偶联剂对EVOH/纳米SiO_2复合材料结构与性能的影响

采用不同的偶联剂KH550、KH560、KH570和KH8431对纳米SiO2进行表面改性,采用熔融共混法将未改性和改性纳米SiO2(5%(质量分数)SiO2)与EVOH共混制成复合材料,并吹塑成薄膜。利用FT-IR、TEM、SEM对不同偶联剂处理的纳米SiO2和复合材料的结构进行表征,并对复合材料的流变性能、阻隔性能、力学性能、耐热性能和透明性进行了表征。结果表明,纳米SiO2与4种偶联剂均形成化学键合,改性纳米SiO2比未改性纳米SiO2在EVOH中分散性好,加工时熔体的流动性更好。用KH550处理的纳米SiO2在EVOH中分散性最好,与EVOH能形成较大界面相互作用力,与EVOH/未改性纳米SiO2复合材料相比,EVOH/改性纳米SiO2复合材料的拉伸强度和储能模量分别提高17.2%和136%,透湿、透氧系数分别下降11.2%和9.5%,透光率达到74.9%,雾度为14.9%。     

紫外辐照对EVOH/纳米SiO2复合材料性能的影响

用硅烷偶联剂y-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷（KH550）对纳米SiO2进行改性,采用熔融共混法制备了合SiO2的质量分数为5％的乙烯-乙烯醇共聚物（EVOH）／纳米SiO2复合材料,并吹塑成薄膜,将复合膜进行不同时间、不同强度的紫外辐照处理。利用FTIR、TEM、SEM对纳米SiO2和复合材料进行了表征分析,测试了复合材料紫外辐照处理前后的阻隔性能和力学性能。结果表明：纳米SiO2与偶联剂KH550形成化学键合,经紫外辐照处理的EVOH／纳米SiO2复合膜的力学性能、阻隔性能得到了较大地提高。     

嵌段齐聚物修饰纳米SiO2对PET结晶性能的影响

采用溶液聚合法在纳米 SiO2表面接枝两种不同性质的齐聚物聚乙二醇(PEG)和聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯低聚物(LMPET),通过 FTIR、1 H-NMR、XPS 和 HR-TEM 对其结构形貌进行表征。采用熔融共混制备 PET 纳米复合材料,并利用 DSC 和 XRD 对改性纳米 SiO2对 PET 结晶性能的影响进行研究。结果表明,LMPET 通过 PEG 成功接枝到 SiO2表面,粒径尺寸为40~50 nm;纳米 SiO2可作为成核剂诱导 PET 的结晶提高结晶速率,当添加量为2%(质量分数)时,结晶温度得到明显提高。     

SiO_2-MWNTs/聚乳酸复合材料的冷结晶动力学及球晶形态

为研究多壁碳纳米管(MWNTs)对聚乳酸(PLA)冷结晶动力学和球晶形态的影响,分别以PLA和表面包覆纳米SiO2并接枝硅烷偶联剂的纳米SiO2改性MWNTs(SiO2-MWNTs)为基体和改性剂,经溶液共混法制备了SiO2-MWNTs/PLA复合材料。采用DSC、偏光显微镜、Jeziorny模型和Johnson-Mehl-Avrami模型研究了复合材料的非等温冷结晶动力学和球晶形态。结果表明:SiO2-MWNTs可作为异相成核剂,能有效降低SiO2-MWNTs/PLA复合材料的冷结晶温度,提高晶核生成速率和晶体生长活化能。SiO2-MWNTs/PLA复合材料的冷结晶过程主要由成核作用控制,加入SiO2-MWNTs可同时提高复合材料的结晶速率和结晶度。冷结晶时,PLA球晶尺寸小于熔体冷却结晶时的,且SiO2-MWNTs含量对冷结晶球晶尺寸的影响远小于其对熔体冷却结晶球晶尺寸的。所得结论对优化PLA的结晶结构和性能、制备高性能PLA复合材料具有指导意义。     

可分散性纳米SiO_2改性尼龙1010的制备和性能

采用表面经硅烷偶联剂原位修饰的纳米二氧化硅(SiO2)通过熔融共混的方法制备了纳米SiO2/尼龙l010复合材料,测试了材料的力学性能,并通过扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、热失重(TGA)等分析手段考察了纳米SiO2在聚合物基体中的分散情况、热稳定性能及聚合物的结晶形态。实验结果表明,通过熔融共混方法制得的复合物,其力学性能较尼龙1010有较大提高,纳米SiO2在聚合物中达到了均匀分散,SiO2的加入使尼龙1010的热稳定性能稍有提高;同时起异相成核作用,使晶体尺寸减小,γ晶型有所增加。     

改性HA/PLA纳米复合材料的制备及其性能

以Ca(OH)2和H3PO4为原料,采用冷冻干燥技术制备纳米羟基磷灰石(n-HA),并在其表面接枝聚乳酸(PLA),得到改性的纳米羟基磷灰石(g-HA),采用XRD及FTIR进行表征;借助超声分散用溶液共混法制备g-HA/PLA和n-HA/PLA纳米复合材料。并采用弯曲性能测试、DMA和POM对其力学性能和结晶性能进行表征。结果表明g-HA作为良好的相容剂和异相成核剂,对g-HA在PLA基质中分散性的提高和纳米复合材料界面粘结强度的提高起到了良好的作用,g-HA/PLA纳米复合材料的弯曲模量、玻璃化温度和储能模量均有显著的提高。所采用的制备方法简便易行,具有潜在的工业应用前景。     

