量呈不明显减小趋势则与流域用水量明显增加、水资源开发利用程度不断提高有关。上游水库建设是导致洪泽湖沙量有明显减小趋势的主要原因,1991年治淮工程的实施,水库复建和水土保持等措施是沙量突变的主要原因。     

不同时间尺度径流的多重分形特征解析

径流时间序列的变化过程呈现出复杂的非线性特征,分形是非线性时间序列的典型特点。以锦江流域为例,研究了1967年～2018年的年、月尺度平均流量时间序列的多重分形结构特征。分析结果表明,锦江流域过去52年的年、月尺度的平均流量均表现出明显的多重分形特征。其中,年平均流量的波动幅度最小,月平均流量中9月平均流量序列的波动幅度较大,即9月平均流量表现出强烈的多重分形特征;锦江流域10月平均流量波动行为的混乱程度和奇异性最低,而11月平均流量波动行为的混乱程度和奇异性最高。研究说明锦江流域年、月平均流量时间序列具有较为复杂的混乱特性,可为锦江流域年、月平均流量的复杂性规律的解析提供依据。     

A New Approach for Trend Assessment of Annual Streamflows: a Case Study of Hydropower Plants in Serbia

The authors propose a new approach for trend assessment that takes into account long-term periodicity of annual flows. In particular, analysis is performed of annual flows recorded at the locations of 30 operating and designed hydropower plants (HPPs) in Serbia, in order to assess the current and future water availability for hydropower generation. The composite annual trend is determined by sliding a fixed time window of 30 years along the observed time series with a one-year time step. Such a linear moving window (LMW) approach enables the identification of the flow trend as a median of all values for each time step. Significant trend harmonics are determined using discrete spectral analysis. The results show an alternation of upward and downward trend phases of different durations, namely: 67–87, 33–43 and 21–29 years. On the other hand, the results of the Mann-Kendall test indicate a monotonic downward trend at the studied sites in the Drina River Basin, while statistically insignificant trends are noted at other river basins. The Mann-Kendall test with the Theil-Sen estimator also implies a downward and statistically insignificant flow trend after the observed period, whereas the LMW approach indicates a probable trend increase at all the examined sites. The proposed approach can be used to predict annual flows in order to establish long-term water management plans at hydropower plants.     

滹沱河山区径流多尺度变化规律及影响因素研究

径流是反映流域气候及地理环境变化的重要指标,辨析其多尺度变化特征及影响因素,对于认识气候变化背景下流域水文情势变化规律及维护水资源安全具有重要意义。以滹沱河山区小觉流域和冶河流域为例,结合水文和气象数据,应用Mann-Kendall趋势分析、突变检验及Morlet小波函数等方法,分析两流域1960—2018年径流深趋势、突变、周期等多尺度变化特征,并利用相关分析与随机森林模型揭示了气温、降水、潜在蒸散发、叶面积指数对不同时段(汛期、非汛期)月径流深变化的相对重要性。研究结果表明：1960—2018年多年平均尺度上,冶河流域径流深(69.34 mm)大于小觉流域(39.07 mm),两流域年径流深均呈显著下降趋势,且冶河流域的下降速率(13.0 mm/10a)大于小觉流域的下降速率(8.7 mm/10a);在月和季节尺度上,两流域径流深也呈现显著下降趋势,尤其在夏季时段径流深下降趋势最快。小觉流域和冶河流域径流深分别在1981和1979年发生突变,且突变后径流深下降速率较突变前有所减缓,同时极端流量出现频率减少,其中8月份流量减小幅度最大。小觉流域的径流深主周期分别为15、8和5 a,冶...