LLDPE/MAH-LLDPE/SiO_2复合材料的形态结构与增韧机理

采用线型低密度聚乙烯(LLDPE)、纳米二氧化硅(SiO2)与马来酸酐接枝的LLDPE(MAH-LLDPE)通过熔融共混与注塑成型工艺,制备了LLDPE/MAH-LLDPE/SiO2复合材料。MAH-LLDPE对LLDPE/SiO2复合材料起到了界面增容作用,纳米SiO2粒子以30 nm~160 nm的尺寸较均匀地分散在复合材料中,并与聚合物基体形成良好的界面粘接。这些均匀分散的SiO2粒子起到异相成核作用,促进了复合材料中LLDPE相的结晶,提高了其晶面厚度、熔点和结晶温度;另一方面,SiO2和MAH-LLDPE中少量的凝胶降低了LLDPE的结晶度。在复合材料冲击断裂过程中,纳米SiO2粒子起到应力集中作用,诱导其邻近的聚合物基体屈服、界面空化;同时呈多尺度分布的纳米SiO2聚集粒子发生粒子间的分离,吸收能量,从而实现了对LLDPE的增韧作用。     

PET/SiO2纳米复合材料的非等温结晶动力学

为了研究溶胶-凝胶原位聚合法合成的PET/SiO2纳米复合材料的结晶性能,用Avrami法和莫志深法对该复合材料进行了非等温结晶动力学研究。通过研究,得出以下结论:SiO2纳米粒子对基体PET具有异相成核作用,使PET的结晶温度明显升高,SiO2纳米粒子的加入使PET的结晶速率提高;SiO2粒子改变了PET基体的成核机理和生长方式;PET/SiO2纳米复合材料非等温结晶行为适合莫志深法。     

偶联剂对纳米SiO2／树脂复合材料显微形貌及性能的影响

采用不同的偶联剂KH550、KH560和KH570对纳米SiO2进行表面处理,然后将其与拼混树脂制成复合材料。利用TEM、FT-IR和TGA等分析测试手段对不同偶联剂处理的纳米SiO2进行表征和分析,同时对复合材料的显微形貌及耐热性能进行一定的考察。结果表明,SiO2与三种偶联剂均形成化学键合。相比之下,用KH560处理的SiO2在基体树脂中分散性较好,复合材料耐热性较高。     

PBS/SiO2纳米复合材料的制备及其结构与性能分析

以聚丁二醇丁二酸酯（PBS）为基材,经-甲基丙烯酰氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷偶联剂（KH570）改性过的纳米SiO2和未改性的SiO2为填料,采用熔融共混法制备了PBS/SiO2纳米复合材料。研究了所得纳米复合材料的热稳定性能、力学性能和降解性能等。结果表明：当经KH570表面改性的纳米SiO2（KH570与纳米SiO2的质量之比为1：5）的添加质量分数为4%时,复合材料的维卡软化点约提高了10℃,拉伸强度约提高30%,同时复合材料的降解性能比PBS纯料的降解性能有一定的提高。     

Predicting fracture and fatigue crack growth properties using tensile properties

The safe-life assessment of components requires information such as the plane stress (K_c), plane strain (K_Ic), part-through fracture toughness (K_Ie), and the fatigue crack growth rate properties. A proposed parametric/theoretical approach, based on an extended Griffith theory is used to derive fracture toughness properties and generate fatigue crack growth rate data for a range of alloys. The simplicity of the concept is based on the use of basic, and in most cases available, uniaxial stress-strain material properties data to derive material fracture toughness values. However since the methodology is in part based on an empirical relationship a wide ranging validation with actual data is required. This paper uses steel, aluminum and titanium based alloys from a pedigree database to quantify material properties sensitivity to the predictions for K_Ic and K_c and the subsequent estimation of ΔK_th threshold and the Paris constants, C and n values. A sensitivity analysis using experimental scatter bounds show the range of da/dN predictions can be achieved. It is found K_Ic/ΔK_th ratios designated as α has a range of 5-25 irrespective of tensile ductility, ε_f, and is insensitive to it. The value of ΔK_th for all the alloys considered was found to be proportional to the final elongation, ε_f, and an empirical relationship describing ΔK_th as a function of ε_f was established. Furthermore it is suggested that, with the knowledge of appropriate tensile properties and the estimated range of K_Ic/ΔK_th ratios for the different alloys applying this method could be an appropriate tool that can be used to conservatively predict fracture and fatigue in similar alloy categories. Thus helping to reduce costs and optimize the number of experimental tests needed for alloy characterizations.     

Flexural properties and dynamic mechanical properties of glass fibre-epoxy composites

The viscoelastic behaviour of glass fibre (GF)-epoxy composites was studied by flexural tests and dynamic mechanical measurements. In relation, the influence of surface treatment of GF on viscoelastic behaviour was also examined. Using the results of flexural tests under a variety of constant temperature and strain rate, master curves of flexural strength () and flexural strain () were obtained for matrix epoxy and GF composites. The magnitudes of the master curves were different between matrix epoxy and GF composites. The fracture mode was influenced by temperature, strain rate, and G F surface treatment. The magnitude of storage modulus and effectiveness of adhesion at the GF-matrix interface were also influenced by GF surface treatment. Relationship between the results of flexural strain and loss modulus were considered for GF composites.     

Effective thermal properties of viscoelastic composites having field-dependent constituent properties

This study introduces a micromechanical model for predicting effective thermal properties (linear coefficient of thermal expansion and thermal conductivity) of viscoelastic composites having solid spherical particle reinforcements. A representative volume element (RVE) of the composites is modeled by a single particle embedded in the cubic matrix. Periodic boundary conditions are imposed to the RVE. The micromechanical model consists of four particle and matrix subcells. Micromechanical relations are formulated in terms of incremental average field quantities, i.e., stress, strain, heat flux and temperature gradient, in the subcells. Perfect bonds are assumed along the subcell’s interfaces. Stress and temperature-dependent viscoelastic constitutive models are used for the isotropic constituents in the micromechanical model. Thermal properties of the particle and matrix constituents are temperature dependent. The effective coefficient of thermal expansion is derived by satisfying displacement and traction continuity at the interfaces during thermo-viscoelastic deformations. This formulation leads to an effective time–temperature–stress-dependent coefficient of thermal expansion. The effective thermal conductivity is formulated by imposing heat flux and temperature continuity at the subcells’ interfaces. The effective thermal properties obtained from the micromechanical model are compared with analytical solutions and experimental data available in the literature. Finally, parametric studies are also performed to investigate the effects of nonlinear thermal and mechanical properties of each constituent on the overall thermal properties of the composite.     

Synthesis and properties

Poly(D,L lactic acid) was prepared by bulk polymerization of D,L lactide, both under atmospheric pressure and in vacuum. The obtained polymeric products were characterized in terms of molecular weight, Mw, melting point, calorimetric response and swelling behaviour. All products were amorphous. Their molecular weights were determined by viscosimetry and ranged from 2×103 to 9×104. Similarly, the melting points ranged from 90 to 210°C. Swelling experiments, with specimens immersed in buffer solutions, showed that hydrolytic degradation started in a few days for the low Mw material, whereas for the higher molecular weight products it took much longer and probably followed a two-stage mechanism. This study suggests that the high molecular weight material could be an interesting carrier for the preparation of controlled release products, in cases where prolonged delivery is necessary. © 1999 Kluwer Academic Publishers     

Mechanical properties of

The ultimate values for compressive strength, Young's modulus, and toughness of cylindrical specimens of unitary aspect ratios and uniform grain-size distributions were extrapolated for hydroxyapatite (HAP) to 70 MPa, 9.2 GPa, and 0.36 J cm-3, and for tricalcium phosphate (TCP), to 315 MPa, 21 GPa, and 2.34 J cm-3. For total volume porosities of 50%, the corresponding values were determined: for HAP, 9.3 MPa, 1.2 GPa, 0.042 J cm-3, for TCP, 13 MPa, 1.6 GP, 0.077 J cm-3. Porosities of HAP specimens ranged from 3%–50%; TCP from 10%–70%. Two pore-size distributions were employed. Exponential dependencies of the mechanical properties were found upon porosity (p0.0001). No differences in measured mechanical properties, as determined in compression, could be attributed to pore size. The superiority of TCP increases with density and suggests that a larger or more selective pore-size distribution could be effectively employed in TCP biological implants. This work also suggests the dominant role of secondary calcium phosphates in increasing compressive strengths. © 1999 Kluwer Academic Publishers     

Free-volume properties of epoxy composites and its relation to macrostructure properties

Some characteristics of epoxy composites are discussed based on the results of positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS), electrical and mechanical measurements. The effect of different types and wt% of fillers such as aluminium oxide (Al₂O₃), titanium oxide (TiO₂) and silicon carbide (SiC) on the epoxy structure and hence free volume, physical, electrical, and mechanical properties is presented. The results showed that the electrical properties are improved at high wt% of filler, while mechanical properties are improved at low wt% of filler. Furthermore, a similar trend is observed for all fillers but with a systematic shift to high influence when Sic added to cured epoxy. On the other hand, adding SiC as a filler on epoxy improved the resistance to water absorption.The role of PALS as a sensitive probe for changes in microstructure of epoxy composites is confirmed during the correlation between the free-volume parameters and the other measurements.     

Piezoelectric properties,hysteresis behaviour and dielectric properties of PMN-PZT ceramics

Ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties ofxPb(Mg_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃−(1−x)Pb (Zr_0·55Ti_0·45)O₃ system have been investigated. X-ray diffraction patterns indicate rhombohedral and cubic structures. Maximum dielectric constant and piezoelectric properties are exhibited by 0·5–0·5 PMN-PZT composition.P _r is high in 0·6–0·4 PMN-PZT composition.